Effects of Foliar Seaweed and Humic Acid Treatments on Monoterpene Profile and Biochemical Properties of cv. Riesling Berry (V. vinifera L.) Throughout the Maturation Period

Öz

This study was conducted to research the effects of foliar treatments of seaweed (SW) and humic acid (HA) on cv. Riesling wine grape throughout ripening period from verasion period to harvest period at 15 day interval such as verasion period, 15 d after verasion period and 30 d after verasion period to examine biochemical variations in berry. In the research, it was utilized from doses of 0, 1000, 2000 ppm of SW and HA treatments and these doses were applied to grapevines three times at different phenological stages of grapevine. Among the berry sampling terms for measurement and analysis, the best quality characteristics were respectively obtained from terms of 30 d after verasion, 15 d after versaion and verasion and it was seen that foliar sprays of SW and HA could modify the biochemical characteristics of berries in cv. Riesling. In terms of free volatile terpenes (FVTs) and potentially volatile terpenes (PVTs) of berries, which are also very important for aromatic grape cultivars, 1000 ppm doses of both SW and HA treatments respectively displayed the highest contents in FVTs (0.880 and 0.804 mg L^-1) and PVTs (2.153 and 2.084 mg L^-1). As a result, 1000 ppm doses of SW and HA treatments led to the best improvements in most quality characteristics of berry when they were harvested at 30 d after verasion period.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• V. vinifera L.
• berry quality
• foliar fertilizer treatment
• humic acid
• seaweed

Yapraktan Uygulanan Deniz Yosunu ve Hümik Asit Uygulamalarının Olgunlaşma Dönemi Süresince Riesling (V. vinifera L.) Üzüm Çeşidinin Monoterpen Profili ve Biyokimyasal Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Bu çalışma, yapraktan uygulanan deniz yosunu ve hümik asit uygulamalarının şaraplık Riesling üzüm çeşidinde ben düşme döneminden hasat dönemine kadar olan süreçte (ben düşme dönemi, ben düşmeden 15 gün sonra ve ben düşmeden 30 gün sonra olmak üzere) tanedeki biyokimyasal değişimleri incelemek için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada, deniz yosunu ve hümik asit uygulamalarının 0, 1000 ve 2000 ppm dozlarından yararlanılmış ve bu dozlar asmalara 3 farklı fenolojik gelişme döneminde uygulanmıştır. Yapılacak ölçüm ve analizler için düşünülen örnek toplama dönemleri arasında en iyi kalite özellikleri sırasıyla ben düşme döneminden 30 gün sonra, ben düşme döneminden 15 gün sonra ve ben düşme dönemlerinden elde edilmiş ve yapraktan uygulanan deniz yosunu ve hümik asit uygulamalarının Riesling üzüm çeşidinin tane biyokimyasal özelliklerini değiştirdiği görülmüştür. Aromatik üzüm çeşitleri açısından da oldukça önemli olan serbest uçucu terpen bileşikler ile potansiyel uçucu terpen bileşikler yönüyle, her iki deniz yosunu ve hümik asit uygulamalarının 1000 ppm dozları sırasıyla üzümde en yüksek serbest uçucu terpen bileşikler (0.880 and 0.804 mg L-1) ile potansiyel uçucu terpen bileşiklerin (2.153 and 2.084 mg L-1) oluşmasına neden olmuştur. Sonuç olarak, deniz yosunu ve hümik asit uygulamalarından özellikle 1000 ppm dozları, üzümler ben düşme döneminden 30 gün sonra hasat edildiklerinde en iyi tane kalite özelliklerinin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• V. vinifera L.
• üzüm kalitesi
• yaprak gübresi uygulaması
• hümik asit
• deniz yosunu

Kaynakça

1. Chen, Y., M. De Nobili and T. Aviad, 2004. Stimulatory effects of humic substances on plant growth. In: Soil Organic Matter in Sustainable Agriculture (Ed(s): Magdoff, F. and R.R. Weil). CRC Press, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
2. Chouliaras, V., M. Tasioula, C. Chatzissavvidis, I. Therios and E. Tsabolatidou, 2009. The effects of a seaweed extract in addition to nitrogen and boron fertilization on productivity, fruit maturation, leaf nutritional status and oil quality of the olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivar Koroneiki. Journal of Science, Food and Agriculture 89: 984-988.
3. Coelho, E., S.M. Rocha, A.S. Barros, I. Delgadillo and M.A. Coimbra, 2007. Screening of variety- and pre-fermentation-related volatile compounds during ripening of white grapes to define their evolution profile. Analytica Chimica Acta 597: 257–264.
4. Cooke, G.M, 2004. Making Table Wine at Home. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication No.21434, California, U.S.A.
5. Dimitriadis, E. and P.J. Williams, 1984. The development and use of a rapid analytical technique for estimation of free and potentially volatile monoterpene flavorants of grapes. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 35: 66-71.
6. Hui, Y.H., 2006. Handbook of Fruit Processing. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Iowa, U.S.A.
7. Gonzalez, M.F., R. Di Stefano and A. Briones, 2003. Hydrolysis and transformation of terpene glycosides from muscat must by different yeast species. Food Microbiology 20(1):35-41.
8. Jayaraj, J., A. Wan, M. and Z.K. Rahman Punja, 2008. Seaweed extract reduces foliar fungal diseases in carrot. Crop Protection 27:1360-1366.

9. Jayaraj, J., J. Norrie and Z.K. Rahman Punja, 2010. Commercial extract from the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum reduces fungal diseases in greenhouse cucumber. Journal of Applied Phycology 100 (6):1-10.
10. Kok, D., E. Bal, S. Celik, C. Ozer and A. Karauz, 2010. The influences of different seaweed doses on table quality characteristics of cv. Trakya Ilkeren (Vitis vinifera L.). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 16(4):429-435.
11. Kok, D., 2011. Influences of pre- and post-veraison cluster thinning treatments on grape composition variables and monoterpene levels of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon Blanc. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 9:22–26.
12. Kok, D., E. Bal and S. Celik, 2013. Influences of various canopy management techniques on wine grape quality of V. vinifera L. cv. Kalecik Karasi. Bulgarian Journal of Agriculture Science 19:1247-1252.
13. Kok, D. and E. Bal, 2014. The response of monoterpene compounds of cv. Gewürztraminer grape (Vitis vinifera L.) to various doses of prohexadione-calcium applied at different periods. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences (special issue) 1:1231-1235.
14. Moreno, J. and R. Peinado, 2012. Enological Chemistry. Elsevier, Academic Press, U.S.A.
15. Rathore, S.S., D.R. Chaudary, G.N. Boricha, A. Ghosh, B.P. Bhatt, S.T. Zodape and J.S. Patolia, 2009. Effect of seaweed extract on the growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of soybeans (Glycine max) under rainfed condition. South African Journal of Botany 75:351-355.
16. Reynolds, A.G. and D.A. Wardle, 1989 a. Impact of several canopy manipulation techniques on growth, yield, fruit composition, and wine quality of Gewürztraminer. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 40:121-129.
17. Roberts, R.W., A.G. Reynolds and C. De Savigny, 2007. Composition and wine sensory attributes of Chardonnay Musque from different viticultural treatments: Implications for a wine grape quality model. International Journal of Fruit Science 7:57-83.
18. Rubio M., M. Alvarez-Orti, A. Alvarruiz, E. Fernandez and J.E. Pardo, 2009. Characterization of oil obtained from grape seeds collected during berry development. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57:2812–2815.
19. Strik, W.A., G.D. Arthur, A.F. Lourens, O. Novok, M. Strand and J. Van-Staden, 2004. Changes in seaweed concentrates when stores at an elevated temperature. Journal of Applied Phycology 16:31-39.
20. Sun, Q., G.L. Sacks, S.D. Lerch and J.E. Vanden Heuvel, 2012. Impact of shoot and cluster thinning on yield, fruit composition, and wine quality of Corot Noir. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 63:49–56.