Farklı Ürün Rotasyonlarında Uzun Dönem Uygulanan Azaltılmış Toprak İşleme ve Yeşil Gübrelemenin Ayçiçeği Gelişimi ve Yabancı Otlanmaya Etkileri
Yıl 2017,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 116 - 126, 10.10.2017
Anıl Çay
,
Sakine Özpınar
,
Arda Aydın
Öz
Bu çalışma 2001 yılından buyana çakılı olarak devam eden kışlık
buğday (Triticum
aestivum L.)-kışlık fiğ (Vicia sativa
L.) ekim nöbeti kapsamında geleneksel
ve azaltılmış (korumalı) toprak işleme sistemlerinin uygulandığı parsellerde
yürütülmüştür. Çalışma, 2013 yılının güz döneminde kışlık fiğ ekim ile başlamış
ve ilkbaharda ayçiçeği (Helianthus annuus L.) ekimi ile iki üretim
periyodu süresince devam etmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında uygulanan toprak işleme sistemleri;
kulaklı pulluk + diskli tırmık (PTİ-Geleneksel) ve buna alternatif olarak çizel
+ diskli tırmık (ÇTİ-Azaltılmış) ile rototiller (RTİ-Azaltılmış) olup, bu
sistemlerin ayçiçeği bitkisinin gelişim ve verim parametreleri ile yabancı ot
varlığı üzerine olan etkileri incelenmiştir. Bitki çıkışı bakımından RTİ ve PTİ
sistemleri genellikle birbirine yakın sonuçlar verse de çalışmanın yürütüldüğü 2014
ve 2015 yıllarında RTİ sistemindeki bitki çıkış oranları sayısal olarak diğer iki
toprak işleme sisteminden yüksek çıkmıştır. RTİ ve PTİ tabla çapı ve 1000-tohum
ağırlığı bakımından benzerlik göstermiş, aynı parametreler ÇTİ’de önemli
düzeyde düşük bulunmuştur. ÇTİ sap, yaprak ve tablanın toplamından oluşan
biokütle verimi açısından da RTİ ve PTİ’ye göre daha düşük değerler sağlamıştır.
RTİ ve ÇTİ’ de 7 farklı baskın yabancı ot çeşidi tespit edilirken, PTİ’ de ise sadece
4 adet saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak RTİ sisteminin bitkisel özellikleri
geliştirmesi ve tohum verimini artırması dikkate alındığında; kışlık
baklagillerden sonra yazlık olarak üretimi yapılacak ayçiçeği ve benzer ürünler
için uygun yabancı ot mücadele sistemleri ile birlikte ele alındığında bölge
için önerilebilir bir uygulama olduğu ve PTİ sisteminin yerini alabileceği kanısına
varılmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Allen, R., L.D. Swaeth ve J.D. Thouas, 1983. Sunflower planting and emergence with coated seed. Trans. of ASAE. 26(2):665-668.
- Anonim, 2016. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Çanakkale Meteoroloji İstasyonu Verileri.
- Arora, V.K., P.R. Gajri ve S.S. Parihar, 1991. Tillage effects on corn in sandy soils in relation to water retentivity, nutrient and water management and seasonal evaporativity. Soil Till Res. 21:1-21.
- Aykas, E., H. Yalçın ve E., Çakır, 2007. Günümüzde koruyucu toprak işleme ve doğrudan ekim. 2. Koruyucu Toprak İşleme ve Doğrudan Ekim Çalıştayı, 13 Haziran 2007, İzmir.
- Bayhan, Y. B. Kayisoglu ve E. Gonulol, 2002.Effect of soil compaction on sunflower growth. Soil Till Res. 68:31-38.
- Beard, B.H. ve S. Geng, 1982. Interrelationships of morphological and economic characters of sunflower. Crop Sci. 22:817-822.
- Bilbro, J.D. ve D.F. Wanjura, 1982. Soil crusts and cotton emergence relationships. Trans. of ASAE. 25(6):1484-1487.
- Bremer, E. ve C. van Kessel, 1992. Plant-available nitrogen from lentil and wheat residues during a subsequent growing season. Soil Sci. Soc. of America J. 56:1155-1160.
- Bond, J.J. ve W.O. Willis, 1969. Soil water evaporation: surface residue rate and placement effects. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 33:445-448.
- Botta, G.F., D. Jorajuria, R. Balbuena, M. Ressia, C. Ferrero, H. Rosatto ve M. Tourn, 2006. Deep tillage and traffic effects on subsoil compaction and sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) yields. Soil Till Res. 91(1):164-172.
- Chapman, S.C., G.L. Hammer ve H. Meinke, 1993. A sunflower simulation model. I. Model development. Agron. J. 85:725-735.
- Chaudhary, M.R., P.R. Gajri ve S.S. Romesh Khera, 1985. Effect of deep tillage on soil physical properties and maize yields on coarse textured soils. Soil Till Res. 6:31-44.
- Connor, D.J. ve A.J. Hall, 1997. Sunflower physiology. In:Schneiter, A.A. (Ed.), Sunflower Technology and Production. Agronomy Monography 35, ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI, pp.113-182.
- Corbeells, M., G. Hofman, ve O. Van Cleemput, 1998. Residual effect of nitrogen fertilization in a wheat-suflower cropping sequence on a Vertisol under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. Eur. J. Agron. 9:109-116.
- Coşge, B. ve N. Bayraktar, 2004. Correlations between some yield and yield components in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Hybrid, line and varieties. Trans. J. of Agriculture Sci. 10:111-115.
- Çay A., A. Aydin, Y. Yavaş, Y. Aydin, H. Tekin ve S. Özpınar 2015. Çanakkale bölgesinde koruyucu toprak işleme konusundaki bilgilenme durumunun belirlemesi üzerine bir araştırma. 29. Ulusal Tarımsal Mekanizasyon ve Enerji Kongresi, Diyarbakır, 2-5 Eylül 2015,.153-159s.
- Çay A. ve E. Aykas, 2013. Domates üretiminde farklı fide yatağı hazırlığı yöntemleri ve örtü bitkisi uygulamasının verim ve hasat sonrası kalite parametrelerine etkileri. J. of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty. 10:105-114.
- Çay, A. 2011. Domates üretiminde örtü bitkili-örtü bitkisiz koşullarda toprak işleme ve dikim tekniklerinin karşılaştırılması. Doktora Tezi. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı Şubat, 2011, 237s.
- Çelik, Y.M. ve İ. Ünver, 1999. Orta Anadolu koşullarında ekim nöbetinde yetiştirilecek ayçiçeği için uygun sürüm derinliğinin araştırılması. Turkish J. of Agriculture and Forestry. 23(5):1087-1094.
- De La Vega, A.J. ve A.J. Hall, 2002. Effects of planting date, genotype, and their interactions on sunflower yield: I. Determinants of oil-corrected grain yield. Crop Sci. 42:1191-1201.
- Eker, B. ve P. Ülger, 1988. Ayçiçeği tarımında kullanılan toprak işleme aletlerinin toprak ve bitki karakteristiklerine etkilerinin araştırılması. Tarımsal Meka. 11. Ulusal Kong. 10-12.Ekim, Erzurum, Türkiye.
- El Biely, M.M. 1995. Effect of plowing operation on soil physical properties. MSc. Thesis, Agric. Eng. Dept., Fac. of Agic., Kafer El-Sheikh, Tanta University, Egypt.
- Gajri, P., K.S. Gill, M.R. Chaudhary ve R. Singh, 1997. Irrigation of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) in relation to tillage and mulching. Agricultural Water Management. 34:149-160.
- Guirguis, A.E., W.M. Aboukarima, M.S. Marazky ve M.I. Egela, 2008. Sunflower crop response to furrow irrigation inflow rate and tillage system. J. Ag. Eng. 25:38-57.
- Gurumurthy, P., R.M. Singa, B.Reddy, ve B.N. Reddy, 2008. Optimizing tillage and irrigatıon for sunflower cultivation in rice fallow alfisol of semiarid tropics. Helia, 31(49): 91-102.
- Halvorson, A.D., B.J. Wienhold, ve A.L. Black, 2002. Tillage, nitrogen, and cropping system effects on soil carbon sequestration. Soil Sci. Society of America J. 66:906-912.
- Halvorson, A.D., A.L. Black, J.M. Krupinsky, S.D. Merrill ve D.L. Tanaka, 1999. Sunflower response to tillage and nitrogen fertilization under intensive cropping in a wheat rotation. Agron. J. 91:637-642.
- Harunur, M.R., Nasrin, S. ve M. Debabrata, 2014. Zero tilled dibbled sunflower enables planting earlier and harvests more in the coastal saline area of Bangladesh. Int. J. of Environmental Sci. and Development. 5(3), 260-264.
- Haynes, R.J., R.J. Martin ve K.M. Goh, 1993. Nitrogen fixation, accumulation of soil nitrogen, and nitrogen balance for some field-grown legıume crops. Field Crops Res. 35:85-92.
- Helmy, M.A., S.M. Gomaa, E.M. Khalifa ve A.M. Helal, 2000. Production of corn and sunflower under conditions of drip and furrow irrigation with reuse of agricultural drainage water. Misr J. Ag. Eng. 17(1):125-147.
- Henriksson, L. 1989. Effects of different harrows on seedbed quality and crop yield. In. Dodd, V.A. and Grace, P.M. (Eds), Agricultural Engineering. Proceeding of the 11th International Congress on Agricultural Engineering. 4-8 September 1989, Dublin.
- Karaaslan, D., A. Hatipoğlu, Z. Türk ve Y. Kaya, 2010. Determination of potential sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars for the irrigated conditions of Diyarbakır. Helia. 33(52):145-152.
- Karakaş, M. ve F. Arslanoğlu, 2013. Kıraç ve sulanabilir arazi koşullarında yağlık ayçiçeği (Helianthus annuus L.) çeşitlerinin verim ve bazı kalite kriterlerinin belirlenmesi. 10. Tarla Bitkileri Kongresi. Konya.
- Kavdır, İ., H. Turhan, S. Özpınar, A. Çay, G. Pekitkan ve H. Akgül, 2004. Ayçiçeğinde toprak neminden maksimum yarar sağlamak için bazı ekim-bakım uygulamaları. Tarımsal Mekanizasyon 22. Ulusal Kongresi. 08-10 Eylül, 2004, 156-161, Aydın.
- López-Garrido, R., E. Madejón, M. León-Camacho, I. Girón F. Moreno ve J.M. Murillo, 2014. Reduced tillage as an alternative to no-tillage under Mediterranean conditions: A case study. Soil Till Res. 140: 40-47.
- Mahmoodi A. ve Y. Mohammadi-Nashali, 2007. Study the effect of primary tillage equipments on soil physical properties. The 3th Student conference on Agricultural machinery Engineering and Mechanization. 18-19 April. Shiraz.
- Maiorana, M., F. Montemurro, G. Convertini ve D. Ferri, 2004. Soil tillage depths and crops organic fertilation: Effects on productive parameters of sunflower and durum wheat in Mediterranean environment. ISCO 2004-13th International Soil Conservation Organisation Conference. Conserving Soil and Water for Society: Sharing Solutions. Brisbane, July 2004. Paper no:925.
- McGee, E.A., G.A. Peterson ve D.G. Westfall, 1997. Water storage efficiency in no-till dryland cropping systems. J. Soil Water Conserv. 52:131-136.
- Mathers, A.C. ve B.A. Stewart, 1982. Sunflower nutrient uptake, growth, and yield as affected by nitrogen or manure, plant population. Agron. J. 74:911-915
- Monotti, M. 2004. Growing non-food sunflower in dryland conditions. Ital. J. Agron. 8 (1):3-8.
- Melero, S., R.J. López-Bellido, L. López-Bellido, V. Muňoz-Romero, F. Moreno ve J.M. Murillo, 2011. Long-term effect of tillage, rotation and nitrogen fertiliser on soil quality in a Mediterranean Vertisol. Soil Till Res. 114:97-107.
- Murillo, J.R., F. Moreno, F. Pelegrin ve J.E. Fernandez, 1998. Responses of sunflower to traditional and conservation tillage under rainfed conditions in southern Spain. Soil Till Res. 49:233-241.
- Murillo, J.M., F. Moreno, I.F. Giron ve M.I. Oblitas, 2004. Conservation tillage: long term effect on soil and crop under rainfed conditions in south-west Spain (Western Andalusia). Spanish J. of Agricultural Res. 1:35-43.
- Munawar, A., R.L. Blevins, W.W. Frye ve M.R. Saul, 1990. Tillage and cover crop management for soil and water conservation. Agron. J. 82:773-777.
- Pannkuk, C.D., R.I. Papendick ve K.E. Saxton, 1997. Fallow management effects on soil water storage and wheat yields in the Pacific Northwest. Agron. J. 89:386-391.
- Peterson, R. 1992. Statistics and Experimental Design. Working Manual. Technical Manual No. 11. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Icarda, Aleppo, Syria, pp. 16-17.
- Özcan, H., H. Ekinci, Y. Kavdır, O Yüksel, H. Kaptan, 2004. Dardanos Yerleşkesi Toprakları, Yardımcı Ders Kitabı, Vol. 39. Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Çanakkale.
- Ozpinar, S. 2006. Effects of tillage systems on weed population and economics for winter wheat production under the Mediterranean dryland conditions. Soil Till Res. 87:1-8.
- Ozpinar S. ve H. Baytekin, 2006. Effects of tillage on biomass, roots N-accumulation of vetch (Vicia sativa L.) on a clay loam soil in semi-arid conditions. Food Crops Res. 96:235–242.
- Quiklet, G.R., A.S. Andrews ve D.C. Erbach, 1984. Reducing tillage energy consuption in Australia. Agricultural Engineering Branch Department of Agriculture New South Wales, Australia.
- Rashid, M. H., S. Nasrin ve D. Mahalder, 2014. Zero tilled dibbled sunflower enables planting earlier and harvests more in the coastal saline area of Bangladesh. International J. of Environmental Science and Development. 5(3):260-264.
- Sessiz, A., T. Sogut, A. Alp ve R. Esgici, 2008. Tillage effects on sunflower (Helianthus Annuus, L.) emergence, yield, quality, and fuel consumption in double cropping system. J. of Central European Agriculture. 9(4):697-710.
- Schönhammer, J. 1982. Der Arbeitseffect Zapfwellengetriebener Bodenbearbeitungsgerate. Aus Dem Insttut für Landtecnik der Technischen Üniversitat München-Weihenstephan, p:190.
- Sirbu, M. ve D. Ailincai, 1992. The effects of long term fertilizer applications including NP on the grain yield and quality of sunflowers. Cerci Agron. Moldova. 25:81-187.
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- Thebaud, V. 2007. Sunflower: A promising renewable raw material? MSc. The Agrofood Chain, Sustainable Production and Territories, Ecole Nationale de Formation Agronomique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse. 65 p.
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- Yehia, I. 2002. Seedbed preparation and planting effects on sunflower productivity. Misr J. Ag. Eng. 19 (3):691-70.
- Tanaka, D.L. ve R.L. Anderson, 1997. Soil water storage and precipitation storage efficiency of conservation tillage systems. J. Soil Water Conserv. 52:363-367.
The Effects of Long-term Reduced Tillage with Different Crop Rotation and Green Manuring on Sunflower Productivity and Weed Density
Yıl 2017,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 116 - 126, 10.10.2017
Anıl Çay
,
Sakine Özpınar
,
Arda Aydın
Öz
The experiment was conducted in
the research fields in which winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-vetch (Vicia sativa L.) rotation since 2001 year with conventional and reduced
(conservational) tillage systems. Vetch was sown in autumn 2013, and sunflower (Helіanthus annuus L.) was in spring of 2014.
The soil tillage systems were mouldboard plough + disc harrow (PTİ), and alternatively
to this, chisel + disc harrow (ÇTİ) and rototiller (RTİ). At the end of the
study, although, RTİ and PTİ were provided similar plant emergence rate RTİ had
the highest in 2014 and 2015 years when compared to two other systems. RTİ and
PTİ were also provided similar head diameter and 1000-seed weight when ÇTİ had
the lowest. ÇTİ produced lower biomass compared with PTİ and RTİ. 7 dominant weed
species were found in RTİ and ÇTİ while PTİ had lower number as 4. In results, RTİ
was improved the plant properties as much as PT, and produced also more seed
yield. As a result of this study, it was determined that the RTİ was
appropriate system for spring second production of sunflower which was sown following
winter legumes because of improving plant properties and yield under this conditions
and it was found as alternative to conventional tillage for this region.
Kaynakça
- Allen, R., L.D. Swaeth ve J.D. Thouas, 1983. Sunflower planting and emergence with coated seed. Trans. of ASAE. 26(2):665-668.
- Anonim, 2016. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Çanakkale Meteoroloji İstasyonu Verileri.
- Arora, V.K., P.R. Gajri ve S.S. Parihar, 1991. Tillage effects on corn in sandy soils in relation to water retentivity, nutrient and water management and seasonal evaporativity. Soil Till Res. 21:1-21.
- Aykas, E., H. Yalçın ve E., Çakır, 2007. Günümüzde koruyucu toprak işleme ve doğrudan ekim. 2. Koruyucu Toprak İşleme ve Doğrudan Ekim Çalıştayı, 13 Haziran 2007, İzmir.
- Bayhan, Y. B. Kayisoglu ve E. Gonulol, 2002.Effect of soil compaction on sunflower growth. Soil Till Res. 68:31-38.
- Beard, B.H. ve S. Geng, 1982. Interrelationships of morphological and economic characters of sunflower. Crop Sci. 22:817-822.
- Bilbro, J.D. ve D.F. Wanjura, 1982. Soil crusts and cotton emergence relationships. Trans. of ASAE. 25(6):1484-1487.
- Bremer, E. ve C. van Kessel, 1992. Plant-available nitrogen from lentil and wheat residues during a subsequent growing season. Soil Sci. Soc. of America J. 56:1155-1160.
- Bond, J.J. ve W.O. Willis, 1969. Soil water evaporation: surface residue rate and placement effects. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 33:445-448.
- Botta, G.F., D. Jorajuria, R. Balbuena, M. Ressia, C. Ferrero, H. Rosatto ve M. Tourn, 2006. Deep tillage and traffic effects on subsoil compaction and sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) yields. Soil Till Res. 91(1):164-172.
- Chapman, S.C., G.L. Hammer ve H. Meinke, 1993. A sunflower simulation model. I. Model development. Agron. J. 85:725-735.
- Chaudhary, M.R., P.R. Gajri ve S.S. Romesh Khera, 1985. Effect of deep tillage on soil physical properties and maize yields on coarse textured soils. Soil Till Res. 6:31-44.
- Connor, D.J. ve A.J. Hall, 1997. Sunflower physiology. In:Schneiter, A.A. (Ed.), Sunflower Technology and Production. Agronomy Monography 35, ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI, pp.113-182.
- Corbeells, M., G. Hofman, ve O. Van Cleemput, 1998. Residual effect of nitrogen fertilization in a wheat-suflower cropping sequence on a Vertisol under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. Eur. J. Agron. 9:109-116.
- Coşge, B. ve N. Bayraktar, 2004. Correlations between some yield and yield components in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Hybrid, line and varieties. Trans. J. of Agriculture Sci. 10:111-115.
- Çay A., A. Aydin, Y. Yavaş, Y. Aydin, H. Tekin ve S. Özpınar 2015. Çanakkale bölgesinde koruyucu toprak işleme konusundaki bilgilenme durumunun belirlemesi üzerine bir araştırma. 29. Ulusal Tarımsal Mekanizasyon ve Enerji Kongresi, Diyarbakır, 2-5 Eylül 2015,.153-159s.
- Çay A. ve E. Aykas, 2013. Domates üretiminde farklı fide yatağı hazırlığı yöntemleri ve örtü bitkisi uygulamasının verim ve hasat sonrası kalite parametrelerine etkileri. J. of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty. 10:105-114.
- Çay, A. 2011. Domates üretiminde örtü bitkili-örtü bitkisiz koşullarda toprak işleme ve dikim tekniklerinin karşılaştırılması. Doktora Tezi. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı Şubat, 2011, 237s.
- Çelik, Y.M. ve İ. Ünver, 1999. Orta Anadolu koşullarında ekim nöbetinde yetiştirilecek ayçiçeği için uygun sürüm derinliğinin araştırılması. Turkish J. of Agriculture and Forestry. 23(5):1087-1094.
- De La Vega, A.J. ve A.J. Hall, 2002. Effects of planting date, genotype, and their interactions on sunflower yield: I. Determinants of oil-corrected grain yield. Crop Sci. 42:1191-1201.
- Eker, B. ve P. Ülger, 1988. Ayçiçeği tarımında kullanılan toprak işleme aletlerinin toprak ve bitki karakteristiklerine etkilerinin araştırılması. Tarımsal Meka. 11. Ulusal Kong. 10-12.Ekim, Erzurum, Türkiye.
- El Biely, M.M. 1995. Effect of plowing operation on soil physical properties. MSc. Thesis, Agric. Eng. Dept., Fac. of Agic., Kafer El-Sheikh, Tanta University, Egypt.
- Gajri, P., K.S. Gill, M.R. Chaudhary ve R. Singh, 1997. Irrigation of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) in relation to tillage and mulching. Agricultural Water Management. 34:149-160.
- Guirguis, A.E., W.M. Aboukarima, M.S. Marazky ve M.I. Egela, 2008. Sunflower crop response to furrow irrigation inflow rate and tillage system. J. Ag. Eng. 25:38-57.
- Gurumurthy, P., R.M. Singa, B.Reddy, ve B.N. Reddy, 2008. Optimizing tillage and irrigatıon for sunflower cultivation in rice fallow alfisol of semiarid tropics. Helia, 31(49): 91-102.
- Halvorson, A.D., B.J. Wienhold, ve A.L. Black, 2002. Tillage, nitrogen, and cropping system effects on soil carbon sequestration. Soil Sci. Society of America J. 66:906-912.
- Halvorson, A.D., A.L. Black, J.M. Krupinsky, S.D. Merrill ve D.L. Tanaka, 1999. Sunflower response to tillage and nitrogen fertilization under intensive cropping in a wheat rotation. Agron. J. 91:637-642.
- Harunur, M.R., Nasrin, S. ve M. Debabrata, 2014. Zero tilled dibbled sunflower enables planting earlier and harvests more in the coastal saline area of Bangladesh. Int. J. of Environmental Sci. and Development. 5(3), 260-264.
- Haynes, R.J., R.J. Martin ve K.M. Goh, 1993. Nitrogen fixation, accumulation of soil nitrogen, and nitrogen balance for some field-grown legıume crops. Field Crops Res. 35:85-92.
- Helmy, M.A., S.M. Gomaa, E.M. Khalifa ve A.M. Helal, 2000. Production of corn and sunflower under conditions of drip and furrow irrigation with reuse of agricultural drainage water. Misr J. Ag. Eng. 17(1):125-147.
- Henriksson, L. 1989. Effects of different harrows on seedbed quality and crop yield. In. Dodd, V.A. and Grace, P.M. (Eds), Agricultural Engineering. Proceeding of the 11th International Congress on Agricultural Engineering. 4-8 September 1989, Dublin.
- Karaaslan, D., A. Hatipoğlu, Z. Türk ve Y. Kaya, 2010. Determination of potential sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars for the irrigated conditions of Diyarbakır. Helia. 33(52):145-152.
- Karakaş, M. ve F. Arslanoğlu, 2013. Kıraç ve sulanabilir arazi koşullarında yağlık ayçiçeği (Helianthus annuus L.) çeşitlerinin verim ve bazı kalite kriterlerinin belirlenmesi. 10. Tarla Bitkileri Kongresi. Konya.
- Kavdır, İ., H. Turhan, S. Özpınar, A. Çay, G. Pekitkan ve H. Akgül, 2004. Ayçiçeğinde toprak neminden maksimum yarar sağlamak için bazı ekim-bakım uygulamaları. Tarımsal Mekanizasyon 22. Ulusal Kongresi. 08-10 Eylül, 2004, 156-161, Aydın.
- López-Garrido, R., E. Madejón, M. León-Camacho, I. Girón F. Moreno ve J.M. Murillo, 2014. Reduced tillage as an alternative to no-tillage under Mediterranean conditions: A case study. Soil Till Res. 140: 40-47.
- Mahmoodi A. ve Y. Mohammadi-Nashali, 2007. Study the effect of primary tillage equipments on soil physical properties. The 3th Student conference on Agricultural machinery Engineering and Mechanization. 18-19 April. Shiraz.
- Maiorana, M., F. Montemurro, G. Convertini ve D. Ferri, 2004. Soil tillage depths and crops organic fertilation: Effects on productive parameters of sunflower and durum wheat in Mediterranean environment. ISCO 2004-13th International Soil Conservation Organisation Conference. Conserving Soil and Water for Society: Sharing Solutions. Brisbane, July 2004. Paper no:925.
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