Comparison of Bulb Yield, Some Bioactive Compound and Elemental Profile of Taşköprü Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Grown in Greenhouse and Open Field Conditions

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2, 248 - 261, 31.05.2022

Nezahat Turfan

https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.883014

Cited By: 5

Öz

Türkiye'nin Coğrafi İşaretleri arasında yer alan Taşköprü sarımsağı, Kastamonu yöresi halkının önemli gelir kaynaklarından biridir. Kendine has tadı, kendine has keskin keskin kokusu, kendine özgü rengi, flavon arttırıcı molekülleri ile (Allium sativum L.) mutfakların vazgeçilmezi haline gelmiştir. Ayrıca antioksidan kapasitesi, kükürt bileşikleri ve mineraller içermesi nedeniyle tıbbi amaçlar için de kullanılmıştır. Üstelik sayılan üstün vasıflarını, yüksek kuru madde içeriği diğer sarımsak genotiplerine göre uzun süre koruyabilir. Bu çalışma, tarlada (OF-TD; OF-KUC) ve sera koşullarında (GH-TD; GH-KUC) yetiştirilen Taşköprü sarımsağında baş verimi, depolanma süresi, besin elementlerinin değişimini belirlemek ve ayrıca taze yapraklarda ve dişlerde pigmentler, sekonder metabolitler, azotlu bileşikler, indirgen şeker, piruvik asit, lipit peroksidasyonu (malondialdehit) ve H2O2 (hidrojen peroksit) gibi bazı biyoaktif kimyasal bileşiklerin yetişme ortamına göre nasıl değiştiğini ortaya koymak için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar yetişme ortamlarının incelenen tüm parametreler üzerinde önemli etki yaptığını göstermiştir (p<0.001). Örneğin, azotlu bileşikler OF-KUC ve GH-KUC örneklerinin taze yapraklarında, pigment, pürivik asit, glikoz ve sekonder metabolitler ise OF-TD ve GH-TD örneklerinin taze yapraklarında zengindir. Sarımsak dişlerinde ise OF-KUC ve GH-KUC örneklerinde pigment ve sekonder metabolit içerikleri daha fazla iken OF-TD ve GH-TD örneklerinde azotlu bileşikler, pürivik asit ve toplam karbon miktarı yüksektir. Mineraller açısından GH-KUC örnekleri K ve P, OF-TD örnekleri N, Mg, S ve Si ve OF-KUC örnekleri ise Ca, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu ve Se miktarınca zengindir. Sarımsak örneklerinde baş verimi ve depolama özellikleri açısından OF-KUC ve GH-KUC örnekleri en yüksek değere sahip iken, GH-TD örnekleri ise en düşük değere sahip bulunmuştur. Tüm değerler göz önünde bulundurulduğunda OF-KUC ve GH-KUC örneklerinin incelenen parametreler açısından daha zengin olduğu, GH-TD örneklerinin ise fakir olduğu söylenebilir. Ayrıca Taşköprü sarımsağının seralarda sarımsak yetiştirilerek tarlada olduğu kadar besin değeri yüksek yeşil sarımsağın tüketiciye her mevsim sağlanabileceği ve depola süresi/raf ömrü uzun ürünlerin de elde edilebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biyokimyasal, Mineral, Sarımsak, Sera, Tarla

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Proje Numarası

Yok

Teşekkür

Yok

Comparison of Bulb Yield, Some Bioactive Compound, and Elemental Profile of Taşköprü Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Grown in Greenhouse and Open Field Conditions

Öz

Taşköprü garlic, which is among the Geographical Indications of Turkey, is one of the important sources of income for the people in the Kastamonu region. It (Allium sativum L.) has become an indispensable food in the kitchen with taste, a high peculiar pungent smell, a specific colour, flavon enhancing molecules. Also, it has been used for medicinal purposes due to having antioxidant capacity, sulphur compounds, and minerals. Moreover, it can preserve its superior properties for a long time due to its high dry matter compared to other garlic genotypes. This study was conducted to reveal the yield, storage duration, and nutritional elements of Taşköprü garlic bulbs grown in an open field (OF-TD; OF-KUC) and greenhouse conditions (GH-TD; GH-KUC) as well as to determine how some bioactive components including pigment, secondary metabolites, nitrogenous compound, simple reduced sugar, pyruvic acid, lipid peroxidation (MDA-malondialdehyde) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), vary according to the growing environment in both cloves and fresh leaves. The results revealed that there were significant differences in the effects of habitat on all the parameters investigated (p<0.001). For instance, while nitrogenous compounds are high in OF-KUC and GH-KUC samples, OF-TD and GH-TD showed enrichment in pigment, pyruvate, glucose and secondary metabolites in the fresh leaves. In the cloves, while pigments and secondary metabolites content were found to be higher in OF-KUC and GH-KUC samples, the content of nitrogenous compounds, pyruvate and carbon were higher in OF-TD and GH-TD samples. In terms of nutrients, the GH-KUC cloves were rich in K and P, while OF-TD samples were rich in N, Mg, S, and Si, and OF-KUC samples were the richest group in Ca, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu and Se. In terms of bulb yield and storage properties, the highest values were noted with OF-KUC and GH-KUC samples, and the lowest values of them were recorded with GH-TD samples. As a result, considering the first two highest values of the parameters analyzed in garlic samples, the OF-KUC and the OF-TD samples had the maximum values, but the GH-TD samples showed the lowest value. It can be concluded that by cultivating garlic in greenhouses, fresh green leaves with high nutritional value can be provided to the consumer at all seasons and products with high nutritional value, as well as products with a storage process / long shelf life can be obtained as in plants obtained from open areas.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biochemical, Garlic, Greenhouse, Field, Mineral

Proje Numarası

Yok

Kaynakça

• Akan, S., Horzum, Ö., Tuna Güneş, N., İpek, M., Güneş, E. (2019). Taşköprü sarımsağında karlılık analizi. I. Uluslararası Tarım ve Çevre Bilimleri Araştırmaları Kongresi, 2-6 Aralık, Ankara, s. 362-370. Anonim.
• Akan, S., Ünüvar, F.İ. (2020). Sarımsak Üretiminin Ekonomik Durumu ve Taşköprü İlçesi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(3): 627-636.
• Angeletti, P., Castagnasso, H., Miceli, E., Terminiello, L., Concellón, A., Chaves, A., icente A.R. (2010). Effect of preharvest calcium applications on postharvest quality, softening and cell wall degradation of two blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) varieties. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 58 (2): 98-103.
• Anschütz, U., Becker, D., Shabala, S. (2014). Going beyond nutrition: Regulation of potassium homoeostasis as a common denominator of plant adaptive responses to environment. Journal of Plant Physiology, 171 (9): 670-687.
• Atif MJ., Amin B., Ghani, MI., Hayat S., Ali M., Zhang Y., Cheng Z. (2019). Influence of different photoperiod and temperature regimes on growth and bulb quality of garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars. Agronomy,9, 879.
• Atif, M.J., Âmin, B., Ghani, M.I., Ali, M. Cheng, Z. (2020). Variation in morphological and quality parameters in garlic (Allium sativum L.) bulb influenced by different photoperiod, temperature, sowing and harvesting time. Plants, 9 (2): 155.
• Avgeri, I., Zeliou, K., Petropoulos, SA., Bebeli, P.J., Papasotiropoulos, V., Lamari, FN. (2020). Variability in bulb organosulfur compounds, sugars, phenolics, and pyruvate among Greek garlic genotypes: Association with antioxidant properties. Antioxidants, 9: 967.
• Basal, O., Szabo Dr A. (2020). Yield and Quality of Two Soybean Cultivars in Response to Drought and N Fertilization. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 17(2):203-210.
• Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P., Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207.
• Beato, V.M., Orgaz, F., Mansilla, F., Montaño, A. (2011). Changes in phenolic compounds in garlic (Allium sativum L.) owing to the cultivar and location of growth. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 66 (3): 218-223.
• Bian, ZH., Yang QC., Liu WK. (2015). Effects of light quality on the accumulation of phytochemicals in vegetables produced in controlled environments: A review. Journal of the Science and Food Agriculture, 95 (5): 869-877.
• Bloem E., Haneklaus, S., Schnug, E. (2011). Storage life of field-grown garlic bulbs (Allium sativum L.) as influenced by nitrogen and sulfur fertilization. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59 (9): 4442-4447.
• Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72(1-2):248-254.
• Caretto S., Linsalata, V., Colella, G., Mita, G., and Lattanzio, V. (2015). Carbon fluxes between primary metabolism and phenolic pathway in plant tissues under stress. International Journal of Molecular Science, 16 (11): 26378-26394.
• Chen, C., Cai, J., Liu, S.Q., Qiu, G.L., Wu, X.G., Zhang, W., Chen, C., Qi, W.L., Wu, Y., Liu, Z.B. (2019). Comparative study on the composition of four different varieties of garlic. PeerJ, 7 (11): e6442.
• Chen, R., Song, S., Li, X., Liu, H., Huang, D. (2013). Phosphorus deficiency restricts plant growth but induces pigment formation in the flower stalk of Chinese kale. Horticulture, Environment and Biotechnology, 54(3):243-248.
• Çakmak, I., Horst, W.J. (1991). Effect of aluminium on lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities in root tips of soybean (Glycine max). Physiologia Plantarum, 83: 463-468.
• Çelebi, M. (2019). Effects of Different Growing Media on The Yield in Tomato, Cucumber and Pepper, and on Seedling in Tomato. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 16(2):112-120.
• Davies, M.J. (2016). Protein oxidation and peroxidation. Biochemical Journal, 473 (7): 805-825.
• Demidchik, V., Shabala, S.(2018). Mechanisms of cytosolic calcium elevation in plants: the role of ion channels, calcium extrusion systems and NADPH oxidasemediated ‘ROS-Ca2+ Hub’. Functional Plant Biology, 45: 9-27.
• Demidchik, V., Straltsova, D., Medvedev, S.S., Pozhvanov, G.A, Sokolik, A., Yurin, V. (2014). Stress-induced electrolyte leakage: the role of K+-permeable channels and involvement in programmed cell death and metabolic adjustment. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65 (5): 1259-1270.
• Dietz, K.J., Turkan I., Krieger-Liszkay, A.(2016) Redox- and reactive oxygen species-dependent signaling into and out of the photosynthesizing chloroplast. Plant Physiology, 171: 1541-1550.
• Drissi, S., Houssa, A.A., Bamouh, A., Coquant, J.M., Benbella, M. (2015) Effect of zinc-phosphorus interaction on corn silage grown on sandy soil. Agriculture, 5:1047-1059.
• El-Morsy, A.H., El-Shal, A., Sawsan, Z.S., Sarg, M.H. (2004). Effect of potassium application methods and some micronutrients on growth, yield and storability of garlic. Journal of Agricultural Science, Mansoura University, 29 (4): 2013-2023.
• Gadel-Hak, S.N.H., Moustafa, Y.M.M., Abdel-Nae, G.F., Abdel-Wahab, I.(2015). Studying different quantitative and qualitative traits of some white- and colored-bulb garlic genotypes grown under a drip irrigation system. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(6):1415-1427.
• Gianquinto, G., Muñoz, P., Pardossi, A., Ramazzotti, S., Savvas, D. (2013). Soil fertility and plant nutrition. In Good agricultural practices for greenhouse vegetable crops. Principles for Mediterranean climate areas. FAO, Plant Production and Protection Paper 217. Rome, pp. 205-269.
• Gmaa, S.S. (2016). Improving yield, quality and storability of garlic (Allium sativum L.) by pre-harvest foliar application. Journal Plant Production, 7 (1): 7-12.
• Gujjarı, R.S., Pathaki, A.D., Karkute, S.G., Supaıbulwatana, K. (2019). Multifunctional proline rich proteins and their role in regulating cellular proline content in plants under stress. Biologia Plantarum, 63: 448-454.
• Gururani, M.A., Venkatesh, J., Tran, L.S.P. (2015). Regulation of photosynthesis during abiotic stress-induced photoinhibition. Molecular Plant, 8 (9): 1304-1320.
• Handel, E. (1968). Direct micro determination of sucrose. Analytical Biochemistry, 22 (2): 280-283.
• Hörtensteiner, S. (2013). Update on the biochemistry of chlorophyll breakdown. Plant Molecular Biology, 82 (6): 505-517.
• Hossain, M.A., Bhattacharjee S., Armin S.M., Qian P., Xin W., Li H.Y., Burritt D.J., Fujita M., Tran L.S. (2015). Hydrogen peroxide priming modulates abiotic oxidative stress tolerance: Insights from ROS detoxification and scavenging. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 420.
• Hossain, M.A., Hoque, M.A., Burritt, D.J., Fujita, M. (2014). Proline protects plants against abiotic oxidative stress: biochemical and molecular mechanisms. In Oxidative damage to plants. 477-522 (Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA.
• Ikeda H., Kinoshita T., Yamamoto T., Yamasaki A. (2019). Sowing time and temperature influence bulb development in spring-sown onion (Allium cepa L.). Scientia Horticulturea, 244: 242-248.
• Katsoulas, N., Sapounas, N., De Zwart, F., Dieleman, J.A., Stanghellini, C. (2015). Reducing ventilation requirements in semi-closed greenhouses increases water use efficiency. Agricultural Water Management, 156: 90-99.
• Keyhaninejad, N., Richins, R.D., Mary, A., O’Connell, MA. (2012). Carotenoid Content in Field-grown versus Greenhouse-grown Peppers:Different Responses in Leaf and Fruit. Hortscience, 47(7):852-855.
• Kontopoulou, C.K., Bilalis, D., Pappa, V.A., Rees, R.M., Savvas, D. (2015). Impact of organic farming practices and salinity on yield and greenhouse gas emissions from a common bean crop grown in a Mediterranean environment. Scientia Horticulturea, 183: 48-57.
• Kumaran, A., Karunakara, R.J. (2006). Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of an aqueous extract of Coleus aromaticus. Food Chemistry 97(1): 109-114.
• Lichtenthaler, H.K. (1987). Chlorophyll and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology 148: 350-382.
• Martins, N., Petropoulos, S., Ferreira, I.C. (2016). Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of garlic (Allium sativum L.) as affected by pre-and post-harvest conditions: a review. Food Chemistry, 211: 41-50.
• Mashayekhi, K., Chiane, S.M., Mianabadi M., Ghaderifar F., Mousavizadeh S.J. (2016). Change in carbohydrate and enzymes from harvest to sprouting in garlic. Food Science Nutrition, 4(3): 370-376.
• McCready, R.M., Guggolz, M.J., Silviera, V., Owens, H.S. (1950). Determination of starch and amylase in vegetables. Analytical Chemistry, 22 (9): 1156-1158.
• Moore, S., Stein, W.H. (1948). Photometric method for use in chromatography of amino acids. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 76 (1): 367-388.
• Munoz, P., Munn´e-Bosch, S.(2018). Photo-oxidative stress during leaf, fower and fruit development. Plant Physiology, 176 (2):1004-1014.
• Nagata, M., Yamashita I. (1992). Simple method for simultaneous determination of chlorophyll and carotenoids in tomato fruit. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaish, 39 (10): 925-928.
• Nakanao, Y., Asada, K.(1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-spesific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiology, 22 (5):867-880.
• Obiadalla-Ali, H.A., El-Shaikh, K.A.A, Sedra Amal, Z. (2016). Effect of foliar application with trace elements, potassium fertilization and storage methods on storability of three onions (Allium cepa L.) cultivars. American-Eurasian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 16 (7): 1304-1320.
• Oku, S., Ueno, K., Tsuruta, Y., Jitsuyama, Y., Suzuki T., Onodera, S.(2019). Sugar accumulation and activities of enzymes involved in fructan dynamics from seedling to bulb formation in onion (Allium cepa L.). Scientia Horticulturea, 247: 147-155.
• Özer, M.Ö., Aksoy, M. (2019). Mıneral composıtıon and nutrıtıonal propertıes of Trachystemon orientalis (L.) G. Don populatıons in the central black sea regıon of Turkey. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 8 (4): 157-167.
• Pöhnl T, Minor N, Carle R, Schweiggert R. 2019. Accumulation of carbohydrates and pungent principles in characteristic seed and set grown onion varieties (Allium cepa L.). Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 92: 267-273.
• Sardar P., Kempken, F. (2018) Characterization of indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway-mediated biosynthesis of auxin in Neurospora crassa. PLoS ONE, 13(2): e0192293.
• Schirrmacher, G., Schnitzler, W.H., Grassmann, J. (2004). Determination of secondary plant metabolites and antioxidative capacityas new Parameter for quality evaluation- indicated by the new Asia salad Gynura bicolor. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 78: 133-139.
• Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., Lamuela-Raventos, R.M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology, 299: 152-178.
• Stewart, A.J., Bozonnet, S., Mullen, W., Jenkins, G.I., Lean M.E., Crozier A. (2000). Occurrence of flavonols in tomatoes and tomato-based products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48 (7): 2663-2669.
• TÜİK (2017). Türkiye sarımsak üretim miktarı Erişim: [https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr]. Erişim Tarihi :2.05.2018
• TÜİK. 2018. Bitkisel üretim istatistikleri, sarımsak üretim verileri, https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr (Erişim tarihi: 22/09/2019).
• TÜİK. 2019. Bitkisel üretim istatistikleri, sarımsak üretim verileri, https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr (Erişim tarihi: 20/01/2021).
• Turan, N.A., Taban, S., Sezer, S.M., Türkmen, N. (2013). selenium-enriched-garlic production. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludag University, 27 (1): 19-25.
• Tüzel, Y., Öztekin, G.B., Ongun, A.R., Gümüş, M., Tüzel İ.H., Eltez, R.Z. (2004). Organic tomato production in the greenhouse. Acta Horticulturae, 659: 729-736.
• Vadalà R., Mottese, A., Bua, G., Salvo, A., Mallamace, D., Corsaro, C., Vas, S., Giofrè, S., Alfa, M., Cicero, N., Dugo, G.(2016). Statistical analysis of mineral concentration for the geographic identification of garlic samples from Sicily (Italy), Tunisia and Spain. Foods, 5 (1): 20.
• Van den Ende W., El-Esawe, S.K. (2014). Sucrose signaling pathways leading to fructan and anthocyanin accumulation: a dual function in abiotic and biotic stress responses? Environmental Experimental Botany, 108: 4-13.
• Velikova V., Yordanov, I., Edreva, A. (2000). Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants. Plant Science, 151(1):59-66.
• Vural, H., Eşiyok, D., Duman, İ. (2000). Kültür Sebzeleri (Sebze Yetiştirme). Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, İzmir.
• Wall, M.M., Corgan, J.N. (2019). Relationship between pyruvate analysis and flavor perception for onion pungency determination. HortScience, 27:1029-1030.
• Wang, C., Wen, D., Sun, A., Han, X., Zhang, J., Wang, Z., Yin, Y. (2014). Differential activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes and alteration in osmolyte accumulation under high temperature stress in wheat seedlings. Journal of Cereal Science, 60: 653-6.
• Wu C.,Wang M., Dong Y., Cheng Z., Meng, H. (2016). Effect of plant age and vernalization on bolting, plant growth and enzyme activity of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 201: 295-305.
• Yan W., Zhong, Y., Shangguan, Z. (2017). Contrasting responses of leaf stomatal characteristics to climate change: a considerable challenge to predict carbon and water cycles. Global Change Biology, 23 (9): 3781-3793.
• Yuan, M., Jia, X.J., Yang, Y., Ding, C.B., Du, L., Yuan, S., Zhang, Z.W., Chen Y.E. (2015). Effect of light on structural properties and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from soybean sprouts. Process Biochemistry, 50 (7): 1152-1157.
• Yoo, K, S., Leskovarb, D., Paltic, B.S., Lee, E.J. (2019). Effects of leaf cutting on bulb weight and pungency of short-day onions after lifting the plants. Scienta Horticulturae, 57: 108720.
• Yüzbaşıoğlu, E,, Dalyanı, E,, Akpınar, I. (2017). Changes in photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanin content and anioxidat enzyme acivities of maize (Zea mays L.)seedling under high temperature stress conditions. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences, 18(2): 97-104.