Energy and Economic Balance of Lavender Honey Production in Isparta Province

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 840 - 850, 29.09.2025

Engin Özcan , Osman Gökdoğan

https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1668407

Öz

This study aims to determine the energy use efficiency and economic efficiency in lavender honey production. Within the scope of the study, total energy input, total energy output, energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy efficiency, net energy, direct energy inputs, indirect energy inputs, renewable energy inputs, non-renewable energy inputs and economic analysis computations were made with respect to lavender honey production. With the subsequent economic analysis, the profit and cost conditions were revealed by determining the economic efficiency of the lavender honey production enterprise. In addition, recommendations are given to increase the efficiency and profitability of energy usage in lavender honey production. This study was conducted at the lavender honey producing trials during the 2022 production seasons in Isparta province of in Türkiye. According to energy use efficiency computations in lavender honey production, a total of 525.50 kg of honey was produced. As a result of the process, total energy input was computed as 12.506.29 MJ, total energy output as 6727.26 MJ, energy use efficiency as 0.54, specific energy as 23.80 MJ kg-1, energy productivity as 0.04 kg MJ-1 and net energy value as -5779.03 MJ kg-1. Energy inputs in lavender honey production consist of direct energy with 3118.23 MJ (24.93%), indirect energy with 9388.06 MJ (75.07%), renewable energy with 1099.10 MJ (8.79%) and non-renewable energy with 11.407.19 MJ (91.21%). The total cost incurred in the production of lavender honey was 30.628.77 TL, the amount of honey produced was 525.50 kg and the production cost of 1 kg of lavender honey was 58.28 TL. Profitability indicators of the lavender honey business on a business basis were examined. According to these indicators, gross production value was computed as 131.825 TL, variable costs as 10.839.25 TL, fixed costs as 19.789.52 TL, production costs as 30.628.77 TL, gross profit as 120.985.75 TL, net profit as 101.196.23 TL and relative profit as 4.30. It is important as it will contribute to the literature as it is the first comprehensive study in its field on the energy and economic balance of lavender honey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Energy usage , Economic efficiency , Lavender honey , Relative profit , Specific energy

Etik Beyan

There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.

Isparta İlinde Lavanta Balı Üretiminin Enerji ve Ekonomik Bilançosu

Öz

Bu çalışmada lavanta balı üretiminde enerji kullanımının ve ekonomik etkinliğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Lavanta balı üretiminde toplam enerji girdisi & çıktısı, enerji kullanımı, özgül enerji, enerji verimliliği, net enerjisi, doğrudan enerji girdileri, dolaylı enerji girdileri, yenilenebilir enerji girdileri, yenilenemez enerji girdileri ve ekonomik analiz hesaplamaları yapılmıştır. Ekonomik analizin yapılması ile birlikte lavanta balı üretimi yapılan işletmede ekonomik etkinliğinin belirlenmesi ile kar maliyet durumu ortaya konulmuştur. Bu çalışmada lavanta balı üretiminde enerji kullanım etkinliğini ve karlılığını artırmak için yapılması gereken öneriler verilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin Isparta ilinde 2022 üretim sezonunda lavanta balı üretim denemeleri yürütülmüştür. Lavanta balı üretiminde enerji kullanım etkinliği hesaplamalarına göre toplam 525.50 kg bal üretilmiş olup toplam enerji girdisi 12.506.29 MJ, toplam enerji çıktısı 6727.26 MJ, enerji kullanım etkinliği 0.54, spesifik enerji 23.80 MJ kg-1, enerji verimliliği 0.04 kg MJ-1 ve net enerji değeri ise -5779.03 MJ kg-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Lavanta balı üretiminde enerji girdilerinin 3118.23 MJ (%24.93) ile doğrudan enerjiden, 9388.06 MJ (%75.07) ile dolaylı enerjiden, 1099.10 MJ (%8.79) ile yenilenebilir enerjiden ve 11.407.19 MJ (%91.21) ile yenilenemez enerjiden oluşmuştur. Lavanta balı üretiminde toplam masraf 30.628.77 TL, üretilen bal miktarı 525.50 kg olup 1 kg lavanta balının üretim maliyeti ise 58.28 TL olmuştur. Lavanta balı işletmesinin işletme bazında karlılık göstergelerine göre gayrisafi üretim değeri 131.825 TL, değişken masraflar 10.839.25 TL, sabit masraflar 19.789.52 TL, üretim masrafları 30.628.77 TL, brüt kar 120.985.75 TL, net kar 101.196.23 TL ve nispi kar 4.30 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Lavanta balının enerji ve ekonomik dengesi konusunda alanında ilk kapsamlı çalışma olması nedeniyle literatüre katkı sağlayacak olup önem arz etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Enerji kullanımı , Ekonomik etkinlik , Lavanta balı , Nispi kar , Spesifik enerji

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için etik kuruldan izin alınmasına gerek yoktur.

Kaynakça

• Açıl, A. F. and Demirci, R. (1984). Agricultural Economics Courses. Ankara University, Agricultural Faculty Press: 880, Ankara, Türkiye (In Turkish)
• Ağızan, K., Bayramoğlu, Z., Özbek, O. and Gökdoğan, O. (2024). Determination of energy use efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions and production costs in organic table grape production in Turkey. Applied Fruit Science, 66(1): 269-278.
• Ağizan, S., Bayramoğlu, Z., Özbek, O. and Gökdoğan, O. (2025). Energy use, carbon emissions, and irrigation of orange production in Türkiye. Applied Fruit Science, 67: 30.
• Aktürk, D. and Aydın, B. (2019). Structural characteristics of beekeeping enterprises and beekeeping activities in Çanakkale province. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 7(10): 1618-1628 (In Turkish)
• Anonymous (2001). Input Use and Production Costs of Important Products for Some Regions in Türkiye. Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Publication No: 64, Ankara, Türkiye (In Turkish).
• Anonymous (2022a). T.C. Isparta Governorship. http://www.isparta.gov.tr/keciborlu (Accessed Date: 23.03.2022). (In Turkish)
• Anonymous (2022b). T.C. Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Isparta Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism. https://isparta.ktb.gov.tr/TR-71016/isparta.html (Accessed Date: 23.03.2022)
• Anonymous (2022c). T.C. Isparta Governorship. http://www.isparta.gov.tr/isparta (Accessed Date: 23.03.2022). (In Turkish)
• Anonymous (2022d). T.C. Isparta Governorship. http://www.isparta.gov.tr/keciborlu (23.03.2022). ) (In Turkish) Anonymous (2023). Balparmak. https://www.balparmak.com.tr/lavanta-bali-460-g? gclid=EAIaIQobChMIt62pmNXn_AIVQvBRCh3RVglQ EAAYASAAEgJzr_D_BwE (Accessed Date: 27.01.2023)
• Aydın, B. and Aktürk, D. (2021). Energy input-output analysis and technical efficiency of honey production in Turkey: A case study from Çanakkale province. Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 36: 501-510.
• Aydın, B., Aktürk, D. and Arsoy, D. (2020). Economic and efficiency analysis of beekeeping activity in Turkey: Case of Çanakkale province. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 67: 23-32.
• Ayran Çolak, İ, Tokur, V., Özbek, O., Çelik, S.A. and Gökdoğan, O. (2024). Investigation of energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 'Maraş 18' walnut cultivar (Juglans Regia L.) production in Türkiye. Applied Fruit Science, 66(6): 2279-2286.
• Baran, M. F. and Gokdogan, O. (2017). Determination of energy use efficiency of sesame production. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 14(3): 73-79.
• Baran, M. F., Demir, C., Eliçin, A.K. and Gökdoğan, O. (2023). Energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) analysis of garlic cultivation in Turkey. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 16(4): 63-67.
• Baran, M. F., Gökdoğan, O. and Bayhan, Y. (2021). Determination of energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of cotton cultivation in Turkey: A case study from Bismil district of Diyarbakır province. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 18:322-332.
• Baran, M. F., Lüle, F. and Gökdoğan, O. (2017). Energy input-output analysis of organic grape production: A case study from Adiyaman province. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 59(4): 275-279.
• Bayhan, Y. (2016). Comparison of energy use efficiency of different tillage methods and notillage on the secondary crop sunflower production. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 13(2): 102-109 (In Turkish)
• Demir, C. (2023). Analyses of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in watermelon production. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 16(5): 221-225.
• Demir, C., Baran, M. F. and Gökdoğan, O. (2022). Determination of energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions in lavender production. Revista De Investigaciones Universidad Del Quindío, 34(5): 192-202.
• Demir, C., Gökdoğan, O. (2023). Determination of energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions in peach production. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering,, 16(2): 165-170.
• Demircan, V., Ekinci, K., Keener, H. M., Akbolat, D. and Ekinci, C. (2006). Energy and economic analysis of sweet cherry production in Turkey: A case study from Isparta province. Energy Conversion and Management, 47: 1761-1769.
• Demircan, V., Yılmaz, H. and Binici, T. (2005). Determination of cost and return of apple production in Isparta province. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Economics, 11(2): 71-80 (In Turkish).
• Demirel, M. H., Sengul, Z., Baran, M. F. and Gökdoğan, O. (2024). Effect of input usage on wheat yield: An application of artificial neural networks (ANN). Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 26(2): 233-245.
• Ekinci, K., Demircan, V., Atasay, A., Karamursel, D. and Sarica, D. (2020). Energy, economic and environmental analysis of organic and conventional apple production in Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 62(1): 1-12.
• El Saleh, Y. (2000). A Study on determining mechanization possibilities in lentil and chickpea harvesting in Syria and Türkiye. (PhD Thesis), Çukurova University, Institute of Science, Adana, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
• FAO (2021). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data (Accessed Date: 01.03. 2021).
• Fluck, R.C. (1992). Energy in farm production, In: Energy in World Agriculture. Ed(s): Fluck, R. C., Elsevier, Amsterdam, Holland.
• Gökdoğan, O. (2022). Energy and economic efficiency of kiwi fruit production in Turkey: A case study from Mersin province. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 64(1): 55-60.
• Gokdogan, O. and Baran, M. F. (2019). Determination of the energy usage efficiency in egg chicken reared. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 28(11A): 8460-8465.
• Gökdoğan, O. and Sevim, B. (2016). Determination of energy balance of wheat production in Turkey: A case study of Eskil district of Aksaray province. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 13(4): 36-43.
• Gokdogan, O., Bagdatli, M. C. and Erdogan, O. (2018). The determination with geographic information systems (GIS) mapping of the energy use efficiency of potato production areas in Turkey: a study in Nevsehir province. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(12A): 8917-8927.
• Gökdoğan, O., Baran, M.F., Eren, Ö. and Oğuz, H. İ. (2022). Determination of energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) production in Adıyaman province. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 64(2): 291-297.
• Gokdogan, O., Eryilmaz, T. and Yesilyurt, M. K. (2015). Thermophysical properties of castor oil (Ricinus communis L.) biodiesel and its blends. CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro, 6(1): 95-128.
• Gökduman, E., Gökdoğan, O. and Yılmaz, D. (2022). Determination of energy-economic balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) production in Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 64(4): 759-766.
• Göktürk, B. (1999). A Research on determination of some harvesting properties of dry onion, development of a digger-type harvesting machine and comparison with other harvesting methods. (PhD Thesis), Trakya University, Institute of Science, Tekirdağ, Türkiye. (In Turkish).
• Güngörmez, M., Tan, F. and Baran, M. F. (2023). Energy consumption in alfalfa production: a comparison between harvesting systems. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 20(1): 80-93 (In Turkish).
• Hacıoğlu, H, Altuntaş, E. and Baran M. F. (2024). Determination of energy balance in paddy production (example of Osmancık district of Çorum province). Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 21(2): 468-481 (in Turkish).
• İnan, İ. H. (2016). Agricultural Economics and Management. İdeal Kültür Publishing, İstanbul, Türkiye. ISBN:9786055729691 (In Turkish).
• Karaağaç, M. A., Aykanat, S., Çakır, B., Eren, O., Turgut, M. M., Barut, Z. B. and Öztürk, H.H. (2011). Energy Balance of Wheat and Maize Crops Production in Hacıali Undertaking. 11th International Congress on Mechanization and Energy in Agriculture Congress, 21-23 September, 388-391, Istanbul, Turkey.
• Kayisoglu, B. and Goncu S. (2020). Determination of commercially available biogas production capacity and effects on methane capture in Tekirdağ province. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 17(3): 445-455.
• Kizilaslan, H. (2009.) Input-output energy analysis of cherries production in Tokat Province of Turkey. Applied Energy, 86: 1354-1358.
• Kokten, K., Kaplan, M., Gokdogan, O. and Baran, M. F. (2019). Determination of energy use efficiency of maize (Zea mays intendata) production in Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(4): 1973-1978.
• Kokten, K., Tutar, H., Baran, M. F. and Gokdogan, O. (2017). Energy balance of bitter vetch and forage pea production in Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26(3): 2035-2040.
• Kral, T., Kasnakoğlu, H., Tatlıdil, F., Fidan, H. and Gündoğmuş, E. (1999). Cost Calculation Methodology and Database Guide for Agricultural Products. Agricultural Economics Research Institute Project Report: 1999-13 (In Turkish).
• Lilek, N., Gonzales, A. P., Božič, J., Borovšak, A. K. and Bertoncelj, J. (2015). Chemical composition and content of free tryptophan in Slovenian bee pollen. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 54(4): 323-333.
• Mani, I., Kumar, P., Panwar, J. S. and Kant, K. (2007). Variation in energy consumption in production of wheat-maize with varying altitudes in hill regions of Himachal Prades, India. Energy, 32: 2336-2339.
• Moraru, R. A., Bodescu, D., Magdici, M., Simeanu, D. and Bulgariu, E. (2019). Analysis of the energy input-output of honey production in the mountainous area of Romania. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 18(11): 2429-2440.
• Oğuz, H. I., Baran, M. F., Gökdoğan, O., Eren, Ö. and Solak, M. (2022). Energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of organic fig (Ficus carica L.) production in Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 64(1): 61-67.
• Oğuz, H. I., Erdoğan, O. and Gökdoğan, O. (2019a). Energy use efficiency and economic analysis of nectarine (Prunus persica var. nucipersica) production: a case study from Niğde Province. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 61(4): 323-329.
• Oğuz, H. I., Gökdoğan, O. and Baran, M. F. (2019b). Determination of energy balance in organic wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) production in Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 61(1): 61-66.
• Omidi-Arjenaki, O., Ebrahimi, R. and Ghanbarian, D. (2016). Analysis of energy input and output for honey production in Iran (2012-2013). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59: 952-957.
• Ören, N., Alemdar, T., Parlakay, O., Yılmaz Işık, H., Seçer, A., Güngör, C., Yaşar, B. and Bahadır Gürer, B. (2010). Economic Analysis of Beekeeping Activity in Adana Province. Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Publication No.: 178, Ankara, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
• Özbek, O., Dokumacı, K. Y. and Gökdoğan, O. (2023). Analysis of energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of lemon (Citrus lemon L.) production in Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 65(5):1705-1712.
• Özcan, M. T. (1986). Comparison of Lentil Harvesting and Threshing Methods in Terms of Efficiency, Quality, Energy Consumption, and Cost and Research on the Development of a Suitable Harvesting Machine. Publications of the Turkish Agricultural Equipment Association, Publication No: 46, Ankara, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
• Ozkan, B., Kurklu, A. and Akcaoz, H. (2004). An input-output energy analysis in greenhouse vegetable production: A case study for Antalya region of Turkey. Biomass Bioenergy, 26: 89-95.
• Özpınar, S. (2018). An assessment of biogas production potential from animal manures in Çanakkale. COMU Journal Agriculture Faculty. 6: 109-116.
• Ozpınar, S. (2020). Energy use and cost analysis of olive under flat and sloping growing conditions. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Journal of Agriculture Faculty, 8(1): 125-135.
• Özpınar, S. (2023). Analysis of energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emission in rainfed canola production (Case study: Çanakkale province, Turkey). Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 20(1): 197-210. Öztürk, H. H. (2011). Energy Efficiency in Agricultural Production. 2nd National Energy Efficiency and Fair. 13-14 January, 36-40 pp, İstanbul, Türkiye. (In Turkish).
• Saltuk, B., Jagosz, B., Gökdoğan, O., Rolbiecki, R., Atilgan, A. and Rolbiecki, S. (2022). An Investigation on the energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions of orange production in Turkey. Energies, 15: 8591.
• Sert, D. (2017). Economic analysis of beekeeping enterprises: A case study of Isparta Province, Türkiye. (MSc. Thesis), Süleyman Demirel University. Institute of Science, Isparta, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
• Şimşek, E., Oğuz, H. İ. and Gökdoğan, O. (2022). Energy use efficiency of grape production in vineyard areas of Nevşehir province in Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 64(Suppl 1): 113-118.
• Singh, J. M. (2002). On farm energy use pattern in different cropping systems in Haryana, India. (MSc. Thesis) International Institute of Management, University of Flensburg. Sustainable Energy Systems and Management, Flensburg, Germany.
• Sonmete, M. H. (2006). The harvesting-threshing mechanization of dry bean and its improvement possibilities. (PhD. Thesis). Selçuk University. Institute of Science, Konya, Türkiye (In Turkish).
• Tanrıvermis, H. (2000). Economic Analysis of Pesticides Use in Tomato Production in the Central Sakarya Basin. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Economics Research Institute Publications No: 42, Ankara, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
• TEPGE. (2021). Product Report Beekeeping 2020-2, Agricultural Economics and Policy Development Institute Directorate, TEPGE Publication No: 330 (Prepared by Volkan Burucu). https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/tepge/ (Accessed Date: 23.03.2022). (In Turkish)
• TÜİK. (2021). Turkish Statistical Institute. TÜİK. http://www.tuik.gov.tr (Accessed Date: 01.03.2021).
• Tutar, H., Eren, Ö., Er, H., Gonulal, E. and Gokdogan, O. (2025). Field-based experimental greenhouse gas emissions and energy use efficiency study of sorghum x sudan grass hybrid growth in a semi-arid region. Energy, 315: 134450.
• Uysal, O. (2021). Energy use in honey production: The Mersin province example. Alatarım, 20(2): 130-137. (In Turkish).
• Vahid-Berimanlou, R. and Nadi, F. (2021). Investigating the energy consumption and economic ındices for sweet-cherry and sour-cherry production in Northeastern Iran. Journal of Agricultural Machinery, 11(1): 97-110.
• Vaziritabar, S. and Esmaeilzade, S. M. (2016). Profitability and socio-economic analysis of beekeeping and honey production in Karaj state, Iran. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 4(4): 1341-1350.
• Yalçın Dokumacı, K., Özbek, O. and Gökdoğan, O. (2023). Determination of energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivation in Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 65: 2597–2603.
• Yaldiz, O., Ozturk, H. H., Zeren, Y. and Bascetincelik, A. (1993). Energy usage in production of field crops in Turkey. 5th International Congress on Mechanization and Energy in Agriculture, 11-14 October, P. 527-536, İzmir, Türkiye.
• Yilmaz, H., Gokdogan, O. and Ozer, S, (2021), Energy use efficiency and economic analysis of black cumin production in Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 30(10): 11395-11401.