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Revisiting the Importance of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) in a Changing Regional and International Geopolitical

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 14 - 32, 03.07.2024

Öz

The Black Sea region, situated at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, has historical significance dating back centuries. However, it was during the dissolution of the USSR and the discovery of significant reserves of hydrocarbons in the Caspian Sea area regained international attention. This transformation has been continued by a complex interplay of international and regional events, including the Azerbaijan-Armenia and Russia-Ukraine conflicts. Conversely, the Black Sea's geopolitical significance for trade, logistics, and other purposes has been bolstered through international initiatives like the Global Gateway Project (GGP) and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and regional projects such as Development Road (DR) and Zangezur Corridor having a potential to transform the Black Sea into a central hub for global trade and logistics. In this context, the Russia-Ukraine war, which commenced in 2022, has elevated the strategic significance of the Black Sea. This conflict has led to an internationally worrying process for the flow of energy and food supply. The Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) organization, founded in 1992, demonstrates a distinctive and favorable model of multilateral political and economic collaboration, covering a vast geographical area and encompassing diverse member states. Despite criticisms regarding its efficiency, the BSEC's achievements in fostering economic cooperation among its member states are noteworthy. This article employs a descriptive methodology informed by geopolitical analysis, to comprehend the intricate dynamics of the Black Sea region. The article re-evaluates the importance of BSEC, as a regional organization.

Kaynakça

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Değişen Bölgesel ve Uluslararası Jeopolitik Ortamda Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Organizasyonunun Öneminin Yeniden Gözden Geçirilmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 14 - 32, 03.07.2024

Öz

Öz: Avrupa ve Asya'nın kesişme noktasında yer alan Karadeniz bölgesi, yüzyıllar öncesine dayanan tarihi bir öneme sahiptir. Ancak bölge, SSCB'nin dağılması ve Hazar Denizi havzasında önemli hidrokarbon kaynaklarının keşfedilmesiyle uluslararası ilgiyi yeniden kazanmıştır. Bu dönüşüm, Azerbaycan-Ermenistan ve Rusya-Ukrayna çatışmaları da dahil olmak üzere uluslararası ve bölgesel olayların karmaşık bir etkileşimi ile devam etmiştir. Buna karşılık, Karadeniz'in ticaret, lojistik ve diğer amaçlar için jeopolitik önemi, Küresel Geçit Projesi ve Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi gibi uluslararası girişimlerle desteklenmiştir ve Kalkınma Yolu ve Zangezur Koridoru gibi bölgesel projeler, Karadeniz'i küresel ticaret ve lojistik için merkezi bir merkeze dönüştürme potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu bağlamda, 2022 yılında başlayan Rusya-Ukrayna savaşı Karadeniz'in stratejik önemini arttırmıştır. Bu çatışma, özellikle enerji ve gıda tedariki açısından hem bölge hem de dünya için endişe verici bir sürece yol açmıştır. 1992'de kurulan Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği (KEİ) örgütü, geniş bir coğrafi alanı kapsayan ve farklı üye devletleri kapsayan çok taraflı siyasi ve ekonomik işbirliğinin benzersiz ve umut verici bir modelini temsil etmektedir. KEİ'nin odak noktası, özellikle ekonomik işbirliği alanında proje bazlı yaklaşımlardır. Etkinliğine yönelik eleştirilere rağmen, KEİ'nin üye devletler arasında ekonomik işbirliğini teşvik etme konusundaki başarıları kayda değerdir. Bu makale, Karadeniz bölgesinin karmaşık dinamiklerini anlamak için jeopolitik analizden beslenen betimleyici bir metodoloji kullanmaktadır. Makale, önemli bir bölgesel örgüt olan KEİ'nin önemini ve etkisini yeniden değerlendirmektedir. Genel olarak bu makale, Avrupa'nın artan enerji ithalat bağımlılığı göz önüne alındığında, Karadeniz bölgesinde enerji güvenliğinin artan önemini vurgulamaktadır. KEİ'nin enerji işbirliğini kolaylaştırmadaki rolünün ve bölgede istikrar ve güvenliğe elverişli bir çerçeve oluşturma potansiyelinin altını çizmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • 101st Airborne Division. (n.d.). U.S. Army. Retrieved October 28, 2023, from https://home.army.mil/campbell/101st
  • Acer, Y. (2023). Russia’s Attack on Ukraine: The Montreux Convention and Turkiye. International Law Studies, 100(1). https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ils/vol100/iss1/8
  • Akdemir, E. (2014). Nato’nun Karadeniz Politikası. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 42, 1–9.
  • Al, A., & Özdil, B. (2017). Karadeniz’in uluslararası politik ekonomisi: Rusya ve Ukrayna ilişkilerinin yeniden analizi. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 151–167.
  • Alkanalka, M., Önder, E., & Bolgün, E. (2022). Rusya-Ukrayna savaşı. Ülke Politikaları Vakfı, 51–63.
  • Altıntaş, H. (2006). KEİB: Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü. In Ş. Çalış, B. Akgün, & Ö. Kutlu (Eds.), Uluslararası örgütler ve Türkiye (pp. 639–669). Çizgi Yayınları.
  • Apakan, E. (2010). Türkiye´s Approach to the Black Sea Region and to the Organization of The Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi/T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı, KEI (BSECI)(Special Issue). https://www.mfa.gov.tr/the-new-geopolitical-order-in-the-bsec-region-.tr.mfa
  • Atlamazoglou, C. (n.d.). NATO is pouring concrete to support new “battlegroups” in 4 countries amid rising tensions with Russia. Business Insider. Retrieved October 29, 2023, from https://www.businessinsider.com/nato-sets-up-new-battlegroups-amid-rising-tension-with-russia-2022-10
  • Aydin, M., & Triantaphyllou, D. (2010). A 2020 Vision for the Black Sea Region: A Report by the Commission on the Black Sea [Policy Brief]. The Black Sea Trust for Regional Cooperation. www.blackseacom.eu
  • Bakan, S., & Güven, M. E. (2021). Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü (KEİ) Örneğinde Bölgesel İşbirliği Örgütlerinin Etkileri ve Akdeniz Üzerine Değerlendirme. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(1), 528–557.
  • Bayazıt, A., & Gürbüzer, G. B. (2023). Karadeniz Tahıl Koridoru Anlaşmasının Uluslararası Ticaret Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 10(6), 2215–2235. https://doi.org/10.46868/atdd.2023.591
  • Bozkus, R. Y. (2019). Turkey’s Relations and Energy Cooperation with the BSEC. Insight Turkey, 21(3), 177–194.
  • BSCF. (2021, November 23). Republic of Turkiye Ministry of Interior Affairs Coast Guard Command. https://en.sg.gov.tr/bscf
  • BSEC - Black Sea Economic Cooperation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 28, 2023, from http://www.bsec-organization.org/member-states
  • Cağıran, M. (2000). Karadeniz Ekonomik Işbirliği Örgütü–Hukuki Yapısı ve Gelişimi Üzerine Bir Inceleme. Galatasaray University Journal, Special Issue, 1–49.
  • Celac, S., & Manoli, P. (2006). Towards a New Model of Comprehensive Regionalism in the Black Sea Area. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 6(2), 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683850600694262
  • Clapp, S. (2022). AT A GLANCE: Outcome of the Madrid NATO Summit, June 2022 (PE 733.604). EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/733604/EPRS_ATA(2022)733604_EN.pdf
  • Dees, S., di Mauro, F., & McKibbin, W. J. (2008). International linkages in the context of global and regional integration. Globalisation, Regionalism and Economic Interdependence.
  • Dinler, M. (2019). Jeopolitik çerçevede Ukrayna-Rusya gerilimi [Master’s Thesis, Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü]. https://dspace.trakya.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/trakya/3150
  • Eastern Partnership | EEAS. (2022, March 17). The Diplomatic Service of the European Union. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eastern-partnership_en
  • Erhan, Ç. (2006). Türkiye ve Bölgesel Örgütler. In Ç. Erhan & M. Aydin (Eds.), Beş Deniz Havzasında Türkiye (pp. 389–421). Siyasal.
  • Gaber, Y. (2018). Security Triangle in the Black Sea Region: Turkey, Russia, United States. In R. Ondrejcsák, P. Bátor, R. Q. Turcsányi, & M. Mochťak (Eds.), Panorama of Global Security Environment 2017-2018: The Central European Perspective (pp. 198–220). Stratpol. https://ceias.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Panorama-of-Global-Security-Environment-2017-2018.pdf#page=199
  • Hodges, B. (2021, January 21). The Black Sea ... Or a Black Hole? CEPA. https://cepa.org/article/the-black-sea-or-a-black-hole/
  • Hummels, D. (2007). Transportation costs and international trade in the second era of globalization. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(3), 131–154.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1999). The Lonely Superpower. Foreign Affairs, 78(2), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/20049207
  • II. Convention Relating to the Régime of the Straits / Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved October 29, 2023, from https://www.mfa.gov.tr/ii_-convention-relating-to-the-regime-of-the-straits.en.mfa
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  • Isachenko, D., & Swistek, G. (2023). The Black Sea as Mare Clausum. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) German Institute for International and Security Affairs. https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/the-black-sea-as-mare-clausum
  • Japaridze, T., Panagiota, M., Dimitrios, T., & Yannis. (2010). The EU’s Ambivalent Relationship with the BSEC: Reflecting on the Past, Mapping out the Future (Policy Brief 2). International Center for Black Sea Studies (ICBSS). https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/112062/PB_20.pdf
  • Kagan, R. (2008). Robert Kagan, The Return of History and the End of Dreams. Alfred A. Knopf. https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/intj64&section=44
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  • Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Teşkilatı (KEI). (2023). T.C. Ticaret Bakanligi. https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5b872ee013b8761450e18f68/KE%C4%B0%20Bilgi%20Notu.doc
  • Karagül, M. (2017). Uluslararası iktisadi örgütler ve azgelişmiş ülkeler (5th ed.). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Ketenci, A. (2023, November 4). Rusya-Ukrayna savaşının gölgesinde Karadeniz’in güvenliği. Anadolu Ajansi. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/rusya-ukrayna-savasinin-golgesinde-karadenizin-guvenligi/2729478
  • Kılıç Yaşın, G. (2022). Değişen Karadeniz Jeopolitiği ve NATO (Analysis 22; pp. 1–6). Center for Eurasian Studies. https://avim.org.tr/tr/Analiz/DEGISEN-KARADENIZ-JEOPOLITIGI-VE-NATO
  • Kona, G. G. (2003). The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization (The BSCEO) and Turkey. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5, Article 5.
  • Krauthammer, C. (2002). The Unipolar Moment Revisited. The National Interest, 70, 5–18.
  • Kunt Akın, E. (2010). The New Geopolitical Order in The BSEC Region. Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi/T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı, KEI (BSECI(Special Issue). https://www.mfa.gov.tr/the-new-geopolitical-order-in-the-bsec-region-.tr.mfa
  • Layne, C. (2018). The US–Chinese power shift and the end of the Pax Americana. International Affairs, 94(1), 89–111.
  • Macias, A. (2022, March 23). NATO leaders set to OK “major increases” of troops in response to Putin’s war on Ukraine. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/23/nato-leaders-slated-to-bolster-troop-presence-in-bulgaria-hungary-romania-and-slovakia.html
  • Mazis, I., & Troulis, M. (2020). Processing historical case studies into Systemic Geopolitical Analysis. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/%E2%80%9CProcessing-historical-case-studies-into-Systemic-Mazis-Troulis/71059e45484cc9eddf8bd6e2bb2129f33bd6cab7
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (1990). Back to the future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War. International Security, 15(1), 5–56.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics. WW Norton & Company.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2019). Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order. International Security, 43(4), 7–50. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00342
  • Monteiro, N. P. (2011). Unrest assured: Why unipolarity is not peaceful. International Security, 36(3), 9–40.
  • Montreux Convention (1936) | Turkey & Dardanelles | Britannica. (n.d.). Retrieved October 29, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/event/Montreux-Convention
  • More on Operation Black Sea Harmony. (2009, April 1). Bosphorus Naval News. https://turkishnavy.net/2009/04/01/more-on-operation-black-sea-harmony/
  • Naji, S., & Jawan, J. A. (2011). Research methodology in geopolitics: Application of qualitative content analysis in studying the geopolitical codes case: the role of the Persian Gulf’s oil in the Iraq war. Geopolitics, History & International Relations, 3(2). https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=95908
  • Nate, S., Colibășanu, A., Stavytskyy, A., & Kharlamova, G. (2024). Russo-Ukrainian war on Black Sea trade: Geoeconomic challenges. Economics and Sociology, 17 (1), 256-279. doi: 10.14254/2071-789X. 2024/17-1/16. Sociology, 17(1), 256–279. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2024/17-1/16
  • NATO. (n.d.-a). NATO leaders approve new Strategic Concept. NATO. Retrieved October 29, 2023, from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_197281.htm
  • NATO. (n.d.-b). NATO’s multinational battlegroup in Bulgaria reaches full capability. NATO. Retrieved October 29, 2023, from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_210099.htm
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  • New EU Strategy on Central Asia | EEAS. (n.d.). The Diplomatic Service of the European Union. Retrieved May 5, 2024, from https://www.eeas.europa.eu/node/62412_en
  • Öçal, B., & Öztürk, M. S. (2022). Rusya-Ukrayna savaşının Türkiye ile Ukrayna arasındaki dış ticarete etkisi. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(27), 577–596.
  • Oktay, E. G. (1989). Türkiye’nin Avrasya’da Çok Taraflı Girişimlerine bir Örnek: Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 3(10), 149–179.
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  • Şahin, M. (2011). Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Ve Şanghai İşbirliği Örgütünün Ekonomik Entegrasyon Bağlamında Karşılaştırılması. Tübav Bilim Dergisi, 4(2). https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tubav/issue/21523/615005
  • Sander, O. (1993). The Balkan and Black Sea Cooperation. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 49(03), 389–400.
  • Sezgin, V. (2022). How will Ukraine-Russia war affect Turkish trade? Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 546–557.
  • Shlykov, P. (2018). Russian-Turkish relations in the wider black sea region: Cooperation and competition. Perceptions, 23(2), 93–116.
  • Speranza, L., & Hodges, B. (2022, April 5). 10 Ways to Boost NATO’s Black Sea Defenses. CEPA. https://cepa.org/article/10-ways-to-boost-natos-black-sea-defenses/
  • The Enlargement of the Union. (2023, October 31). Fact Sheets on the European Union | European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/167/the-enlargement-of-the-union
  • Three Seas Story. (2024). Three Seas Summit Vilnius-Lithuania. https://3seas.eu/about/threeseasstory
  • Tomar, C. (2024, February 20). AB’nin Orta Asya’ya artan ilgisi: Avrupa Birliği Küresel Geçit projesi. Anadolu Ajansi. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/gorus-abnin-orta-asyaya-artan-ilgisi-avrupa-birligi-kuresel-gecit-projesi/3142543
  • Yalçinkaya, A. (2017). Kuruluşundan Günümüze Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(Özel Sayı Nisan 2017), Article Özel Sayı Nisan 2017.
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Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hasan Altın 0000-0002-0650-0378

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 26 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Altın, H. (2024). Revisiting the Importance of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) in a Changing Regional and International Geopolitical. Journal of Political Administrative and Local Studies, 7(1), 14-32.