The Role of Animal-Assisted Practices in Health Promotion

Öz

Including supportive applications alongside routine treatments used in patient care will help to achieve and maintain a full biopsychosocial well-being. In order to achieve this, rehabilitation programs should be developed to minimize the effects of disease on individuals and to optimize their living standards. One of the applications that receive support for rehabilitation programs to achieve the desired goals is animal-assisted interventions. Animal-assisted intervention made with various pets and having many uses, it shows results with different mechanisms of action according to the type of disease and the personal characteristics of the patient. Animal-assisted intervention can be used to treat pervasive developmental disorders, behavioral disorders, anxiety, loneliness, agitation, pain, stress and depression, schizophrenia, dementia, mental symptoms and diseases such as Alzheimer's and cancer, AIDS, aphasia, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, respiratory system diseases, stroke. It has been found that it has positive effects in alleviating the symptoms of physical diseases such as physical diseases and increasing the quality of life. When the literature is examined, it is reported that studies on animal-assisted interventions are common abroad, but they are almost nonexistent in our country. There is a need to increase studies on animal-assisted practices as a nursing intervention. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of animal-assisted interventions in health promotion in the light of literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Animal assisted intervention
• health promotion
• health protection

Sağlığın Geliştirilmesinde Hayvan Destekli Uygulamaların Rolü

Öz

Hasta bakımında kullanılan rutin tedavilerin yanında destekleyici uygulamaları dahil etmek, biyopsikososyal yönden tam bir iyilik halinin kazanılması ve korunmasına yardımcı olacaktır. Bunu sağlamak adına bireylerin üzerindeki hastalık etkilerini en aza indirmek ve yaşam standartlarını optimum seviyeye çıkarmak için rehabilitasyon programları geliştirilmelidir. Rehabilitasyon programlarının istenilen amaçlara ulaşabilmesi için destek alınan uygulamalardan biri de hayvan destekli uygulamalardır. Hayvan destekli uygulamanın yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklar, davranış bozukluğu, anksiyete, yalnızlık duygusu, ajitasyon, ağrı, stres ve depresyon, şizofreni, demans, Alzheimer gibi ruhsal semptom ve hastalıklarda ve kanser, AIDS, afazi, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, diyabet, solunum sistemi hastalıkları, inme gibi fiziksel hastalıklarda hastalık semptomlarını hafifletmek ve yaşam kalitesini artırmada olumlu etkileri olduğu belirtilmiştir. Literatür incelendiğinde hayvan destekli uygulamalarla ilgili çalışmaların yurt dışında yaygın olduğu ancak ülkemizde yok denecek kadar az olduğu bildirilmektedir. Hemşirelik girişimi olarak hayvan destekli uygulamalara yönelik çalışmaların artırılmasına ihtiyaç vardır. Bu derlemenin amacı sağlığın geliştirilmesinde hayvan destekli uygulamaların rolünü literatür eşliğinde incelemektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• hayvan destekli uygulama
• sağlığın geliştirilmesi
• sağlığın korunması

Kaynakça

1. Ada, D. N. (2021). Hayvan destekli terapi merkezlerinin mimari tasarım kriterlerinin incelenmesi [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Konya Ticaret Odası Karatay Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü.
2. An, H. J., & Park, S. J. (2021). Effects of animal-assisted therapy on gait performance, respiratory function, and psychological variables in patients post-stroke. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115818
3. Animal Assisted Intervention International (AAII) (2022). Animal Assisted Intervention International Standards of Practice. https://aai-int.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/AAII-Standards-and-Comp-June-24-2022-.pdf
4. Ballarini, G. (2003). Pet therapy animals in human therapy. Acta Biomedica, 74 (2), 97- 100. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5430358
5. Barker, S. B., Knisely, J. S., McCain, N. L., Schubert, C. M. & Pandurangi, A. K. (2010). Exploratory study of stress-buffering response patterns from interaction with a therapy dog. Anthrozoos, 23(1), 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175303710X12627079939341
6. Bert, F., Gualano, M. R., Camussi, E., Pieve, G., Voglino, G., & Siliquini, R. (2016). Animal assisted intervention: A systematic review of benefits and risks. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 8(5), 695–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2016.05.005
7. Beverland, M. B., Farrelly, F., Lim, E. A. C. (2008). Exploring the dark side of pet ownership: Status- and control-based pet consumption. Journal of Business Research. 61(5), 490–496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.08.009
8. Cevizci, S., Erginöz, E. & Baltaş, Z. (2009). İnsan sağlığının iyileştirilmesine yönelik hayvan destekli tedaviler. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 8(3), 263-272. https://www.acarindex.com/pdfler/acarindex-98deed88-fdbe.pdf

9. Cherniack, E. P. & Cherniack, A. R. (2014). The benefit of pets and animal-assisted therapy to the health of older individuals. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, 2014 (623203), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/623203
10. Coakley, A. B. & Mahoney, E. K. (2009). Creating a therapeutic and healing environment with a pet therapy program. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(3), 141-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.05.004
11. Çakıcı, A. & Mehmet, K. Ö. K. (2020). Hayvan destekli tedavi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 12(1), 117-130. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.526378
12. Çevik Akyıl, R. & Şengül, B. N. (2022). Kronik Hastalıklarda Hayvan Destekli Terapi. Hemşirelik Bilimi Dergisi, 5(2), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.54189/hbd.1065987
13. Delta Society. (2009). What is animal-assisted activity and animal-assisted therapy. http://www.deltasociety.org/
14. Demiralay Ş., Keser İ. & Çaynak, S. (2020). Hemşirelik Girişimi Olarak Hayvan Destekli Uygulamaların Kullanımı: Sistematik Derleme. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 11(3), 239-250. https://dx.doi.org/10.14744/phd.2020.82474
15. Demiralay, Ş. & Keser, İ. (2019). Ruh sağlığını koruma ve iyileştirmede hayvan destekli uygulamaların kullanımı. Akdeniz İnsani Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 219- 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.13114/MJH.2019.486
16. Dochterman, J. M., & Bulechek, G. M. (Eds.). (2004). Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
17. Eggiman, J. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral therapy: a case report. Animal-Assisted Therapy. Topics in Advanced Practice Nursing eJournal, 6(3), 1-7. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/545439
18. Ernst, L. (2014). Animal-assisted therapy: An exploration of its history, healing benefits, and how skilled nursing facilities can set up programs. Annals of Long-Term Care, 22(10), 27-32.
19. Fisher, P. W., Lazarov, A., Lowell, A., Arnon, S., Turner, J. B., Bergman, M., Ryba, M., Such, S., Marohasy, C., Zhu, X., Suarez-Jimenez, B., Markowitz, J. C., & Neria, Y. (2021). Equine-assisted therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder among military veterans: An open trial. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 82(5), 21m14005. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.21m14005
20. Fitria, L., Wijayanti, N., Arisuryanti, T. & Salasia, S. I. O. (2022). Health comparison between guinea pigs raised in uncontrolled and controlled environments. Veterinary World, 15(6), 1575-1582. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.1575-1582
21. Friesen, L. (2010). Exploring animal-assisted programs with children in school and therapeutic contexts. Early Childhood Education Journal, 2010(37), 261–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-009-0349-5
22. Hawkins, N., Jeong, S., & Smith, T. (2019). New graduate registered nurses' exposure to negative workplace behaviour in the acute care setting: An integrative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 2019(93), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.09.020
23. Holder, T. R. N., Gruen, M. E., Roberts, D. L., Somers, T., & Bozkurt, A. (2020). A systematic literature review of animal-assisted ınterventions in oncology (Part II): Theoretical mechanisms and frameworks. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 2020(19), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735420943269
24. Holleman, K., Holland, T., West, L. & Snyder, L. (2016). The positive outcomes for patients receiving animal assisted therapy. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 35(4), 342. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2016.01.980
25. Hüsgen, C. J., Peters-Scheffer, N. C., & Didden, R. (2022). A systematic review of dog-assisted therapy in children with behavioural and developmental disorders. Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 2022 (6), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41252-022-00239-9
26. İncazlı, S. B., Özer, S. & Yıldırım, Y. (2016). Rehabilitasyon hemşireliğinde hayvan destekli uygulamalar. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), 88-93. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/balikesirsbd/issue/38438/452592
27. Johnson, R. A., Meadows, R. L., Haubner, J. S. & Sevedge K. (2008). Animal-assisted activity among patients with cancer: effects on mood, fatigue, self-perceived health, and sense of coherence. Oncology Nursing Forum, 35(2), 225-32. https://doi.org/10.1188/08.ONF.225-232
28. Karayağız Muslu, G. & Conk, Z. (2011). Hayvan destekli uygulamalar ve çocuklarda kullanımı. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 4(2), 83-880. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12397/4589
29. Kaya, H., & Bektaş, M. (2019). Çalışan bireylerin evcil hayvanlara bağlanma nedenlerine ilişkin nitel bir çalışma. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 9(2), 401-417.
30. Kim, S., Nam, Y., Ham, M. J., Park, C., Moon, M., & Yoo, D. H. (2021). Neurological mechanisms of animal-assisted intervention in Alzheimer's disease: A hypothetical review. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 13(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.682308
31. Ko, H. J., Youn, C.H., Kim, S.H. & Kim, S.Y. (2016). Effect of pet insects on the psychological health of community-dwelling elderly people: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Gerontology, 62(2), 200-209. https://doi.org/10.1159/000439129
32. Krause-Parello, C. A. & Kolassa, J. (2016). Pet therapy: enhancing social and cardiovascular wellness in community dwelling older adults. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 33(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370016.2016.1120587
33. Lai, N. M., Chang, S. M. W., Ng, S. S., Tan, S. L., Chaiyakunapruk, N. & Stanaway, F. (2019). Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013243
34. Llambias, C., Magill-Evans, J., Smith, V., & Warren, S. (2016). Equine-assisted occupational therapy: increasing engagement for children with autism spectrum disorder. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70(6), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2016.020701
35. Luksaite, J., Zokaityte, E., Starkute, V., Sidlauskiene, S., Zokaityte, G., & Bartkiene, E. (2022). Personalized strategy for animal-assisted therapy for individuals based on the emotions induced by the images of different animal species and breeds. Animals, 12(5), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050597
36. Macauley, B. L. & Guiterrez, K. M. (2004). The effectiveness of hippotherapy for children with language-learning disabilities. Communication Disorders Quarterly. 25(4), 205–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/15257401040250040501
37. Mallon, G.P., Ross, S.B., Klee, S., Ross, L., (2010). Designing and implementing animal assisted therapy programs in health and mental health organizations. Inside Fine, A. H. (Ed.). Handbook on animal-assisted therapy: Theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice. Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier/Academic. (3rd edition, p. 140-141). https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=2PruqyaDw6wC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=animal+assisted+therapy&ots=bWryhHYx9b&sig=T73OKbhUrjWTK_4m1HXBax39YLg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=animal%20assisted%20therapy&f=false
38. Martin, F., & Farnum, J. (2002). Animal-assisted therapy for children with pervasive developmental disorders. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 24(6), 657–670. https://doi.org/10.1177/019394502320555403
39. Moretti, F., De Ronchi, D., Bernabei, V., Marchetti, L., Ferrari, B., Forlani, C., Negretti, F., Sacchetti, C. & Atti, A.R. (2011). Pet therapy in elderly patients with mental illness. Psychogeriatrics, 11(2), 125-129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2010.00329.x
40. Morrison, M. L. (2007). Health benefits of animal-assisted interventions. Complementary Health Practice Review, 12(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533210107302397
41. Muñoz Lasa, S., Máximo Bocanegra, N., Valero Alcaide, R., Atín Arratibel, M. A., Varela Donoso, E., & Ferriero, G. (2015). Animal assisted interventions in neurorehabilitation: a review of the most recent literature. Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain), 30(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2013.01.012
42. Murthy, R., Bearman, G., Brown, S., Bryant, K., Chinn, R., Hewlett, A., George, B.G., Goldstein, E.J., Holzmann-Pazgal, G., Rupp, M.E., Wiemken, T., Weese, J.S. & Weber, D. (2015). Animals in healthcare facilities: recommendations to minimize potential risks. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 36(5), 495-516. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.15
43. Müllersdorf, M., Granström, F., Sahlqvist, L. & Tillgren, P. (2010). Aspects of health, physical/leisure activities, work and socio-demographics associated with pet ownership in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal Public Health, 38(1), 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494809344358
44. Nagasawa, T., Ohta, M., & Uchiyama, H. (2020). Effects of the characteristic temperament of cats on the emotions and hemodynamic responses of humans. PloS one, 15(6), e0235188. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235188
45. Nathans-Barel, I., Feldman, P., Berger, B., Modai, I. & Silver, H. (2005). Animal-assisted therapy ameliorates anhedonia in schizophrenia patients. A controlled pilot study. Psychother Psychosom, 74(1), 31-35. https://doi.org/10.1159/000082024
46. Oka, K. & Shibata, A. (2009). Dog ownership and health-related physical activity among Japanese adults. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6(4), 412-418. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.4.412
47. Özkul, T. (2014). Türkiye’de hayvan destekli terapi uygulamalarından örnekler. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, IV. National Symposium of The History of Veterinary Medicine and Professional Ethics 21-23 May 2014, 36. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mutftd/issue/46999/590239
48. Özsoy, S. & Yıldırım, J. G. (2012). Hemşirelikte hayvan araştırmaları. Hemşirelikte Araştırma Geliştirme Dergisi, 14(1), 56-69. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/hemarge/issue/52723/695427
49. Pamuk, D. (2015). Yaşlı bireylerin yaşamında evcil hayvanların rolü. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 5(2), 297-306. https://doi.org/10.13114/mjh.2015214573
50. Parra, E. V., Hernández Garre, J. M., & Pérez, P. E. (2022). Impact of dog-assisted therapy for ınstitutionalized patients with dementia: A controlled clinical trial. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 28(1), 26–31. http://alternative-therapies.com/oa/index.html?fid=6707
51. Pedersen, C. A., Gibson, C. M., Rau, S. W., Salimi, K., Smedley, K. L., Casey, R. L., Leserman, J., Jarskog, L. F. & Penn, D. L. (2011). Intranasal oxytocin reduces psychotic symptoms and improves theory of mind and social perception in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 132(1), 50-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.07.027
52. Rehn, A. K., Caruso, V. R. & Kumar, S. (2023). The effectiveness of animal-assisted therapy for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 2023(50), 101719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101719
53. Ritchie, L., Quinn, S., Tolson, D., Jenkins, N., & Sharp, B. (2021). Exposing the mechanisms underlying successful animal-assisted interventions for people with dementia: A realistic evaluation of the dementia dog project. Dementia, 20(1), 66–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301219864505
54. Rodríguez-Martínez, M., De la Plana Maestre, A., Armenta-Peinado, J. A., Barbancho, M. Á. & García-Casares, N. (2021). Evidence of animal-assisted therapy in neurological diseases in adults: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412882
55. Ružić, A., Miletić, B., Ružić, T., Peršić, V., & Laškarin, G. (2011). Regular dog-walking improves physical capacity in elderly patients after myocardial infarction. Collegium Antropologicum, 35(2), 73-75. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22220408/
56. Shiloh, S., Sorek, G. & Terkel, J. (2003). Reduction Of state anxiety by petting animals in a controlled laboratory experiment. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping,16(4), 387-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/1061580031000091582
57. Silva, N. B. & Oso´rio, F. L. (2018). Impact of an animal-assisted therapy programme on physiological and psychosocial variables of paediatric oncology patients. PLoS one, 13(4), 1- 15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194731
58. Sonoda, H., Kohnoe, S., Yamazato, T., Satoh, Y., Morizono, G., Shikata, K., Morita, M., Watanabe, A., Morita, M., Kakeji, Y., Inoue, F., & Maehara, Y. (2011). Colorectal cancer screening with odour material by canine scent detection. Gut, 60(6), 814–819. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2010.218305
59. Tahan, M., Saleem, T., Sadeghifar, A. & Ahangri, E. (2022). Assessing the effectiveness of animal-assisted therapy on alleviation of anxiety in pre-school children: A randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, 11(28), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2022.100947
60. Temple, V., Rhodes, R., & Higgins, J. W. (2011). Unleashing physical activity: an observational study of park use, dog walking, and physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 8(6), 766-774. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.6.766
61. White, J. H., Quin, M., Garland, S., Dirkse, D., Wiebe, P., Hermann, M. & Carlson, L. E. (2015). Animal-assisted therapy and counseling support for women with breast cancer: an exploration of patient’s perceptions. National Library of Medicine, 14(5), 460–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735415580678
62. Wijker, C., Leontjevas, R., Spek, A. & Enders-Slegers, M. J. (2020). Effects of dog assisted therapy for adults with autism spectrum disorder: An exploratory randomized controlled trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(6), 2153–2163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03971-9
63. World Health Organization (WHO) (2022). Constitution. https://www.who.int/about/governance/constitution
64. Yordy, B. M., Tuttle, M., & Meyer, J. M. (2022). Training school counselors and nurses to enhance collaboration through animal-assisted therapy. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 36(4), 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0000000000000681