Antibacterial activity of Phlomis fruticosa L. plant extracts

Öz

Aim: This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activities of extracts obtained from the Phlomis fruticosa plant. Materials and methods: Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, and methanol:water (70:30) extracts were obtained from Phlomis fruticosa plant by the Soxhlet method. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined using the disc diffusion method. Antibacterial activity was started at a concentration of 50 mg/disc. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used in the antibacterial activity tests. Results: It was determined that the methanol extract showed the highest activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria among the four extracts by forming a zone diameter of 25 mm. Other extracts were found to have inhibition zone diameters in the 6-12 mm range against the tested bacteria. Conclusion: In this study, the antibacterial activity of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol:water extracts of P. fruticosa was studied for the first time. Since the methanol extract has a high inhibition zone diameter against P. aeruginosa bacteria, the bioactive compounds responsible for this activity should be investigated in future studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Phlomis fruticosa
• extract
• antibacterial activity
• the disc diffusion method
• Soxhlet extraction

Kaynakça

1. [1] Anand, U., Jacobo-Herrera, N., Altemimi, A., & Lakhssassi, N. (2019). A comprehensive review on medicinal plants as antimicrobial therapeutics: potential avenues of biocompatible drug discovery. Metabolites, 9(11), 258.
2. [2] Odongo, E. A., Mutai, P. C., Amugune, B. K., Mungai, N. N., Akinyi, M. O., & Kimondo, J. (2023). Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of selected Kenyan medicinal plant extract combinations against clinically important bacteria. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 23(1), 100.
3. [3] Güner, A., & Aslan, S. (Eds.). (2012). Türkiye bitkileri listesi:( damarlı bitkiler). Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi Yayınları.
4. [4] Amor, I. L. B., Boubaker, J., Sgaier, M. B., Skandrani, I., Bhouri, W., Neffati, A., & Chekir-Ghedira, L. (2009). Phytochemistry and biological activities of Phlomis species. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 125(2), 183-202.
5. [5] Selvi, S., Polat, R., Çakilcioğlu, U., Celep, F., Dirmenci, T., & Ertuğ, Z. F. (2022). An ethnobotanical review on medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 46(4), 283-332.
6. [6] Stojković, D., Gašić, U., Drakulić, D., Zengin, G., Stevanović, M., Rajčević, N., & Soković, M. (2021). Chemical profiling, antimicrobial, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic properties of Phlomis fruticosa L. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 195, 113884.
7. [7] Ferrante, C., Recinella, L., Ronci, M., Orlando, G., Di Simone, S., Brunetti, L., & Menghini, L. (2019). Protective effects induced by alcoholic Phlomis fruticosa and Phlomis herba‐venti extracts in isolated rat colon: Focus on antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities in vitro. Phytotherapy Research, 33(9), 2387-2400.
8. [8] Ristić, M. D., Duletić-Lausević, S., Knezević Vukcević, J., Marin, P. D., Simić, D., Vukojević, J., & Vajs, V. (2000). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and ethanol extract of Phlomis fruticosa L. (Lamiaceae). Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 14(4), 267-271.

9. [9] Marin, P. D., Veitch, N. C., Grayer, R. J., Kite, G. C., Soković, M., & Janaćković, P. (2007). Flavonoids from Phlomis fruticosa (Lamiaceae) growing in Montenegro. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 35(7), 462-466.
10. [10] Kyriakopoulou, I., Magiatis, P., Skaltsounis, A. L., Aligiannis, N., & Harvala, C. (2001). Samioside, a New Phenylethanoid Glycoside with Free-Radical Scavenging and Antimicrobial Activities from Phlomis samia. Journal of Natural Products, 64(8), 1095-1097.
11. [11] Çalış, İ., & Kırmızıbekmez, H. (2004). Glycosides from Phlomis lunariifolia. Phytochemistry, 65(18), 2619-2625.
12. [12] Calis, I., Kirmizibekmez, H., Ersoz, T., Dönmez, A. A., Gotfredsen, C. H., & Jensen, S. R. (2005). Iridoid glucosides from Turkish Phlomis tuberosa. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, 60(12), 1295-1298.
13. [13] Ismailoglu, U. B., Saracoglu, I., Harput, U. S., & Sahin-Erdemli, I. (2002). Effects of phenylpropanoid and iridoid glycosides on free radical-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation in rat aortic rings. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 79(2), 193- 197.
14. [14] Liu, P., Takaishi, Y., & Duan, H. Q. (2007). Two new phenylethanoid glycosides from the roots of Phlomis umbrosa. Chinese Chemical Letters, 18(2), 155-157.
15. [15] Saracoglu, I., Varel, M., Hada, J., Hada, N., Takeda, T., Donmez, A. A., & Calis, I. (2003). Phenylethanoid glycosides from Phlomis integrifolia Hub.-Mor. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 58(11-12), 820-825.
16. [16] Takeda, Y., Kinugawa, M., Masuda, T., Honda, G., Otsuka, H., Sezik, E., & Yesilada, E. (1999). Phlomisethanoside, a phenylethanoid glycoside from Phlomis grandiflora var. grandiflora. Phytochemistry, 51(2), 323-325.
17. [17] Takeda, Y., Matsumura, H., Masuda, T., Honda, G., Otsuka, H., Takaishi, Y., & Yesilada, E. (2000). Phlorigidosides A–C, iridoid glucosides from Phlomis rigida. Phytochemistry, 53(8), 931- 935.
18. [18] Morteza-Semnani, K., Saeedi, M., Mahdavi, M. R., & Rahimi, F. (2006). Antimicrobial studies on extracts of three species of Phlomis. Pharmaceutical biology, 44(6), 426-429.
19. [19] Couladis, M., Tzakou, O., Verykokidou, E., & Harvala, C. (2003). Screening of some Greek aromatic plants for antioxidant activity. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 17(2), 194-195.
20. [20] Bitis, L., Sen, A., Ozsoy, N., Birteksoz-Tan, S., Kultur, S., & Melikoglu, G. (2017). Flavonoids and biological activities of various extracts from Rosa sempervirens leaves. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 31(2), 299-303.
21. [21] Özcelik, B., Orhan, I., Kartal, M., & Konuklugil, B. (2010). In vitro testing of antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal effects and cytotoxicity of selected Turkish Phlomis species. Acta alimentaria, 39(2), 119-125.