Yıl 2011,
Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 1 - 11, 03.04.2011
Arif Khan
,
Nahin Hussaın
,
Jayaprakash Gosalakkal
Öz
Bell's palsy is defined as an isolated unilateral lower motor neurone facial weakness of no obvious cause. It is the most common cause for acute facial nerve (VII cranial nerve) paralysis. The incidence has been estimated at around 20 to 25 cases per 100 000 population annually but the exact incidence in children is not known. It manifests as unilateral impairment of movement in the facial muscles, drooping of the brow and corner of the mouth, and impaired closure of the eye and mouth. Acute lower motor neurone facial paralysis is a common presentation in childhood. In most cases, an aetiological agent is not identified and the condition resolves spontaneously. We have reviewed the available literature for Bell's Palsy in children, along with in-depth evidence review for use of steroids and aciclovir in this condition.
Kaynakça
- Adour KK, Byl FM, Hilsinger RL Jr, Kahn ZM, Sheldon MI. The true nature of Bell’s palsy: analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients. Laryngoscope 1978; 88:787-801.
- Martyn CN, Hughes RAC. Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 62:310-18.
- May M, Fria TJ, Blumenthal FW, et al. Facial paralysis in children: differential diagnosis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1981; 89:841-8.
- Tankere F, Bernat I.Bell's palsy: from viral aetiology to diagnostic reality. Rev Med Interne 2009; 30: 769-75
- Yamakawa T, Hamada M, Takeda T. Different real-time PCR assays could lead to a different result of detection of varicella zoster virus in facial palsy. J.virol methods 2006; 139:227-29.
- Furuta Y, Aizawa H, Ohtani F, Sawa H, Fukuda S. Varicella-zoster virus DNA level and facial paralysis in Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngo 2004; 113:700-5
- Finsterer J. Management of peripheral facial nerve palsy. Eur Arch otorhinoleryngol 2008; 265:743-52.
- Roob G, Fazekas F, Hartung HP. Peripheral facial palsy: etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Eur Neurol.1999;41:3-9.
- Falco NA, Eriksson E. Facial nerve palsy in the newborn: incidece and outcome. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990;85:1-4.
- Devriese PP. Bell’s palsy in children. Acta otorhinolaryngol Belg 1984; 38:261-7.
- Murakami S, Mizobuchi M, Nakashiro Y, Doi T, Hato N, Yanagihara N. Bell's palsy and herpes simplex virus: identification of viral DNA in endoneurial fluid and muscle. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 27-30.
- Hilger J. The nature of Bell’s palsy. Laryngoscope 1949; 59:228-35.
- Riordan M. Investigation and treatment of facial paralysis. Arch. Dis. Child. Apr 2001; 84: 286 – 288.
- Dresner SC. Ophthalmic management of facial nerve paralysis. Focal points. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology, Jan 2000.
- Lloyd AV, Jewitt DE, Still JD. Facial paralysis in children with hypertension. Arch Dis Child 1966; 41:292-294
- Grundfast KM, Guarisco JL, Thomsen JR, Koch B. Diverse etiologies of facial paralysis in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1990; 19:223-239.
- Tien R, Dillon WP, Jackler RK. Contrastenhanced MR imaging of the facial nerve in 11 patients with Bell's palsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1990; 11:735-741.
- Ushin0 M, Kondo K, Takeuchi N, Tojima H, Yamaguchi T, Kaga K. Prediction of the prognosis of Bell's palsy using multivariate analyses. Otol Neurotol 2007; 29:69-72
- Ozgur A, Semai B, Hidir UU, Mehmet Fatih O, Tayfun K, Zeki O. Which electrophysiological measure is appropriate in predicting prognosis of facial paralysis?. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112:844-48.
- Aramimed M, Valls-Sole J, Cruccu G, Ongerboer de Visseret BW. Disorders of the Cranial nerves. In Neuromuscular Function and Disease: Basic, Clinical, and Electrodiagnostic Aspects. Volume 1. 1st edition. Edited by: Brown WF, Bolton CF, Aminoff MJ. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2002:761.
- HollandNJ, Weiner GM. Recent developments in Bell's palsy. BMJ, Sep 2004; 329: 553 – 557.
- Williamson IG, Whelan TR. The clinical problem of Bell's palsy: is treatment with steroids effective? Br J Gen Pract 1996; 46:743-747.
- Unuvar E, Oguz F, Sidal M, Kilic A. Corticosteroid treatment of childhood Bell's palsy. Pediatr Neurol 1999; 21:814-816.
- Salman MS, MacGrregor DL. Should children with Bell’s palsy be treated with corticosteriods? A systematic review. J Child Neurol 2001; 16:565-8.
- Peitersen E. The natural history of Bell’s palsy. Am J Otol 1982; 4:107-111.
- Salinas RA, Alvarez G, Alvarez MI, et al. Corticostroids for Bell’s palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis). Most recent amendment 2001. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; Issue 3.
- Allen D, Dunn L. Aciclovir or valaciclovir for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;.
- Inamura H, Aoyagi M, Tojima H, et al. Facial nerve palsy in children: clinical aspects of diagnosis and treatment. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1994; 511:150-152.
- Prescott CA. Idiopathic facial nerve palsy in children and the effect of treatment with steroids. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1987; 13:257-264.
- Marenda SA, Olsson JE. The evaluation of facial paralysis. Otolarygol Clin North Am 1997; 30:669-82.
- El-Hawrani AS, Eng CY, Ahmed SK, Clarke J, Dhiwakar M. General practitioners' referral pattern for children with acute facial paralysis. J Laryngol Otol.2005;119:540-42.
- Cha CI, Hong CK, Park MS, Yeo SG. Comparison of Facial Nerve Paralysis in Adults and Children. Yonsei Med J 2008; 49(5):725-34.
- Kerbavaz RJ, Hilsinger RL Jr, Adour KK. The facial paralysis prognostic index. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1983;91:284-89
- Smith IM, Heath JP, Murray JA, Cull RE. Idiopathic facial(Bell's) palsy: a clinical survey of prognostic factors. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1988;13:17-23.
- Bjerkhoel A, Hyden D. Ramsay-Hunt syndrome in a preschool infant. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1989; 51:251-254.
- Morgan M, Moffat M, Ritchie L, et al. Is Bell's palsy a reactivation of varicella zoster virus? J Infect 1995; 30:29-36.
- Ray M, Ezhilarasan R, Marwaha RK, et al. Facial nerve palsy in an infant with hemophilia A. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1999; 16:71-74.
- Ashtekar CS.Do we need to give steroids in children with bell's palsy?Best Bets(Best evidence topics). Internet 2005.
- Yuen M. Acyclovir was not shown to be effective in Bell's palsy. Best Bets(Best evidence topics). Internet 2000.
Yıl 2011,
Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 1 - 11, 03.04.2011
Arif Khan
,
Nahin Hussaın
,
Jayaprakash Gosalakkal
Kaynakça
- Adour KK, Byl FM, Hilsinger RL Jr, Kahn ZM, Sheldon MI. The true nature of Bell’s palsy: analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients. Laryngoscope 1978; 88:787-801.
- Martyn CN, Hughes RAC. Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 62:310-18.
- May M, Fria TJ, Blumenthal FW, et al. Facial paralysis in children: differential diagnosis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1981; 89:841-8.
- Tankere F, Bernat I.Bell's palsy: from viral aetiology to diagnostic reality. Rev Med Interne 2009; 30: 769-75
- Yamakawa T, Hamada M, Takeda T. Different real-time PCR assays could lead to a different result of detection of varicella zoster virus in facial palsy. J.virol methods 2006; 139:227-29.
- Furuta Y, Aizawa H, Ohtani F, Sawa H, Fukuda S. Varicella-zoster virus DNA level and facial paralysis in Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngo 2004; 113:700-5
- Finsterer J. Management of peripheral facial nerve palsy. Eur Arch otorhinoleryngol 2008; 265:743-52.
- Roob G, Fazekas F, Hartung HP. Peripheral facial palsy: etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Eur Neurol.1999;41:3-9.
- Falco NA, Eriksson E. Facial nerve palsy in the newborn: incidece and outcome. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990;85:1-4.
- Devriese PP. Bell’s palsy in children. Acta otorhinolaryngol Belg 1984; 38:261-7.
- Murakami S, Mizobuchi M, Nakashiro Y, Doi T, Hato N, Yanagihara N. Bell's palsy and herpes simplex virus: identification of viral DNA in endoneurial fluid and muscle. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 27-30.
- Hilger J. The nature of Bell’s palsy. Laryngoscope 1949; 59:228-35.
- Riordan M. Investigation and treatment of facial paralysis. Arch. Dis. Child. Apr 2001; 84: 286 – 288.
- Dresner SC. Ophthalmic management of facial nerve paralysis. Focal points. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology, Jan 2000.
- Lloyd AV, Jewitt DE, Still JD. Facial paralysis in children with hypertension. Arch Dis Child 1966; 41:292-294
- Grundfast KM, Guarisco JL, Thomsen JR, Koch B. Diverse etiologies of facial paralysis in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1990; 19:223-239.
- Tien R, Dillon WP, Jackler RK. Contrastenhanced MR imaging of the facial nerve in 11 patients with Bell's palsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1990; 11:735-741.
- Ushin0 M, Kondo K, Takeuchi N, Tojima H, Yamaguchi T, Kaga K. Prediction of the prognosis of Bell's palsy using multivariate analyses. Otol Neurotol 2007; 29:69-72
- Ozgur A, Semai B, Hidir UU, Mehmet Fatih O, Tayfun K, Zeki O. Which electrophysiological measure is appropriate in predicting prognosis of facial paralysis?. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112:844-48.
- Aramimed M, Valls-Sole J, Cruccu G, Ongerboer de Visseret BW. Disorders of the Cranial nerves. In Neuromuscular Function and Disease: Basic, Clinical, and Electrodiagnostic Aspects. Volume 1. 1st edition. Edited by: Brown WF, Bolton CF, Aminoff MJ. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2002:761.
- HollandNJ, Weiner GM. Recent developments in Bell's palsy. BMJ, Sep 2004; 329: 553 – 557.
- Williamson IG, Whelan TR. The clinical problem of Bell's palsy: is treatment with steroids effective? Br J Gen Pract 1996; 46:743-747.
- Unuvar E, Oguz F, Sidal M, Kilic A. Corticosteroid treatment of childhood Bell's palsy. Pediatr Neurol 1999; 21:814-816.
- Salman MS, MacGrregor DL. Should children with Bell’s palsy be treated with corticosteriods? A systematic review. J Child Neurol 2001; 16:565-8.
- Peitersen E. The natural history of Bell’s palsy. Am J Otol 1982; 4:107-111.
- Salinas RA, Alvarez G, Alvarez MI, et al. Corticostroids for Bell’s palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis). Most recent amendment 2001. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; Issue 3.
- Allen D, Dunn L. Aciclovir or valaciclovir for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;.
- Inamura H, Aoyagi M, Tojima H, et al. Facial nerve palsy in children: clinical aspects of diagnosis and treatment. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1994; 511:150-152.
- Prescott CA. Idiopathic facial nerve palsy in children and the effect of treatment with steroids. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1987; 13:257-264.
- Marenda SA, Olsson JE. The evaluation of facial paralysis. Otolarygol Clin North Am 1997; 30:669-82.
- El-Hawrani AS, Eng CY, Ahmed SK, Clarke J, Dhiwakar M. General practitioners' referral pattern for children with acute facial paralysis. J Laryngol Otol.2005;119:540-42.
- Cha CI, Hong CK, Park MS, Yeo SG. Comparison of Facial Nerve Paralysis in Adults and Children. Yonsei Med J 2008; 49(5):725-34.
- Kerbavaz RJ, Hilsinger RL Jr, Adour KK. The facial paralysis prognostic index. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1983;91:284-89
- Smith IM, Heath JP, Murray JA, Cull RE. Idiopathic facial(Bell's) palsy: a clinical survey of prognostic factors. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1988;13:17-23.
- Bjerkhoel A, Hyden D. Ramsay-Hunt syndrome in a preschool infant. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1989; 51:251-254.
- Morgan M, Moffat M, Ritchie L, et al. Is Bell's palsy a reactivation of varicella zoster virus? J Infect 1995; 30:29-36.
- Ray M, Ezhilarasan R, Marwaha RK, et al. Facial nerve palsy in an infant with hemophilia A. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1999; 16:71-74.
- Ashtekar CS.Do we need to give steroids in children with bell's palsy?Best Bets(Best evidence topics). Internet 2005.
- Yuen M. Acyclovir was not shown to be effective in Bell's palsy. Best Bets(Best evidence topics). Internet 2000.