Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

INVESTMENT-ORIENTED FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN TURKEY: A COMPARATIVE SECTORAL ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL RATIOS USING BORSA ISTANBUL DATA (2017–2024)

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 301 - 327, 12.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.54452/jrb.1674452

Öz

This study conducts a comparative analysis of the financial performance of investment-oriented financial institutions (IOFIs) operating on Borsa Istanbul over the 2017–2024 period, both at the sectoral level and across different firm sizes. The dataset comprises 119 companies from five subsectors—brokerage firms, real estate investment trusts (REITs), venture capital investment trusts (VCITs), securities investment trusts (SITs), and holding/investment companies—and was obtained from the Central Securities Depository of Turkey (MKK). A multi-dimensional analysis was conducted using distribution-based indicators such as the first quartile (Q1), median, and third quartile (Q3), focusing on profitability, liquidity, capital structure, operational efficiency, expense composition, and growth ratios. The findings reveal substantial variations in financial performance both across sectors and between firm size categories. While large-scale firms exhibit strong financial indicators, smaller firms display significant fragility. Notably, even in equity-intensive sectors, high losses and liquidity constraints were observed. These results underscore the necessity of employing distributional measures over traditional mean-based approaches and highlight the importance of scale-sensitive policy mechanisms for regulators and decision-makers.

Kaynakça

  • Acar, M. F., Bakay, A., & Erkoç, T. E. (2017). Efficiency and managerial control in financial institutions. In U. Hacioğlu, H. Dinçer, & N. Alayoğlu (Eds.), Global business strategies in crisis: Strategic thinking and development (pp. 335–351). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44591-5_23
  • Akkas, E., & Al Samman, H. (2022). Are Islamic financial institutions more resilient against the COVID-19 pandemic in the GCC countries? International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 15(2), 331–358. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-07-2020-0378
  • Aksoy, M., & Ulusoy, V. (2015). Analysis of relative return behaviour of Borsa Istanbul REIT and Borsa Istanbul 100 Index. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 18(1), 107–128.
  • Ali, F., Faisal, F., & Resatoglu, N. G. (2020). Conditional volatility of Turkish real estate investment trusts: A comparative study of GARCH, EGARCH and GARCH-GJR. Romanian Statistical Review, (3), 53–75.
  • Ayrancı, A. E., & Gürel, C. A. (2020). Gayrimenkul Yatırım Ortaklıklarının Finansal Performansı: BİST İşletmeleri Örneği. International Journal of Applied Economic and Finance Studies, 5(1), 1–14.
  • Baykuş, O., & Bektaş, S. (2024). BIST aracı kurumlar (XAKUR) endeksinde yer alan şirketlerin finansal performanslarının değerlendirilmesi. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 127–146. https://doi.org/10.47140/kusbder.1543782
  • Caliskan, H., Cevik, E. I., Cevik, N. K., & Dibooglu, S. (2021). Identifying systemically important financial institutions in Turkey. Research in International Business and Finance, 56, 101374. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2020.101374
  • Cannas, C., Pellegrini, L., & Roncella, A. (2023). Nonbanking financial institutions and sustainability issues: Empirical evidence on the impact of environmental, social and governance scores on market performance. Journal of Credit Risk, 19(4), 101–127. https://doi.org/10.21314/JCR.2023.007
  • Cevikcan, G., & Taş, O. (2022). Risk-oriented efficiency assessment within the level of capitalization for financial institutions: Evidence from Turkish securities firms. International Journal of Financial Studies, 10(4), 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs10040110
  • Chebbi, K., Ammari, A., Athari, S. A., & Abbass, K. (2024). Do US states’ responses to COVID-19 restore investor sentiment? Evidence from S&P 500 financial institutions. Financial Innovation, 10(1), 99. https://doi. org/10.1186/s40854.023.00603-1
  • Chen, X., Higgins, E., Xia, H., & Zou, H. (2020). Do financial regulations shape the functioning of financial institutions’ risk management in asset-backed securities investment? Review of Financial Studies, 33(6), 2506–2553. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz067
  • Çamlibel, M. E., Sümer, L., & Hepsen, A. (2021). Risk-return performances of real estate investment funds in Turkey including the COVID-19 period. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 25(4), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2021.14957
  • Çolak, Z. (2023). BİST’te işlem gören gayrimenkul yatırım ortaklıklarının gri ilişkisel analiz yöntemiyle finansal performansının değerlendirilmesi. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(1), 75–96. https:// doi.org/10.29106/fesa.1199029
  • Çoskun, M., Bozkurt, G., & Yavuz, M. S. (2023). The investor profiles affecting Borsa Istanbul 100 Index: Local or foreign? Ekonomi Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 263–282. https://doi.org/10.30784/ epfad.1284498
  • Günay, B., & Kaya, İ. (2017). Borsa İstanbul’da yer alan aracı kurumların performansının çok kriterli karar verme yöntemleri ile değerlendirilmesi. MCBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(2), 141–164. https://doi. org/10.18026/cbayarsos.323997
  • Iyer, S., del Hierro, G., & Guzman, I. (2024). A qualitative study of operational resilience in financial institutions. Journal of Operational Risk, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.21314/JOP.2024.005
  • Karasioğlu, F., & Öztemiz, D. (2023). Kurumsal yönetimin entelektüel sermayeye etkisi: BIST kurumsal yönetimdeki holding ve yatırım şirketleri üzerine bir uygulama. Uluslararası Muhasebe ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 1–15.
  • Kaymaz, Ö., & Kaymaz, Ö. (2010). The firm-level determinants underlying the profitability in brokerage institutions: Some evidence from Turkey. African Journal of Business Management, 4(2), 172–190. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM.9000582
  • Köse, A., & Akıllı, K. (2021). Aracı kurumların finansal performanslarının VIKOR yöntemi ile değerlendirilmesi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 168–192. https://doi.org/10.37880/ cumuiibf.952969
  • Lapinskaite, I., & Skvarciany, V. (2023). Sustainable metamorphosis: Examining sustainability transformation into value of financial institutions. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 24(5), 923–938. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2023.20665
  • Medetoğlu, B. (2024). Çok kriterli karar verme yöntemleriyle finansal performans analizi: BIST aracı kurumları üzerine uygulama. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 45, 115–132. https://doi. org/10.18092/ulikidince.1482731
  • Narayan, S., Kumar, D., & Bouri, E. (2023). Systemically important financial institutions and drivers of systemic risk: Evidence from India. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 82, 102155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. pacfin.2023.102155
  • Pala, O. (2022). İMV ve WASPAS tabanlı aracı kurum performans değerlendirilmesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3), 266–281. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1103297
  • Salem, M., & Baum, A. (2016). Determinants of foreign direct real estate investment in selected MENA countries. Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 34(2), 116–142. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-06-2015-0042
  • Sun, X., & Xie, X. (2024). How does digital finance promote entrepreneurship? The roles of traditional financial institutions and BigTech firms. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 85, Article 102316. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2024.102316
  • Talaslı, İ. (2013). Systemic risk analysis of Turkish financial institutions with systemic expected shortfall. Central Bank Review, 13(SI), 25–40. Retrieved from: https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect /EN/ TCMB+EN/Main+Menu/Publications/Research/Working+Paperss/2013/13-11
  • Yilmaz, M. K., Kusakci, A. O., Tatoglu, E., Icten, O., & Yetgin, F. (2019). Performance evaluation of real estate investment trusts using a hybridized interval type-2 fuzzy AHP-DEA approach: The case of Borsa Istanbul. International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, 18(6), 1785–1820. https:// doi.org/10.1142/S021.962.2019500354
  • Yılmaz, N. K. (2019). Gayrimenkul yatırım ortaklıklarının finansal performansının TOPSIS yöntemiyle ölçümü. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 7(1), 423–443. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij. v7i1.1080

TÜRKİYE'DEKİ YATIRIM ODAKLI FİNANSAL KURUMLAR: BORSA İSTANBUL VERİLERİ KULLANILARAK FİNANSAL ORANLARIN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI SEKTÖREL ANALİZİ (2017–2024)

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 301 - 327, 12.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.54452/jrb.1674452

Öz

Bu çalışma, Borsa İstanbul’da faaliyet gösteren yatırım odaklı finansal kurumların 2017–2024 dönemine ait finansal performanslarını sektörel ve firma ölçeği düzeyinde karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmektedir. Aracı kurumlar, GYO, GSYO, MKYO ve holding/yatırım şirketleri olmak üzere beş alt sektörde yer alan 119 şirketin verileri, Merkezi Kayıt Kuruluşu’ndan temin edilmiştir. Alt çeyrek (Q1), medyan ve üst çeyrek (Q3) gibi dağılım temelli ölçütler kullanılarak kârlılık, likidite, sermaye yapısı, faaliyet verimliliği, gider ve büyüme oranları üzerinden çok katmanlı bir analiz yapılmıştır. Bulgular, YOFK’ların finansal performanslarının hem sektörler hem de firma ölçekleri arasında belirgin farklılıklar gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Büyük ölçekli firmalar güçlü finansal göstergeler sunarken, küçük ölçekli firmalar kırılganlık sergilemektedir. Ayrıca, özsermaye yoğun sektörlerde dahi yüksek zararlar ve likidite sorunları gözlemlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, geleneksel ortalama temelli yaklaşımlar yerine dağılımsal ölçütlerin kullanılmasının gerekliliğini vurgulamakta ve politika yapıcılar için ölçek temelli destek mekanizmalarının önemini ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Acar, M. F., Bakay, A., & Erkoç, T. E. (2017). Efficiency and managerial control in financial institutions. In U. Hacioğlu, H. Dinçer, & N. Alayoğlu (Eds.), Global business strategies in crisis: Strategic thinking and development (pp. 335–351). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44591-5_23
  • Akkas, E., & Al Samman, H. (2022). Are Islamic financial institutions more resilient against the COVID-19 pandemic in the GCC countries? International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 15(2), 331–358. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-07-2020-0378
  • Aksoy, M., & Ulusoy, V. (2015). Analysis of relative return behaviour of Borsa Istanbul REIT and Borsa Istanbul 100 Index. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 18(1), 107–128.
  • Ali, F., Faisal, F., & Resatoglu, N. G. (2020). Conditional volatility of Turkish real estate investment trusts: A comparative study of GARCH, EGARCH and GARCH-GJR. Romanian Statistical Review, (3), 53–75.
  • Ayrancı, A. E., & Gürel, C. A. (2020). Gayrimenkul Yatırım Ortaklıklarının Finansal Performansı: BİST İşletmeleri Örneği. International Journal of Applied Economic and Finance Studies, 5(1), 1–14.
  • Baykuş, O., & Bektaş, S. (2024). BIST aracı kurumlar (XAKUR) endeksinde yer alan şirketlerin finansal performanslarının değerlendirilmesi. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 127–146. https://doi.org/10.47140/kusbder.1543782
  • Caliskan, H., Cevik, E. I., Cevik, N. K., & Dibooglu, S. (2021). Identifying systemically important financial institutions in Turkey. Research in International Business and Finance, 56, 101374. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2020.101374
  • Cannas, C., Pellegrini, L., & Roncella, A. (2023). Nonbanking financial institutions and sustainability issues: Empirical evidence on the impact of environmental, social and governance scores on market performance. Journal of Credit Risk, 19(4), 101–127. https://doi.org/10.21314/JCR.2023.007
  • Cevikcan, G., & Taş, O. (2022). Risk-oriented efficiency assessment within the level of capitalization for financial institutions: Evidence from Turkish securities firms. International Journal of Financial Studies, 10(4), 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs10040110
  • Chebbi, K., Ammari, A., Athari, S. A., & Abbass, K. (2024). Do US states’ responses to COVID-19 restore investor sentiment? Evidence from S&P 500 financial institutions. Financial Innovation, 10(1), 99. https://doi. org/10.1186/s40854.023.00603-1
  • Chen, X., Higgins, E., Xia, H., & Zou, H. (2020). Do financial regulations shape the functioning of financial institutions’ risk management in asset-backed securities investment? Review of Financial Studies, 33(6), 2506–2553. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz067
  • Çamlibel, M. E., Sümer, L., & Hepsen, A. (2021). Risk-return performances of real estate investment funds in Turkey including the COVID-19 period. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 25(4), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2021.14957
  • Çolak, Z. (2023). BİST’te işlem gören gayrimenkul yatırım ortaklıklarının gri ilişkisel analiz yöntemiyle finansal performansının değerlendirilmesi. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(1), 75–96. https:// doi.org/10.29106/fesa.1199029
  • Çoskun, M., Bozkurt, G., & Yavuz, M. S. (2023). The investor profiles affecting Borsa Istanbul 100 Index: Local or foreign? Ekonomi Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 263–282. https://doi.org/10.30784/ epfad.1284498
  • Günay, B., & Kaya, İ. (2017). Borsa İstanbul’da yer alan aracı kurumların performansının çok kriterli karar verme yöntemleri ile değerlendirilmesi. MCBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(2), 141–164. https://doi. org/10.18026/cbayarsos.323997
  • Iyer, S., del Hierro, G., & Guzman, I. (2024). A qualitative study of operational resilience in financial institutions. Journal of Operational Risk, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.21314/JOP.2024.005
  • Karasioğlu, F., & Öztemiz, D. (2023). Kurumsal yönetimin entelektüel sermayeye etkisi: BIST kurumsal yönetimdeki holding ve yatırım şirketleri üzerine bir uygulama. Uluslararası Muhasebe ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 1–15.
  • Kaymaz, Ö., & Kaymaz, Ö. (2010). The firm-level determinants underlying the profitability in brokerage institutions: Some evidence from Turkey. African Journal of Business Management, 4(2), 172–190. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM.9000582
  • Köse, A., & Akıllı, K. (2021). Aracı kurumların finansal performanslarının VIKOR yöntemi ile değerlendirilmesi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 168–192. https://doi.org/10.37880/ cumuiibf.952969
  • Lapinskaite, I., & Skvarciany, V. (2023). Sustainable metamorphosis: Examining sustainability transformation into value of financial institutions. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 24(5), 923–938. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2023.20665
  • Medetoğlu, B. (2024). Çok kriterli karar verme yöntemleriyle finansal performans analizi: BIST aracı kurumları üzerine uygulama. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 45, 115–132. https://doi. org/10.18092/ulikidince.1482731
  • Narayan, S., Kumar, D., & Bouri, E. (2023). Systemically important financial institutions and drivers of systemic risk: Evidence from India. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 82, 102155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. pacfin.2023.102155
  • Pala, O. (2022). İMV ve WASPAS tabanlı aracı kurum performans değerlendirilmesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3), 266–281. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1103297
  • Salem, M., & Baum, A. (2016). Determinants of foreign direct real estate investment in selected MENA countries. Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 34(2), 116–142. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-06-2015-0042
  • Sun, X., & Xie, X. (2024). How does digital finance promote entrepreneurship? The roles of traditional financial institutions and BigTech firms. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 85, Article 102316. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2024.102316
  • Talaslı, İ. (2013). Systemic risk analysis of Turkish financial institutions with systemic expected shortfall. Central Bank Review, 13(SI), 25–40. Retrieved from: https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect /EN/ TCMB+EN/Main+Menu/Publications/Research/Working+Paperss/2013/13-11
  • Yilmaz, M. K., Kusakci, A. O., Tatoglu, E., Icten, O., & Yetgin, F. (2019). Performance evaluation of real estate investment trusts using a hybridized interval type-2 fuzzy AHP-DEA approach: The case of Borsa Istanbul. International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, 18(6), 1785–1820. https:// doi.org/10.1142/S021.962.2019500354
  • Yılmaz, N. K. (2019). Gayrimenkul yatırım ortaklıklarının finansal performansının TOPSIS yöntemiyle ölçümü. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 7(1), 423–443. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij. v7i1.1080
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Muhammed Mustafa Tuncer Çalışkan 0000-0001-7566-2138

Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 11 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çalışkan, M. M. T. (2025). INVESTMENT-ORIENTED FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN TURKEY: A COMPARATIVE SECTORAL ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL RATIOS USING BORSA ISTANBUL DATA (2017–2024). Journal of Research in Business, 10(2), 301-327. https://doi.org/10.54452/jrb.1674452