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Nazi Germany’s Leisure: A Study on the Propaganda Posters of the Kraft durch Freude Organization for Outdoor Activities

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 117 - 129, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.56639/jsar.1454692

Öz

The acceptance of Nazi ideology by the German people was of great importance. Upon coming to power, the Nazis immediately took control of all mass media and used them extensively for propaganda purposes. Within the framework of Nazi ideology, all Germans, especially workers, were encouraged to spend their leisure time engaging in various activities, leading to the establishment of the Kraft durch Freude (KdF) organization. The organization provided a wide range of services including sports, arts, culture, travel, and tourism. This research aims to demonstrate how outdoor activities were shaped in propaganda posters belonging to the KdF organization in Nazi Germany. The propaganda posters associated with outdoor activities of the KdF were analyzed using semiotic analysis, a qualitative research method. The posters examined in the research generally aimed to reflect various emotional states to the target audience such as strength, happiness, relaxation, and adventure, and tried to evoke feelings of unity, solidarity, and nationalism among the German people within the framework of Nazi ideology. In conclusion, it can be said that the propaganda activities carried out by the KdF were effective in influencing the German people’s leisure activities, and it can be stated that the Nazi Germany, as a totalitarian regime, controlled the people in all areas through propaganda.

Kaynakça

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  • Bild Bundesarchiv-2. https://bild.bundesarchiv.de/device_barch/dev2/2020/06-11/45/24/file7az1343rd5z11byzv4fx.jpg adresinden erişildi (Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2024).
  • Bild Bundesarchiv-3. https://bild.bundesarchiv.de/device_barch/dev2/2020/06-11/ad/4a/file7a z29gfysslwbpt69qc.jpg adresinden erişildi (Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2024).
  • Bild Bundesarchiv-4. https://bild.bundesarchiv.de/device_barch/dev2/2020/06-11/b3/8d/file7a z29gblx4n9abaj9qc.jpg adresinden erişildi (Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2024).
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Nazi Almanyası’nda Serbest Zaman: Kraft durch Freude Örgütünün Açık Alan Aktivitelerine Yönelik Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine İnceleme

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 117 - 129, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.56639/jsar.1454692

Öz

Nazi ideolojisinin Alman halkı tarafından kabul görmesi büyük bir öneme sahipti. Naziler iktidara gelişlerinin hemen ardan tüm kitle iletişim araçlarını kontrolleri altına almış ve bunları propaganda amacıyla yaygın bir biçimde kullanmıştır. Nazi ideolojisi kapsamında başta işçiler olmak üzere tüm Alman halkının serbest zamanlarını çeşitli faaliyetlerle değerlendirmeleri sağlanmış ve bu doğrultuda Kraft durch Freude (KdF) örgütü kurulmuştur. Örgüt tarafından spor, sanat, kültür, seyahat, turizm gibi geniş bir yelpazede hizmetler ortaya konmuştur. Bu araştırma, Nazi Almanyası’na yer alan KdF örgütüne ait propaganda posterlerinde açık alan aktivitelerinin nasıl biçimlendiği ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada, KdF’ye ait açık alan aktiviteleriyle ilişkili propaganda posterleri, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan göstergebilim analizi ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında incelenen posterlerde, açık alan aktivitelerine katılımın genellikle, güç, mutluluk, dinlenme, macera gibi çeşitli duygu durumlarını hedef kitleye yansıtmaya çalıştığı ve Nazi ideolojisi çerçevesinde Alman halkına birlik, beraberlik ve milliyetçilik duygularını ortaya çıkarmaya çalıştığı tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, KdF tarafından uygulanan propaganda faaliyetlerinin, Alman halkının serbest zamanlarını değerlendirme konusunda etkili olduğu ve totaliter bir rejim olan Nazi Almanyası’nın propaganda aracılığıyla halkı her alanda kontrol ettiği söylenebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Adena, M., Enikolopov, R., Petrova, M., Santarosa, V., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2015). Radio and the rise of the Nazis in prewar Germany. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(4), 1885-1939.
  • Antikbar. https://www.antikbar.co.uk/original_vintage_posters/travel_posters/winter_holiday_ now_kraft_durch_freude/PT3342/ adresinden erişildi (Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2024).
  • Baranowski, S. (2005). Radical nationalism in an international context: Strength through joy and the paradoxes of Nazi tourism. Histories of tourism: Representation, identity and conflict, İçinde, J. K. Walton (Ed.), ss. 125-143, Channel View Publications, Bristol.
  • Barthes, R. (1993). Göstergebilimsel Serüven. M. Rifat & S. Rifat (Çev.), Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul. Bild Bundesarchiv-1. https://bild.bundesarchiv.de/device_barch/dev2/2020/06-11/ae/8c/file7a z0w96ymkn1hhe9n4fy.jpg adresinden erişildi (Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2024).
  • Bild Bundesarchiv-2. https://bild.bundesarchiv.de/device_barch/dev2/2020/06-11/45/24/file7az1343rd5z11byzv4fx.jpg adresinden erişildi (Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2024).
  • Bild Bundesarchiv-3. https://bild.bundesarchiv.de/device_barch/dev2/2020/06-11/ad/4a/file7a z29gfysslwbpt69qc.jpg adresinden erişildi (Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2024).
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  • Bircan, U. (2015). Roland Barthes ve göstergebilim. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 13(26), 17-41.
  • Bussemer, T. (2013). Propaganda: Theoretisches konzept und geschichtliche Bedeutung. Docupedia-Zeitgeschichte. Begriffe, methoden und debatten der zeithistorischen Forschung, İçinde. https://docupedia.de/zg/Propaganda adresinden erişildi (Erişim tarihi: 13.12.2023).
  • Bytwerk, R. L. (2010). Grassroots propaganda in the third reich: The reich ring for national socialist propaganda and public enlightenment. German Studies Review, 33(1), 93-118.
  • Cantril, H. (1938). Propaganda Analysis. The English Journal, 27(3), 217-221.
  • Carter, E. B., & Carter, B. L. (2022). When autocrats threaten citizens with violence: Evidence from China. British Journal of Political Science, 52(2), 671-696.
  • Chapman, J. (2000). The power of propaganda. Journal of Contemporary. History Copyright, 35(4), 679-688.
  • Cupers, K. (2008). Governing through nature: Camps and youth movements in interwar Germany and the United States. Cultural Geographies, 15(2), 173-205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474007087498
  • Çağlar, B. (2012). Bir iletişim biçimi olarak göstergebilim. LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(2), 22-34.
  • Çakı, C. (2018a). Nazizm ideolojisi altında Hitler gençliği: Nazi Almanyası propaganda afişleri üzerine inceleme. Elektronik Cumhuriyet İletişim Dergisi, 1(1), 9-21.
  • Çakı, C. (2018b). Adolf Hitler'in kült lider inşasında kullanılan propaganda posterlerinin göstergebilimsel analizi. Abant Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(6), 24-38.
  • Çakı, C. (2018c). Roland Barthes’ın göstergebilimsel çözümlemesi ile Nazi propagandasında engelliler. SDÜ İFADE, 1(2), 66-91.
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  • Çakı, C., & Topbaş, H. (2018). Almanya için Alternatif Partisi’nin göçmen karşıtı propaganda faaliyetlerini 2017 Alman federal seçimleri üzerinden okumak. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5(4), 59-74.
  • Çakı, C., Gülada, M. O., & Çakı, G. (2019). Balkanlarda bir Nazi ordusu: Nazi propaganda afişlerinde hançer tümeni. Trakya Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi E-Dergi, 7(2), 55-77.
  • Çakı, G. (2020). İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda radyo yayınlarında uygulanan sansürün propaganda posterlerine yansıması. TRT Akademi, 5(9), 250-269.
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  • Fellows, E. W. (1959). Propaganda: History of a word. American Speech, 34(3), 182-189.
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  • Fondren, E. (2023). Banned wherever truth is banned: Allied airborne propaganda, cultural information warfare, and targeting Nazi Germany with ‘News’ from the sky (1944-1945). Journal of War & Culture Studies, 16(4), 467-491.
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  • Galofre-Vila, G., Meissner, C. M., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2021b). Austerity and the rise of the Nazi Party. The Journal of Economic History, 81(1), 81-113.
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  • Graf, E. T., Schiefeneder, F. (2020). Propaganda für einen “gesunden volkskörper” im nationalsozialismus, İçinde, D. Reifegerste, C. Sammer (Ed.), Gesundheitskommunikation und geschichte: Interdisziplinäre perspektiven, ss, 1-23, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Publizistik und Kommunikationswissenschaft, Stuttgart.
  • Grochowina, S., & Kącka, K. (2014). Foundations of Nazi cultural policy and institutions responsible for its implementation in the period 1933-1939. Kultura i Edukacja, 6(106), 173-192.
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  • Gülada, M. O., Gazi, M. A., & Çakı, C. (2019). Nazi propagandasının ulusal seferberlikte idealize ettiği Alman genç kızları: “Das Deutsche Mädel” dergisi üzerine inceleme. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 6(2), 1079-1100.
  • Güneş, A. (2013). Göstergebilim tarihi. Humanities Sciences, 8(4), 332-348.
  • Hachtmann, R. (1999). Die Deutsche Arbeitsfront im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Krieg und wirtschaft. Studien zur deutschen wirtschaftsgeschichte 1939-1945, İçinde, D. Eichholtz, (Ed.), ss. 69-107, Metropol, Berlin.
  • Hachtmann, R. (2012). Volksgemeinschaftliche dienstleister anmerkungen zu selbstverständnis und funktion der Deutschen arbeitsfront und der ns-gemeinschaft Kraft durch Freude. Volksgemeinschaft: Mythos, wirkungsmächtige soziale verheißung oder soziale realität im dritten reich zwischenbilanz einer kontroversen debatte, İçinde, F. Schönigh (Ed.), ss. 111-131, Brill Schoning, Paderborn.
  • Hachtmann, R. (2020). Fordistischer massentourismus im kurzen 20. jahrhundert und die nationalsozialistische gemeinschaft kraft durch freude (KdF). Ökonomische und soziologischet tourismustrends, İçinde, D. Pietzcker & C. Vaih-Baur (Ed.), ss. 71-84, Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden.
  • Hagen, J. (2004). The most German of towns: Creating an ideal Nazi community in rothenburg ob der tauber. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94(1), 207-227.
  • Hamburger, E. (1945). Significance of the Nazi leisure time program. Social Research, 12(2), 227-249.
  • Howind, S. (2011). Kraft durch Freude und die illusion eines besseren lebens sozialpropaganda im Dritten Reich 1933-1939. Doktors der Philosophie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität, Von der Philosophischen Fakultä, Hannover zur Erlangung des Grades, Hannover.
  • Huang, H. (2018). The pathology of hard propaganda. The Journal of Politics, 80(3), 1034-1038.
  • Hüttmann, A. (2009). Die wochenschau als propagandamittel im nationalsozialismus: Das verhältnis zwischen unterhaltung und propaganda im verlauf des zweiten weltkrieges. Bachelorarbeit, Hochschule Mittweida - University of Applied Science, Fachbereich Medien, Kaltenkirchen.
  • Jarz, E. (2011). Frauenbezogene politik und propaganda im nationalsozialismus/vorgelegt von elisabeth jarz. Master Thesis, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Bereich der interdisziplinären Geschlechterforschung, Graz.
  • Jefferies, M. (2006). For a genuine and noble nakedness? German naturism in the Third Reich. German History, 24(1), 62-84. https://doi.org/10.1191/0266355406gh363oa
  • Jirasek, I., & Turcova, I. (2017). The Czech approach to outdoor adventure and experiential education: The influence of Jaroslav Foglarʼs work. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 17(4), 321-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2017.1344557
  • Karaca, M. (2018). Waffen SS askere çağırma propagandası. EUropean Journal of Managerial Research (EUJMR), 2(2), 100-118.
  • Kershaw, I. (2014). How effective was Nazi propaganda. Nazi Propaganda: RLE Nazi Germany & holocaust, İçinde, D. Welch (Ed.), ss. 180-205, Routledge.
  • Kıran, A. (1990). Dilbilim-göstergebilim ilişkileri. Dilbilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1, 51-62.
  • Krüger, A. (1993). Germany and sports in World War II. Sport History Review, 24(1), 52-62. https://doi.org/10.1123/cjhs.24.1.52
  • Kunzer, E. J. (1938). The youth of Nazi Germany. The Journal of Educational Sociology, 11(6), 342-350. https://doi.org/10.2307/2262246
  • Lelle, N. (2018). Zum zusammenhang von sport, arbeit und gemeinschaft im nationalsozialisms onder: Deutsche positionen beim kongress arbeit und freude in Rom 1938. Body Politics, 10, 167-201,
  • Linne, K. (2005). Baranowski Shelley: Strength through joy consumerism and mass tourism in the third reich. International Review of Social History, 50(1), 106-109. doi:10.1017/s0020859005061870
  • Little, A. T. (2017). Propaganda and credulity. Games and Economic Behavior, 102, 224-232.
  • Live Journal. https://rusnazi8814.livejournal.com/1708331.html adresinden erişildi (Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2024).
  • Lock, I., & Ludolph, R. (2020). Organizational propaganda on the internet: A systematic review. Public Relations Inquiry, 9(1), 103-127.
  • Luh, A. (2003). On the way to a national socialist sports system: From liberal sports in clubs and associations to directed sports in national socialist organizations. European Journal of Sport Science, 3(3), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390300073307
  • Matos, M. (2016). Tourism as networking for a pan-fascist mobilization before the Second World War. Nazi Germany and Southern Europe,1933-45: Science, culture and politics, İçinde, F. Clara & C. Ninhos (Ed.), ss. 38-51, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Matos, M. M. L. D. (1996). As viagens marítimas da organização nazi Kraft durch Freude a Portugal (1935-1939): Turismo, literatura e propaganda. Mestre, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Estudos Alemes, Faculdade de Cincias Sociais e Humanas, Lisboa.
  • Mattingly, D. C., & Yao, E. (2022). How soft propaganda persuades. Comparative Political Studies, 55(9), 1569-1594.
  • McCloskey, B. (2012). Marking time: Women and Nazi propaganda art during World War II. Contemporaneity: Historical Presence in Visual Culture, 2, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.5195/contemp.2012.43
  • McDonough, F. (2014). Hitler and the rise of the Nazi Party. Routledge, New York. Moloney, K. (2006) Rethinking public relations: PR propaganda and democracy. Ro utledge, Abingdon. Monteath, P. (2001). History, memory and the colossus of Rügen. Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe, 9(1), 39-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/09651560120065635
  • Moranda, S. (2010). Strength through joy: Consumerism and mass tourism in the Third Reich, Journal of Tourism History, 2(2), 143-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 1755182X.2010.498158
  • Moyer, L. V. (1967). The Kraft durch Freude movement in Nazi Germany: 1933-1939. Doctorate of Philosophy, Northwestern University. Evanston, Illinois.
  • Pirro, R. (1994). Art, ideology, and economics in Nazi Germany: The reich chambers of music, theater, and the visual arts by Alan E. Steinweis. German Politics & Society, 31, 140-148.
  • Reiser, D., & Jansen-Meinen, V. (2018). Walking and Germany: Betwen recreation and ideology. The Routledge international handbook of walking, İçinde, C. M. Hall, Y. Ram & N. Shoval (Ed.), ss. 65-73, Routledge, Ney York.
  • Rifat, M. (1949). Göstergebilimin abc’si. Say Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Roberts, J. (2000). Joseph Goebbels Nazi propaganda minister. The Rosen Publishing Group. New York.
  • Rosenfeld, B., & Wallace, J. (2024). Information politics and propaganda in authoritarian societies. Annual Review of Political Science, 27(15), 1-19.
  • Satyanath, S., Voigtlander, N., & Voth, H. J. (2017). Bowling for fascism: Social capital and the rise of the Nazi Party. Journal of Political Economy, 125(2), 478-526.
  • Schlotmann, R. (1997). Von den Temperenzler freunden über kraft durch freude bis buchen via internet: Die geschichte des pauschaltourismus. Reise Rechts Aktuell, 5(9), 171-175.
  • Semmens, K. (2005). Seeing Hitler’s Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Shirer, W. L. (1960). The rise and fall of the Third Reich: A history of Nazi Germany. Simon & Schuster, New York.
  • Siegel, T. (1988). Welfare capitalism, Nazi style. International Journal of Political Economy, 18(1), 82-116.
  • Spode, H. (2008). Strength through Joy: Consumerism and mass tourism in the third reich by Shelley Baranowski. Journal of Social History, 41(4), 1074-1077.
  • Sternheim, A. (1938). Leisure in the totalitarian state. The Sociological Review, 30(1), 29-48.
  • Tegel, S. (2004). Third reich newsreels - An effective tool of propaganda. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 24(1), 143-154.
  • Timpe, J. (2017). Nazi-organized recreation and entertainment in the Third Reich. Palgrave Macmillan, London. Tokarski, W. (1987). Leisure in the third reich, Leisure Studies, 6(2), 215-217.
  • Tuncer, E. S. (2023a). Kült lider (lik) imajının ad hominem propagandası ve ad hitlerum. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(1), 352-384.
  • Tuncer, E. S. (2023b). Nazizim karşıtı propaganda afişlerinin Saussure, Barthes ve Strauss’un göstergebilim modelleri ışığında ve nefret söylemi bağlamında analizi. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 33, 848-876.
  • Uekoetter, F. (2006). The green and the brown: A history of conservation in Nazi Germany. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Vinal, W. G. (1936). The school camp line-up for nature education. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 10(8), 462-466. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.1936.11474173
  • Von Plessen, M. L. (2024). A brief overview of the history of sea resorts along the Baltic coast. Recent research advances in arts and social studies, İçinde, M. C. Escolar-Llamazares (Ed.), ss. 1-12, B P International, West Bengal.
  • Weiss, H. (1993). Ideologie der freizeit im dritten reich: Die NS-Gemeinschaft kraft durch freude. Archiv für Sozialgeschichte, 33, 289-303.
  • Weiss, J. C., & Dafoe, A. (2019). Authoritarian audiences, rhetoric, and propaganda in international crises: Evidence from China. International Studies Quarterly, 63(4), 963-973. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqz059
  • Welch, D. (1993). Manufacturing a consensus: Nazi propaganda and the building of a ‘National Community’ (Volksgemeinschaft). Contemporary European History, 2, 1-15. doi:10.1017/S096077730000028X
  • Welch, D. (2004). Nazi propaganda and the volksgemeinschaft: Constructing a people’s community. Journal of Contemporary History, 39(2), 213-238. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022009404042129
  • Williams, J. A. (2007). Turning to Nature in Germany: Hiking, nudism, and conservation, 1900-1940. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
  • Yılmaz, Y. K., Çakı, C., & Kazaz, A. (2020). Nazi Almanya'sı döneminde Nazizm ideolojisindeki antisemitist propaganda mitlerinin eğitime yansıması. Selçuk İletişim, 13(3), 1081-1113.
  • Yourman, J. (1939). Propaganda techniques within Nazi Germany. The Journal of Educational Sociology, 13(3), 148-163. https://doi.org/10.2307/2262307
  • Zeller, T. (2005). Molding the landscape of Nazi environmentalism: Alwin seifert and the Third Reich. How green were the Nazis? Nature, environment, and nation in the Third Reich, İçinde, F. J. Brüggemeier, M, Cioc, T. Zeller (Ed.), ss. 147-170, Ohio University Press, Ohio.
Toplam 95 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor ve Rekreasyon
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Erdoğan Ekinci 0000-0002-6816-9393

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ekinci, E. (2024). Nazi Almanyası’nda Serbest Zaman: Kraft durch Freude Örgütünün Açık Alan Aktivitelerine Yönelik Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine İnceleme. Herkes için Spor Ve Rekreasyon Dergisi, 6(2), 117-129. https://doi.org/10.56639/jsar.1454692

Creative Commons Lisansı

Herkes için Spor ve Rekreasyon dergisi tarafından yayınlanan eserler Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ile lisanslanmaktadır.

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