GÖĞÜS CERRAHİSİNDE HIZLANDIRILMIŞ İYİLEŞME PROTOKOLÜ VE HEMŞİRENİN ROLÜ
Yıl 2021,
, 449 - 462, 27.12.2021
Afide Tufan
,
Selda Rızalar
Öz
Ameliyat sonrası hızlandırılmış iyileşme programları (ERAS-Enhanced Recovery After Surgery), hastanın iyileşmesini hızlandıran ve hastanede kalma süresini kısaltan disiplinler arası bir programdır. Bu program perioperatif dönemdeki (ameliyat öncesi, sırası ve sonrasını kapsayan tüm süreçler) hasta bakımında kanıta dayalı uygulamaları esas alır. Programın temel hedefi; ameliyat öncesi dönemde organ işlevlerini en üst düzeyde tutarak cerrahi stres tepkisini azaltmak ve ameliyat sonrası erken iyileşmeyi sağlamaktır. ERAS programları hastanede yatış süresini kısaltmakta ve komplikasyonları önlemekte, sağlık harcamalarını azalmaktadır. Hızlandırılmış iyileşme programının uygulanmasında ekip çalışması esastır, hemşireler ekip içerisinde önemli bir rol oynar. Bu derlemede, akciğer rezeksiyonu ameliyatlarında hızlandırılmış iyileşme programında hemşirenin rolü açıklanmaktadır.
Kaynakça
- Alam, N., Park, B. J., Wilton, A., Seshan, V. E., Bains, M. S., Downey, R. J., ... & Amar, D. (2007). Incidence and risk factors for lung injury after lung cancer resection. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 84(4), 1085-1091.
- Andersen, K. S., Skoffer, B., Oestergaard, L. G., Van Tulder, M., & Petersen, A. K. (2017). The effects of respiratory physiotherapy after lung resection: Protocol for a systematic review. International journal of surgery protocols, 4, 1-5.
- Apfelbaum, J. L., Caplan, R. A., Connis, R. T., Epstein, B. S., Nickinovich, D. G., & Warner, M. A. (2011). American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee: Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters. Anesthesiology, 114(3), 495-511.
- Ardò, N. P., Loizzi, D., Panariti, S., Piccinin, I., & Sollitto, F. (2018). Enhanced recovery pathways in thoracic surgery from Italian VATS group: nursing care program. Journal of thoracic disease, 10(Suppl 4), 529–534. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2017.12.85
- Bagan, P., Berna, P., De Dominicis, F., Pereira, J. C. D. N., Mordant, P., De La Tour, B., ... & Riquet, M. (2013). Nutritional status and postoperative outcome after pneumonectomy for lung cancer. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 95(2), 392-396.
- Bagheri, H., Ebrahimi, H., Abbasi, A., Atashsokhan, G., Salmani, Z., & Zamani, M. (2019). Effect of preoperative visitation by operating room staff on preoperative anxiety in patients receiving elective hernia surgery. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 34(2), 272-280.
- Batchelor, T. J., Rasburn, N. J., Abdelnour-Berchtold, E., Brunelli, A., Cerfolio, R. J., Gonzalez, M., ... & Naidu, B. (2019). Guidelines for enhanced recovery after lung surgery: recommendations of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society and the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS). European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery, 55(1), 91-115.
- Beck-Schimmer, B., Bonvini, J. M., Braun, J., Seeberger, M., Neff, T. A., Risch, T. J., ... & Puhan, M. (2016). Which anesthesia regimen is best to reduce morbidity and mortality in lung surgery? A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology, 125(2), 313-321.
- Bilotta, F., Lauretta, M. P., Borozdina, A., Mizikov, V. M., & Rosa, G. (2013). Postoperative delirium: risk factors, diagnosis and perioperative care. Minerva Anestesiol, 79(9), 1066-1076.
- Brandstrup, B., Tonnesen, H., Beier-Holgersen, R., Hjortsø, E., Ording, H., Lindorff-Larsen, K., ... & Danish Study Group on Perioperative Fluid Therapy. (2003). Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens: a randomized assessor-blinded multicenter trial. Annals of surgery, 238(5), 641.
- Cerantola, Y., Valerio, M., Persson, B., Jichlinski, P., Ljungqvist, O., Hubner, M., ... & Patel, H. R. (2013). Guidelines for perioperative care after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) society recommendations. Clinical nutrition, 32(6), 879-887.
- Çetinkaya, F., & Karabulut, N. (2010). Batın Ameliyatı Olacak Yetişkin Hastalara Ameliyat Öncesi Verilen Eğitimin Kaygı ve Ağrı Düzeyine Etkisi. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(2), 20-26.
- Çevik, L. (2019). ERCP işlemi öncesi verilen video destekli eğitimin kaygı düzeyi ve memnuniyete etkisi. Hemşirelik Ana Bilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Ertaş, I. E., Gungorduk, K., Ozdemir, A., Solmaz, U., Dogan, A., & Yildirim, Y. (2013). Influence of gum chewing on postoperative bowel activity after complete staging surgery for gynecological malignancies: a randomized controlled trial. Gynecologic oncology, 131(1), 118-122.
- Gotlib Conn, L., McKenzie, M., Pearsall, E. A., & McLeod, R. S. (2015). Successful implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery programme for elective colorectal surgery: a process evaluation of champions’ experiences. Implementation Science, 10(1), 1-11.
- Gould, M. K., Garcia, D. A., Wren, S. M., Karanicolas, P. J., Arcelus, J. I., Heit, J. A., & Samama, C. M. (2012). Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest, 141(2), 227-277.
- Gustafsson, U. O., Scott, M. J., Hubner, M., Nygren, J., Demartines, N., Francis, N., ... & Ljungqvist, O. (2019). Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society recommendations: 2018. World journal of surgery, 43(3), 659-695.
- Hawn, M. T., Richman, J. S., Vick, C. C., Deierhoi, R. J., Graham, L. A., Henderson, W. G., & Itani, K. M. (2013). Timing of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis and the risk of surgical site infection. JAMA surgery, 148(7), 649-657.
- Kamalak, Z., Köşüş, N., Köşüş, A., Kalem, M. N., Hızlı, D., Akçal, B., & Kafalı, H. (2009). Jinekolojik operasyonlarda postoperatif ileusu önlemek için tuhaf bir yol: Sakız çiğneme. Jinekoloji-Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi, 12(3), 119-122.
- Karalapillai, D., Story, D., Hart, G. K., Bailey, M., Pilcher, D., Schneider, A., ... & Bellomo, R. (2013). Postoperative hypothermia and patient outcomes after major elective non‐cardiac surgery. Anaesthesia, 68(6), 605-611.
- Karip, A. B., Keskin, M., İşcan, A. Y., & Balık, E., (2016). Postoperatif paralitik ileus tedavisinde parasempatomimetik sakız kullanımı etkindir. 20. Ulusal Cerrahi Kongresi (pp.103). Antalya, Turkey. https://avesis.istanbul.edu.tr/yayin/32e04827-e036-4caa-b1e4-8b3bdea0cd80/postoperatif-paralitik-ileus-tedavisinde-parasempatomimetik-sakiz-kullanimi-etkindir. Erişim Tarihi: 23.07.2021
- Kerr, A., Wotton, R., Bishay, E., Kalkat, M., Rajesh, P., Steyn, R., & Naidu, B. (2013). Rehabilitation for operated lung cancer programme: 18 months outcomes. In 27th EACTS Annual Meeting. Vienna, Austria.
- Liu, C. J., Tsai, W. C., Chu, C. C., Muo, C. H., & Chung, W. S. (2019). Is incentive spirometry beneficial for patients with lung cancer receiving video-assisted thoracic surgery?. BMC pulmonary medicine, 19(1), 1-8.
- Nelson, G., Altman, A. D., Nick, A., Meyer, L. A., Ramirez, P. T., Achtari, C., ... & Dowdy, S. C. (2016). Guidelines for postoperative care in gynecologic/oncology surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society recommendations—Part II. Gynecologic oncology, 140(2), 323-332.
- Powell, R., Scott, N. W., Manyande, A., Bruce, J., Vögele, C., Byrne‐Davis, L. M., ... & Johnston, M. (2016). Psychological preparation and postoperative outcomes for adults undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (8), 1-15.
- Rajagopalan, S., Mascha, E., Na, J., & Sessler, D. I. (2008). The effects of mild perioperative hypothermia on blood loss and transfusion requirement. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 108(1), 71-77.
- Rasmussen, M. S., Jørgensen, L. N., & Wille-Jørgensen, P. (2009). Prolonged thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin for abdominal or pelvic surgery. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (1), CD004318. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004318.pub2
- Rocos, B., & Donaldson, L. J. (2012). Alcohol skin preparation causes surgical fires. The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 94(2), 87-89.
- Rodriguez-Larrad, A., Vellosillo-Ortega, J. M., Ruiz-Muneta, C., Abecia-Inchaurregui, L. C., & Seco, J. (2016). Postoperative respiratory exercises reduce the risk of developing pulmonary complications in patients undergoing lobectomy. Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition), 52(7), 347-353.
- Rogers, L. J., Bleetman, D., Messenger, D. E., Joshi, N. A., Wood, L., Rasburn, N. J., & Batchelor, T. J. (2018). The impact of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol compliance on morbidity from resection for primary lung cancer. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 155(4), 1843-1852.
- Smith, I., Kranke, P., Murat, I., Smith, A., O'Sullivan, G., Soreide, E., & Spies, C. (2011). Perioperative fasting in adults and children: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. European Journal of Anaesthesiology| EJA, 28(8), 556-569.
- Smith, M. D., McCall, J., Plank, L., Herbison, G. P., Soop, M., & Nygren, J. (2014). Preoperative carbohydrate treatment for enhancing recovery after elective surgery. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (8), CD009161. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009161.pub2
- Spruit, M. A., Singh, S. J., Garvey, C., ZuWallack, R., Nici, L., Rochester, C., ... & Wouters, E. F. (2013). An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 188(8), 13-64.
- Şenyüz, K. Y., & Koçaşlı, S. (2017). Cerrahi sonrası ağrıda multimodal analjezi ve hemşirelik yaklaşımı. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi, 4(2), 90-95.
- Thomas, P. A., Berbis, J., Falcoz, P. E., Le Pimpec-Barthes, F., Bernard, A., Jougon, J., ... & Woelffe, D. (2014). National perioperative outcomes of pulmonary lobectomy for cancer: the influence of nutritional status. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery, 45(4), 652-659.
- Warttig, S., Alderson, P., Campbell, G., & Smith, A. F. (2014). Interventions for treating inadvertent postoperative hypothermia. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (11), CD009892. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009892.pub2
- Webster, J., & Osborne, S. (2015). Preoperative bathing or showering with skin antiseptics to prevent surgical site infection. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (2), CD004985. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004985.pub5
- White, J., & Dixon, S. (2015). Nurse led Patient Education Programme for patients undergoing a lung resection for primary lung cancer. Journal of thoracic disease, 7(Suppl 2), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.03.11
- Wong, P. F., Kumar, S., Bohra, A., Whetter, D., & Leaper, D. J. (2007). Randomized clinical trial of perioperative systemic warming in major elective abdominal surgery. Journal of British Surgery, 94(4), 421-426.
- Yan, T. D., Black, D., Bannon, P. G., & McCaughan, B. C. (2009). Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized trials on safety and efficacy of video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 27(15), 2553–2562. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.18.2733
Enhanced Recovery Protocol After Thoracic Surgery And Nurse’s Role
Yıl 2021,
, 449 - 462, 27.12.2021
Afide Tufan
,
Selda Rızalar
Öz
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) is an interdisciplinary program that accelerates patient recovery and reduce hospital length of stay. This program is based on evidence-based practices in patient care in the perioperative period (all processes including preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative). The main purpose of the programs keep organ functions at the highest level in the preoperative period, reduce the surgical stress response and provide early recovery after surgery. ERAS programs reduce hospital length of stay, prevent complications, and reduce health expenditures. Teamwork is essential in the implementation of the enhance recovery program, nurses play an important role in the team. In this review, the role of the nurse in the enhanced recovery program in lung resection surgeries is explained.
Kaynakça
- Alam, N., Park, B. J., Wilton, A., Seshan, V. E., Bains, M. S., Downey, R. J., ... & Amar, D. (2007). Incidence and risk factors for lung injury after lung cancer resection. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 84(4), 1085-1091.
- Andersen, K. S., Skoffer, B., Oestergaard, L. G., Van Tulder, M., & Petersen, A. K. (2017). The effects of respiratory physiotherapy after lung resection: Protocol for a systematic review. International journal of surgery protocols, 4, 1-5.
- Apfelbaum, J. L., Caplan, R. A., Connis, R. T., Epstein, B. S., Nickinovich, D. G., & Warner, M. A. (2011). American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee: Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters. Anesthesiology, 114(3), 495-511.
- Ardò, N. P., Loizzi, D., Panariti, S., Piccinin, I., & Sollitto, F. (2018). Enhanced recovery pathways in thoracic surgery from Italian VATS group: nursing care program. Journal of thoracic disease, 10(Suppl 4), 529–534. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2017.12.85
- Bagan, P., Berna, P., De Dominicis, F., Pereira, J. C. D. N., Mordant, P., De La Tour, B., ... & Riquet, M. (2013). Nutritional status and postoperative outcome after pneumonectomy for lung cancer. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 95(2), 392-396.
- Bagheri, H., Ebrahimi, H., Abbasi, A., Atashsokhan, G., Salmani, Z., & Zamani, M. (2019). Effect of preoperative visitation by operating room staff on preoperative anxiety in patients receiving elective hernia surgery. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 34(2), 272-280.
- Batchelor, T. J., Rasburn, N. J., Abdelnour-Berchtold, E., Brunelli, A., Cerfolio, R. J., Gonzalez, M., ... & Naidu, B. (2019). Guidelines for enhanced recovery after lung surgery: recommendations of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society and the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS). European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery, 55(1), 91-115.
- Beck-Schimmer, B., Bonvini, J. M., Braun, J., Seeberger, M., Neff, T. A., Risch, T. J., ... & Puhan, M. (2016). Which anesthesia regimen is best to reduce morbidity and mortality in lung surgery? A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology, 125(2), 313-321.
- Bilotta, F., Lauretta, M. P., Borozdina, A., Mizikov, V. M., & Rosa, G. (2013). Postoperative delirium: risk factors, diagnosis and perioperative care. Minerva Anestesiol, 79(9), 1066-1076.
- Brandstrup, B., Tonnesen, H., Beier-Holgersen, R., Hjortsø, E., Ording, H., Lindorff-Larsen, K., ... & Danish Study Group on Perioperative Fluid Therapy. (2003). Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens: a randomized assessor-blinded multicenter trial. Annals of surgery, 238(5), 641.
- Cerantola, Y., Valerio, M., Persson, B., Jichlinski, P., Ljungqvist, O., Hubner, M., ... & Patel, H. R. (2013). Guidelines for perioperative care after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) society recommendations. Clinical nutrition, 32(6), 879-887.
- Çetinkaya, F., & Karabulut, N. (2010). Batın Ameliyatı Olacak Yetişkin Hastalara Ameliyat Öncesi Verilen Eğitimin Kaygı ve Ağrı Düzeyine Etkisi. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(2), 20-26.
- Çevik, L. (2019). ERCP işlemi öncesi verilen video destekli eğitimin kaygı düzeyi ve memnuniyete etkisi. Hemşirelik Ana Bilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Ertaş, I. E., Gungorduk, K., Ozdemir, A., Solmaz, U., Dogan, A., & Yildirim, Y. (2013). Influence of gum chewing on postoperative bowel activity after complete staging surgery for gynecological malignancies: a randomized controlled trial. Gynecologic oncology, 131(1), 118-122.
- Gotlib Conn, L., McKenzie, M., Pearsall, E. A., & McLeod, R. S. (2015). Successful implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery programme for elective colorectal surgery: a process evaluation of champions’ experiences. Implementation Science, 10(1), 1-11.
- Gould, M. K., Garcia, D. A., Wren, S. M., Karanicolas, P. J., Arcelus, J. I., Heit, J. A., & Samama, C. M. (2012). Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest, 141(2), 227-277.
- Gustafsson, U. O., Scott, M. J., Hubner, M., Nygren, J., Demartines, N., Francis, N., ... & Ljungqvist, O. (2019). Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society recommendations: 2018. World journal of surgery, 43(3), 659-695.
- Hawn, M. T., Richman, J. S., Vick, C. C., Deierhoi, R. J., Graham, L. A., Henderson, W. G., & Itani, K. M. (2013). Timing of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis and the risk of surgical site infection. JAMA surgery, 148(7), 649-657.
- Kamalak, Z., Köşüş, N., Köşüş, A., Kalem, M. N., Hızlı, D., Akçal, B., & Kafalı, H. (2009). Jinekolojik operasyonlarda postoperatif ileusu önlemek için tuhaf bir yol: Sakız çiğneme. Jinekoloji-Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi, 12(3), 119-122.
- Karalapillai, D., Story, D., Hart, G. K., Bailey, M., Pilcher, D., Schneider, A., ... & Bellomo, R. (2013). Postoperative hypothermia and patient outcomes after major elective non‐cardiac surgery. Anaesthesia, 68(6), 605-611.
- Karip, A. B., Keskin, M., İşcan, A. Y., & Balık, E., (2016). Postoperatif paralitik ileus tedavisinde parasempatomimetik sakız kullanımı etkindir. 20. Ulusal Cerrahi Kongresi (pp.103). Antalya, Turkey. https://avesis.istanbul.edu.tr/yayin/32e04827-e036-4caa-b1e4-8b3bdea0cd80/postoperatif-paralitik-ileus-tedavisinde-parasempatomimetik-sakiz-kullanimi-etkindir. Erişim Tarihi: 23.07.2021
- Kerr, A., Wotton, R., Bishay, E., Kalkat, M., Rajesh, P., Steyn, R., & Naidu, B. (2013). Rehabilitation for operated lung cancer programme: 18 months outcomes. In 27th EACTS Annual Meeting. Vienna, Austria.
- Liu, C. J., Tsai, W. C., Chu, C. C., Muo, C. H., & Chung, W. S. (2019). Is incentive spirometry beneficial for patients with lung cancer receiving video-assisted thoracic surgery?. BMC pulmonary medicine, 19(1), 1-8.
- Nelson, G., Altman, A. D., Nick, A., Meyer, L. A., Ramirez, P. T., Achtari, C., ... & Dowdy, S. C. (2016). Guidelines for postoperative care in gynecologic/oncology surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society recommendations—Part II. Gynecologic oncology, 140(2), 323-332.
- Powell, R., Scott, N. W., Manyande, A., Bruce, J., Vögele, C., Byrne‐Davis, L. M., ... & Johnston, M. (2016). Psychological preparation and postoperative outcomes for adults undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (8), 1-15.
- Rajagopalan, S., Mascha, E., Na, J., & Sessler, D. I. (2008). The effects of mild perioperative hypothermia on blood loss and transfusion requirement. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 108(1), 71-77.
- Rasmussen, M. S., Jørgensen, L. N., & Wille-Jørgensen, P. (2009). Prolonged thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin for abdominal or pelvic surgery. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (1), CD004318. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004318.pub2
- Rocos, B., & Donaldson, L. J. (2012). Alcohol skin preparation causes surgical fires. The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 94(2), 87-89.
- Rodriguez-Larrad, A., Vellosillo-Ortega, J. M., Ruiz-Muneta, C., Abecia-Inchaurregui, L. C., & Seco, J. (2016). Postoperative respiratory exercises reduce the risk of developing pulmonary complications in patients undergoing lobectomy. Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition), 52(7), 347-353.
- Rogers, L. J., Bleetman, D., Messenger, D. E., Joshi, N. A., Wood, L., Rasburn, N. J., & Batchelor, T. J. (2018). The impact of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol compliance on morbidity from resection for primary lung cancer. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 155(4), 1843-1852.
- Smith, I., Kranke, P., Murat, I., Smith, A., O'Sullivan, G., Soreide, E., & Spies, C. (2011). Perioperative fasting in adults and children: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. European Journal of Anaesthesiology| EJA, 28(8), 556-569.
- Smith, M. D., McCall, J., Plank, L., Herbison, G. P., Soop, M., & Nygren, J. (2014). Preoperative carbohydrate treatment for enhancing recovery after elective surgery. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (8), CD009161. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009161.pub2
- Spruit, M. A., Singh, S. J., Garvey, C., ZuWallack, R., Nici, L., Rochester, C., ... & Wouters, E. F. (2013). An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 188(8), 13-64.
- Şenyüz, K. Y., & Koçaşlı, S. (2017). Cerrahi sonrası ağrıda multimodal analjezi ve hemşirelik yaklaşımı. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi, 4(2), 90-95.
- Thomas, P. A., Berbis, J., Falcoz, P. E., Le Pimpec-Barthes, F., Bernard, A., Jougon, J., ... & Woelffe, D. (2014). National perioperative outcomes of pulmonary lobectomy for cancer: the influence of nutritional status. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery, 45(4), 652-659.
- Warttig, S., Alderson, P., Campbell, G., & Smith, A. F. (2014). Interventions for treating inadvertent postoperative hypothermia. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (11), CD009892. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009892.pub2
- Webster, J., & Osborne, S. (2015). Preoperative bathing or showering with skin antiseptics to prevent surgical site infection. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (2), CD004985. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004985.pub5
- White, J., & Dixon, S. (2015). Nurse led Patient Education Programme for patients undergoing a lung resection for primary lung cancer. Journal of thoracic disease, 7(Suppl 2), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.03.11
- Wong, P. F., Kumar, S., Bohra, A., Whetter, D., & Leaper, D. J. (2007). Randomized clinical trial of perioperative systemic warming in major elective abdominal surgery. Journal of British Surgery, 94(4), 421-426.
- Yan, T. D., Black, D., Bannon, P. G., & McCaughan, B. C. (2009). Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized trials on safety and efficacy of video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 27(15), 2553–2562. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.18.2733