ÜRODİNAMİ KAYNAKLI AĞRI VE ANKSİYETENİN KONTROLÜNDE AROMATERAPİNİN ETKİSİ

Öz

Ürodinami, mesanenin dolumu ve boşaltımı esnasında alt üriner sistemin işlevi hakkında fizyolojik veriler elde etmek için çoklu testlerden oluşan tanısal bir değerlendirme yöntemidir. Ürodinami, idrarda yanma, kanama, ağrı gibi sorunlara neden olabilmektedir. Bu sorunlar dışında hastanın mesanesine, rektum veya vajinasına kateter yerleştirilmesi, işlemin invaziv ve travmatize edici bir yöntem olması, işlem esnasında idrarını yabancı bir kişinin yanında yapma, test boyunca idrar yapma durumunun gözlenmesi gibi nedenlerden dolayı hastalar utanma, rahatsızlık, gerginlik, anksiyete ve stres yaşayabilmektedir. Ürodinami sırasında hastanın stres düzeyindeki artış, sempatik sinir sistemini uyararak mesane kapasitesini düşürebilmekte ve hastanın ürodinami sonuçlarını etkileyebilmektedir. Ürodinami işlemi sırasında hastanın ağrı ve anksiyetesini azaltmaya yönelik birçok farmakolojik ve farmakolojik olmayan girişimler uygulanmaktadır. Aromaterapi, invaziv girişim öncesi anksiyetesi olan hastalarda tercih edilen farmakolojik olmayan bir uygulamadır. Aromaterapi, farmasötik yöntemlerle kıyaslandığında; basit, ucuz, invaziv olmayan ve uygulaması kolay bir yöntemdir. Hemşirelik biliminde esansiyel yağların kullanılması, hemşirelik felsefesini, teorilerini ve etiğini yansıtmaktadır. Bu bağlamda konforu sağlamada, stresle başa çıkmada, ağrı ve anksiyeteyi azaltmada aromaterapinin holistik bir hemşirelik girişimi olarak kullanılabileceği belirtilmiştir. Klinik aromaterapi, hemşirelik bilimine olduğu kadar, sanatına da katkı verdiği için hemşireliği güçlendirmektedir. Ancak aromaterapinin hemşirelik uygulamalarındaki önemli eksikliği bu alandaki bilimsel çalışmaların kanıt düzeyi yüksek çalışmalara henüz dönüşememiş olmasıdır. Bu derlemenin amacı, ürodinami işlemi sırasında hastaların yaşadıkları olumsuz duyguların azaltılmasında aromaterapinin kullanımı ve hemşirelerin sorumluluklarını güncel literatür eşliğinde aktarmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ürodinami
• Aromaterapi
• Anksiyete
• Hemşire

EFFECT OF AROMATHERAPY ON THE CONTROL OF URODYNAMIC PAIN AND ANXIETY

Öz

Urodynamics is a diagnostic evaluation method consisting of multiple tests to obtain physiological data about the function of the lower urinary tract during filling and emptying of the bladder. It can cause problems such as urodynamics, burning in urination, bleeding and pain. Apart from these problems, patients may experience embarrassment, discomfort, tension, anxiety and stress due to reasons such as placing a catheter in the patient’s bladder, rectum or vagina, the procedure being an invasive and traumatizing method, urinating in the presence of a stranger during the procedure, and observing the urination status during the test. The increase in the patient’s stress level during urodynamics may decrease the bladder capacity by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system and may affect the patient’s urodynamic results.To reduce the patient’s pain and anxiety during the urodynamic proceduremany pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventionsis implemented. Aromatherapy is a preferred non-pharmacological practice in patients with anxiety before invasive procedures. When aromatherapy is compared to pharmaceutical methods; It is a simple, inexpensive, non-invasive and easy- to-apply method. The use of essential oils in nursing science reflects nursing philosophy, theories and ethics. In this context, it has been stated that aromatherapy can be used as a holistic nursing intervention in providing comfort, coping with stress, and reducing pain and anxiety. Clinical aromatherapy strengthens nursing as it contributes to the art of nursing as well as to the science of nursing. However, the important deficiency of aromatherapy in nursing practices is that scientific studies in this field have not yet turned into studies with a high level of evidence. This the purpose of this review is to convey the use of aromatherapy in reducing the negative emotions experienced by patients during the urodynamic procedure and the responsibilities of nurses in the light of current literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Urodynamics
• Aromatherapy
• Anxiety
• Nurse

Kaynakça

1. Aksoy, G. (2020). Cerrahi ve Cerrahi Hemşireliği. Güler Aksoy, Nevin Kanan, Neriman Akyolcu (Ed.), Cerrahi Hem¬şireliği I (s.1-38). İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
2. Altun Uğraş, G., Yıldırım, G., Yüksel, S., Öztürkçü, Y., Kuzdere, M., Öztekin, S.D. (2018). The effect of different types of music on patients preoperative anxiety: A randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 31, 158-163. Ayik, C., Özden, D. (2018). The effects of preoperative aromatherapy massage on anxiety and sleep quality of colorectal surgery patients: A randomized controlled study. Complement Ther Med, 36:93-99.
3. Babashahi, M., Fayazi, S., Aghel, N., Haghighizade, M.H. (2010). Effects of inhalation aromatherapy on anxiety level of patients before surgery. J Med Sci, 9, 507–516.
4. Baltacı, N., Deniz H.T. (2019). Tamamlayıcı ve bütünleşik bir bakım uygulaması: Aromaterapi. International Social Sciences Journal, 5(32), 1802-9.
5. Bikmoradi, A., Seifi, Z., Poorolajal., Araghchian, M., Safiaryan, R., Khodayar, O. (2015). Effect of inhalation aromat¬herapy with lavender essential oil on stress and vital signs in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: A single-blinded randomized clinical trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 23, 331-338.
6. Beylikoğlu, A., Arslan, S. (2019).Effect of lavnder oil on the anxiety of patients before breast surgery. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing, 34(3), 587-593.
7. Bilgiç, Ş. (2017). Hemşirelikte holistik bir uygulama: Aromaterapi. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi, 5(3), 134-141.
8. Bradley, C.S., Nygaard, I.E., Torner, J.C., Hillis, S.L., Johnson, S., Sadler, A.G. (2014). Overactive bladder and mental health symptoms in recently deployed female veterans. J Urol. 191(5), 1327-32.

9. Bulut, E., Çilingir, D. (2020). Ameliyat sürecindeki semptomların kontrolünde aromaterapinin kullanımı. Koç Üni¬versitesi Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 17 (Ek sayı), 115-20.
10. Darzi Babatabar, H., Vahedian-Azimi, A., Ghasemi, S., Ebadi, A., Sathyapalan, T., Sahebkar, A. (2020). The effect of aromatherapy with rose and lavender on anxiety, surgical site pain, and extubation time after open-heart surgery: A double-center randomized controlled trial. Phytother Res, 34(10), 2675-2684.
11. Davari, H., Ebrahimian, A., Rezayei, S., Tourdeh, M. (2021). Effect of lavender aromatherapy on sleep quality and physiological ındicators in patients after CABG surgery: A clinical trial study. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine: Peer-Reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 25(4), 429–43.
12. Demir, A. (2017). Ürodinamik çalışmalar. Cenk Gürbüz, Burhan Coşkun (Ed.), Pratik Ürodinami (s. 3-10). İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri.
13. Diri, M.A., Çetinkaya, F., Gül, M. (2019). The effects of listening to music on anxiety, pain, and satisfaction during urodynamic study: A randomized controlled trial. Urol Int, 103(4), 444-449.
14. Donelli, D., Antonelli, M., Bellinazzi, C., Gensini, G.F., Firenzuoli, F. (2019). Effects of lavender on anxiety: A systema¬tic review and meta-analysis. Phytomedicine, 65:153099.
15. Drake, M.J., Doumouchtsis, S.K., Hashim, H., Gammie, A. (2018). Fundamentals of urodynamic practice, based on Inter-national Continence society good urodynamic practices recommendations. Neurourol Urodyn, 37(S6), 50-60.
16. Eren, N.B., Öztunç, G. (2016). Sağlık çalışanlarında aromaterapinin stres ve anksiyete üzerine etkisi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(4), 107-111.
17. Farrar, A.J., Farrar, F.C. (2020). Clinical aromatherapy. Nurs Clin North Am, 55(4), 489-504.
18. Franco, L., Blanck, T.J.J., Dugan, K., Kline, R., Galotti, A., Granell, A.B., … & Majda, M. (2016). Both lavender fleur oil and unscented oil aromatherapy reduce preoperative anxiety in breast surgery patients: A randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 33, 243–249.
19. Gammie, A., Drake, M.J. (2018). The fundamentals of uroflowmetry practice, based on International Continence Society good urodynamic practices recommendations. Neurourol Urodyn, 37(S6), 44-49.
20. Ghavami, T., Kazeminia, M,, Rajati, F. (2022). The effect of lavender on stress in individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med, 68:102832.
21. Gnatta, J.R., Kurebayashi, L.F., Turrini, R.N., Silva, M.J. (2016). Aromatherapy and nursing: historical and theoretical conception. Rev Esc Enferm USP, 50(1), 130-6.
22. Hong, W.S., Ham, S.Y., Kim, T.W., Seo, J.S., Yang, S.K. (2007). Usefulness of a sonographic bladder scan for uroflow¬metry and the evaluation of the anxiety level associated with uroflowmetry. Korean J Urol, 48(6), 633-637.
23. Hosseini, S., Heydari, A., Vakili, M., Moghadam, S., Tazyky, S. (2016). Effect of lavender essence inhalation on the level of anxiety and blood cortisol in candidates for open-heart surgery. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 21(4), 397–401.
24. Hur, M.H., Song, J.A., Lee, J., Lee, M.S. (2014). Aromatherapy for stres reduction in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Maturitas, 79(4), 362-369.
25. İnci, S, Çetinkaya, F. 82022). Effect of aromatherapy on the anxiety of patients before coronary angiograph. Explore (NY), S1550-8307(22)00069-6.
26. Johnson, M. (2011). NOC and NIC linkages to NANDA-I Diagnoses. In: Johnson M, Moorhead S, Bulechek G, Butcher H, Maas M, Swanson E. (Third Edition.), NOC and NIC linkages to NANDA-I and clinical condition; Supporting critical reasoning and quality care. USA: Elsevier Mosby, 35-294.
27. Kang, H.J., Nam, E.S., Lee, Y., Kim, M. (2019). How strong is the evidence for the anxiolytic efficacy of lavender? Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci), 13(5), 295-305.
28. Karaman, T., Karaman, S., Doğru, S., Tapar, H., Şahin, A., Süren, M., …& Kaya, Z.(2016). Evaluating the efficacy of la¬vender aromatherapy on peripheral venous cannulation pain and anxiety: A prospective, randomized study. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 23, 64-68.
29. Karan, N.B. (2019). Influence of lavender oil inhalation on vital signs and anxiety: A randomized clinical trial. Physiology&Behavior, 211, 112676.
30. Khavari, R., Gu, C., Tran, A.C., Chan, R. (2016). Trained and dedicated staff appears to be the main factor in decrea¬sing anxiety and improving overall satisfaction during urodynamic testing: A prospective, randomized trial. Can Urol Assoc J, 10(5-6), 187-190.
31. Kim, M., Nam, E.S., Lee, Y., Kang, H.J. (2021). Effects of lavender on anxiety, depression, and physiological parame¬ters: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci), 279-290.
32. Kim, M.W., Yoo, Y.S., Cho, O.H., Jo, S.J. (2009). The effects of aroma inhalation therapy on anxiety and heart rate variability in the patients undergoing urodynamic study. J Korean Biol Nurs Sci, 1:32–41.
33. Kim, J.W., Kim, H.J., Park, Y.J., Kang, S.G., Park, J.Y., Bae, J.H., … & Oh, M.M. (2018). The effects of a heating pad on anxiety, pain, and distress during urodynamic study in the female patients with stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn, 37(3), 997-1001.
34. Kurtgöz, A., Kızıltepe Keskin, S.(2022). Türkiye’de aromaterapi uygulanarak yapılan lisansüstü randomize kontrollü hemşirelik çalışmalarının incelenmesi. Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer, 12(1), 123-129.
35. Lai, H., Gardner, V., Vetter, J., Andriole, G.L. (2015). Correlation between psychological stress levels and the severity of overactive bladder symptoms. BMC Urol, 15, 14.
36. Özdemir, H., Öztunç, G. (2013). Hemşirelik uygulamalarında aromaterapi, Türkiye Klinikleri Journal Nursing Science, 5(2), 98-104.
37. Özel, B.Z., Quevedo, A., Jung, C., Shirazi, F., Dancz, C.E. (2021). Lavender aromatherapy for anxiety and pain during multichannel urodynamics: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg, 27(11), 654-658.
38. Öztürk, E., Hamidi, N., Yıkılmaz, TN., Özcan, C., Başar, H. (2019). Effect of listening to music on patient anxiety and pain perception during urodynamic study: Randomized controlled trial. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms, 11, 39-42.
39. Rosier, P.F., Schaefer, W., Lose, G., Goldman, H.B., Guralnick, M., Eustice, S., … & Hashim, H. (2017). International continence society good urodynamic practices and terms 2016: Urodynamics, uroflowmetry, cystometry, and pressure-flow study. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 36(5), 1243-1260.
40. Sazawa, K., Kawada, S., Ogawa, Y (2022). Effects of nighttime lavender aromatherapy on mood and physiological indices of stress in healthy young females. J Phys Ther Sci, 4(7),n503-508.
41. Schäfer, W., Abrams, P., Liao, L., Mattiasson, A., Pesce , F.,… & Van Kerrebroeck, P. ( 2002). International Continence Society. Good urodynamic practices: uroflowmetry, filling cystometry, and pressure-flow studies. Neurourol Urodyn, 21(3):261-74.
42. Seol, G.H., Yun, H.L., Kang, P., Ji, H.Y., Park, M., Seek, S. (2013). Randomized controlled trial for salvia sclarea or la¬vandula angustifolia: Differential effects on blood pressure in female patients with urinary ıncontinence un¬dergoing urodynamic examination. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 19(7), 664-670.
43. Shim, J.S., Chae, J.Y., Kang, S.G., Bae, J.H., Kang, S.H., Park, H.S., … & Oh, M.M. (2017). Can listening to music decrease pain, anxiety, and stress during a urodynamic study? A randomized prospective trial focusing on gender differences. Urology, 104, 59-63.
44. Solomon, E.R., Ridgeway, B. (2016). İnterventions to decrease pain and anxiety in patients undergoing urodynamic testing: A randomized controlled trial. Neurourology and Urodynamic, 35(8), 975-979.
45. Stav, K., Siegel, Y.I., Beberashvili, I., Sella, H.Z., Zisman, A. (2016). Provision of information leaflet before urodynamic study reduces the pre-examination anxiety level. Neurourol Urodyn, 35(7), 805-808.
46. Suskind, A.M., Clemens, J.Q., Kaufman, S.R., Stoffel, J.T., Oldendorf, A., Malaeb, B.S., Cameron, A.P. (2015). Patient per-ceptions of physical and emotional discomfort related to urodynamic testing: A questionnaire-based study in men and women with and without neurologic conditions. Urology, 85(3), 547-551.
47. Toda, M., Matsuse, R. (2020). Endocrinological effect of lavender aromatherapy on stressful visual stimuli. Con¬temp Clin Trials Commun, 25(17), 100547.
48. Warda, H., Hacker, M.R., Haviland, M.J., Hota, L.S. (2019). A telephone call to decrease patient anxiety before urod¬ynamic testing: A randomized controlled trial. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg, 25(5), 378-382.
49. West, E.G., Sellers, D.J., Chess Williams. R., McDermott, C.(2020). Voiding behavior and efferent bladder function altered in mice following social defeat but not witness trauma. Front Physiol, 11, 247.
50. Yağmur, İ. (2016). Ürodinami donanımı. Çocuk Cerrahisi Dergisi, 30(6), 559-564.
51. Yiou, R., Audureau, E., Loche, C.M., Dussaud, M., Lingombet, O., Binhas, M. (2015). Comprehensive evaluation of embarrassment and pain associated with invasive urodynamics. Neurourol Urodyn, 34(2), 156-60.
52. Zhang, N., Yao, L. (2019). Anxiolytic effect of essential oils and their constituents: A review. J Agric Food Chem, 67(50), 13790-13808.
53. Zhang, N., Zhang, L., Feng, L., Yao, L. (2016). The anxiolytic effect of essential oil of Cananga odorata exposure on mice and determination of its major active constituents. Phytomedicine, 15, 23(14), 1727-1734. .