THE EFFECTS OF ASTAXANTHIN ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Öz

Astaxanthin is an antioxidant carotenoid abundant in the shells of crustaceans, salmon, trout, and other marine organisms. In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, astaxanthin has been proven to have a considerable impact on the neurological system. Astaxanthin exhibits these effects by modulating inflammation, suppressing oxidative stress, showing antioxidant effects, and suppressing neuronal apoptosis. In addition to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, astaxanthin has the potential to be used in the prophylaxis and treatment of neurological disorders due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Astaxanthin's commercial availability, lack of side effects, protective and therapeutic properties on the nervous system suggest that it may be a promising option in the future. In this review, information about the role of astaxanthin in the nervous system and its effects on neurological disorders are summarized.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Astaxanthin
• Antioxidant
• Neurological disorders
• Neuroprotective

Astaksantinin Sinir Sistemi Üzerindeki Etkileri

Öz

Astaksantin, kabuklular, somon, alabalık ve diğer deniz organizmalarının kabuklarında bol miktarda bulunan bir antioksidan karotenoiddir. Astaksantinin nörolojik sistem üzerinde önemli etkiler gösterdiği gerek in vivo gerekse de in vitro çalışmalar sonucunda kanıtlanmıştır. Astaksantin anılan bu etkilerini, inflamasyonu modüle ederek, oksidatif stresi baskılayarak, antioksidan etki göstererek ve nöronal apoptozu baskılayarak sergilemektedir. Antioksidan, anti-inflamatuar ve anti-apoptotik niteliklerinin yanı sıra astaksantin kan-beyin bariyerini geçebilmesi nedeniyle nörolojik bozuklukların profilaksisinde ve tedavisinde kullanılma potansiyeline sahiptir. Astaksantinin ticari olarak bulunabilirliği, yan etkisinin olmayışı, sinir sistemi üzerindeki koruyucu ve tedavi edici nitelikleri, gelecekte umut vadeden bir seçenek olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Bu derlemede, astaksantinin sinir sistemindeki rolü ve nörolojik bozukluklardaki etkileri hakkında bilgiler özetlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Astaksantin
• Antioksidan
• Nörolojik bozukluklar
• Nöroprotektif

Kaynakça

1. Abdulqader, Y. A. Y., Kawy, H. S. A., Alkreathy, H. M., & Rajeh, N. A. (2021). The potential antiepileptic activity of astaxanthin in epileptic rats treated with valproic acid. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 29(5), 418-426.
2. Adetunji, C. O., Akram, M., Mtewa, A. G., Jeevanandam, J., Egbuna, C., Ogodo, A. C., ... & Olatunde, A. (2021). Biochemical and pharmacotherapeutic potentials of lycopene in drug discovery. In Preparation of Phytopharmaceuticals for the Management of Disorders (pp. 307-360). Academic Press.
3. Ambati, R.R.; Phang, S.M.; Ravi, S.; Aswathanarayana, R.G. (2014). Astaxanthin: Sources, extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial applications—A review. Marine Drugs, 12, 128–152.
4. Babalola, J. A., Lang, M., George, M., Stracke, A., Tadic, J., Madeo, F., ... & Panzenboeck, U. (2021). Astaxanthin enhances LRP1‐modulated insulin sensitivity and amyloid beta clearance in an in vitro blood‐brain barrier model. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 17, e053736.
5. Baralic, I., Andjelkovic, M., Djordjevic, B., Dikic, N., Radivojevic, N., Suzin-Zivkovic, V., ... & Pejic, S. (2015). Effect of astaxanthin supplementation on salivary IgA, oxidative stress, and inflammation in young soccer players. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015:783761.
6. Bidaran, S., Ahmadi, A. R., Yaghmaei, P., Sanati, M. H., & Ebrahim-Habibi, A. (2018). Astaxanthin effectiveness in preventing multiple sclerosis in animal model. Bratislavske Lekarske Listy, 119(3), 160-166.
7. Chew, B. P., Mathison, B. D., Hayek, M. G., Massimino, S., Reinhart, G. A., & Park, J. S. (2011). Dietary astaxanthin enhances immune response in dogs. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 140(3- 4), 199-206.
8. Choi, S. K., Park, Y. S., Choi, D. K., & Chang, H. I. (2008). Effects of astaxanthin on the production of NO and the expression of COX-2 and iNOS in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18(12), 1990-1996.

9. Fakhri, S., Abbaszadeh, F., Dargahi, L., & Jorjani, M. (2018). Astaxanthin: A mechanistic review on its biological activities and health benefits. Pharmacological Research, 136, 1-20.
10. Fakhri, S., Yosifova Aneva, I., Farzaei, M. H., & Sobarzo-Sánchez, E. (2019). The neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin: therapeutic targets and clinical perspective. Molecules, 24(14), 2640.
11. Focsan, A. L., Polyakov, N. E., & Kispert, L. D. (2021). Carotenoids: Importance in Daily Life-Insight Gained from EPR and ENDOR. Applied Magnetic Resonance, 52(8), 1093-1112.
12. Grimmig, B., Kim, S. H., Nash, K., Bickford, P. C., Douglas Shytle, R. (2017). Neuroprotective mechanisms of astaxanthin: a potential therapeutic role in preserving cognitive function in age and neurodegeneration. GeroScience, 39, 19–32.
13. Grimmig, B., Daly, L., Hudson, C., Nash, K. R., & Bickford, P. C. (2017). Astaxanthin attenuates neurotoxicity in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 7(8), 562-576.
14. Higuera-Ciapara, I., Felix-Valenzuela, L., & Goycoolea, F. M. (2006). Astaxanthin: a review of its chemistry and applications. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 46(2), 185-196.
15. Ito, N., Saito, H., Seki, S., Ueda, F., & Asada, T. (2018). Effects of composite supplement containing astaxanthin and sesamin on cognitive functions in people with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 62(4), 1767-1775.
16. Ji, X., Peng, D., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Gao, Y., Lu, N. & Tang, P. (2017). Astaxanthin improves cognitive performance in mice following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Research, 1659, 88-95.
17. Lotfi, A., Soleimani, M., & Ghasemi, N. (2021). Astaxanthin Reduces Demyelination and Oligodendrocytes Death in A Rat Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Cell Journal, 22(4), 565–571.
18. Lu, Y. P., Liu, S. Y., Sun, H., Wu, X. M., Li, J. J., & Zhu, L. (2010). Neuroprotective effect of astaxanthin on H2O2-induced neurotoxicity in vitro and on focal cerebral ischemia in vivo. Brain Research, 1360, 40- 48.
19. Lu, Y., Xie, T., He, X. X., Mao, Z. F., Jia, L. J., Wang, W. P., ... & Liu, L. M. (2015). Astaxanthin rescues neuron loss and attenuates oxidative stress induced by amygdala kindling in adult rat hippocampus. Neuroscience Letters, 597, 49-53.
20. Manabe, Y., Komatsu, T., Seki, S., & Sugawara, T. (2018). Dietary astaxanthin can accumulate in the brain of rats. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 82(8), 1433-1436.
21. Masoudi, A., Dargahi, L., Abbaszadeh, F., Pourgholami, M. H., Asgari, A., Manoochehri, M., & Jorjani, M. (2017). Neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Behavioural Brain Research, 329, 104-110.
22. Osterlie, M., Bjerkeng, B., and Liaaen-Jensen, S. 1999. Accumulation of astaxanthin all E, 9z and 13z geometrical isomers and 3 and 3′ optical isomers in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is selective. Journal of Nutrition, 2, 391–398.
23. Pan, L., Zhou, Y., Li, X. F., Wan, Q. J., & Yu, L. H. (2017). Preventive treatment of astaxanthin provides neuroprotection through suppression of reactive oxygen species and activation of antioxidant defense pathway after stroke in rats. Brain Research Bulletin, 130, 211-220.
24. Seabra, L. M. A. J., & Pedrosa, L. F. C. (2010). Astaxanthin: structural and functional aspects. Revista de Nutrição, 23(6), 1041-1050.
25. Sharma, K., Sharma, D., Sharma, M., Sharma, N., Bidve, P., Prajapati, N., ... & Tiwari, V. (2018). Astaxanthin ameliorates behavioral and biochemical alterations in in-vitro and in-vivo model of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience Letters, 674, 162-170.
26. Sifi, N., Martin-Eauclaire, M. F., & Laraba-Djebari, F. (2016). K+ channel blocker-induced neuroinflammatory response and neurological disorders: immunomodulatory effects of astaxanthin. Inflammation Research, 65(8), 623-634.
27. Urich, K. 1994. Comparative Animal Biochemistry. Springer Verlag. Germany. Wu, H., Niu, H., Shao, A., Wu, C., Dixon, B. J., Zhang, J., Yang, S. & Wang, Y. (2015). Astaxanthin as a potential neuroprotective agent for neurological diseases. Marine Drugs, 13(9), 5750-5766.
28. Yang, B. B., Zou, M., Zhao, L., & Zhang, Y. K. (2021). Astaxanthin attenuates acute cerebral infarction via Nrf- 2/HO-1 pathway in rats. Current Research in Translational Medicine, 69(2), 103271.
29. Yuan, J.P.; Peng, J.; Yin, K.; Wang, J.H. (2011). Potential health-promoting effects of astaxanthin: A high-value carotenoid mostly from microalgae. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 55, 150–165.
30. Zhang, X. S., Zhang, X., Wu, Q., Li, W., Wang, C. X., Xie, G. B., Zhou, X. M., Shi, J. X., Zhou, M. L. (2014). Astaxanthin offers neuroprotection and reduces neuroinflammation in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Surgery and Research, 192(1), 206-213.
31. Zhang, M., Cui, Z., Cui, H., Cao, Y., Wang, Y., & Zhong, C. (2016). Astaxanthin alleviates cerebral edema by modulating NKCC1 and AQP4 expression after traumatic brain injury in mice. BMC Neuroscience, 17(1), 1-9.
32. Zhou, X., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Cui, L., Wu, K., & Luo, H. (2021). Astaxanthin inhibits microglia M1 activation against inflammatory injury triggered by lipopolysaccharide through down-regulating miR-31-5p. Life Sciences, 267, 118943.
33. Zuluaga, M., Gueguen, V., Letourneur, D., & Pavon-Djavid, G. (2018). Astaxanthin-antioxidant impact on excessive Reactive Oxygen Species generation induced by ischemia and reperfusion injury. Chemico- biological Interactions, 279, 145-158.