Amaç:Bu araştırmanın amacı, üniversite öğrencilerinde COVID-19 okuryazarlığı etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesidir.
Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel tipte olan araştırmaya, Aralık 2021-Mayıs 2022 tarihleri arasında, bir devlet üniversitesinin fakülte ve yüksekokullarında öğrenim gören 506 lisans öğrencisi katılmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak, Sosyo-Demografik Bilgi Formu, COVID-19 Okuryazarlık Ölçeği ve Yetişkin Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Veriler yüzdelik, ortalama, Man Whitney U testi, pearson korelasyon ve çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi kullanılarak analiz edilmiş ve p<0.05 olan değerler anlamlı kabul edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen öğrencilerin %64.4’ü kadın, yaş ortalamaları 21.00±3.09’dir. Öğrencilerin %21.7’si COVID-19 geçirmiştir. Katılımcıların COVID-19 Okuryazarlık Ölçeği puan ortalaması 101.13±13.60 (min=27 max=115), Yetişkin Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği puan ortalamaları 14.70±3.06 (min=4, max=22)’dir. Bu çalışmada kadınların ve sağlıkla ilgili bölümde okuyanların COVID-19 okuryazarlığı puanları istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Cinsiyet, bölüm ve Yetişkin Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçek puanı değişkenlerinin öğrencilerin COVID-19 okuryazarlık puanını %12 oranında yordadığı belirlenmiştir.
Sonuçlar ve Öneriler: Bu çalışma sonucunda öğrencilerin COVID-19 okuryazarlıklarının cinsiyet, bölüm ve sağlık okuryazarlığı değişkenlerinden etkilendiği belirlenmiştir.
Alahdal, H., Basingab, F., & Alotaibi, R. (2020). An analytical study on the awareness, attitude and practice during the COVID-19 pandemic in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health, 13(10), 1446-1452. https://doi.org//10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.015
Aldowyan, N., Abdallah, A.S., & El-Gharabawy, R.M. (2017). Knowledge, attitude and practice (kap) study about Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERSCoV) among population in Saudi Arabia. International Archives of Medicine, 10(254), 1-12. https://doi.org//10.3823/2524
Al-Hanawi, M.K., Angawi, K., Alshareef, N., Qattan, A.M.N., Helmy, H.Z., Abudawood, Y., Alqurashi, M., Kattan, W.M., Kadasah, N.A., Chirwa, G.C., & Alsharqi, O. (2020). Knowledge, attitude and practice toward COVID-19 among the public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Front. Public Health, 8, 217. https://doi.org//10.3389/fpubh.2020.00217
Al-Mohrej, O.A., Al-Shirian, S.D., Al-Otaibi, S.K., Tamim, H.M., Masuadi, E.M., & Fakhoury, H.M. (2016). Is the Saudi public aware of Middle East respiratory syndrome? J Infect Public Health, 9, 259–66. https://doi.org//10.1016/j.jiph.2015.10.003 24
Archila, P.A., Danies, G., Molina, J., de Mejía, A.M.T., & Restrepo, S. (2021). Towards covid 19 literacy ınvestigating the literacy levels of university students in Colombia. Sci Educ (Dordr), 30(4), 785-808. https://doi.org//10.1007/s11191-021-00222-1
Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., & Lui, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society. Lancet, 395(10224), e37-e38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(20)30309-3
Fauzi, A., Husamah, H., Miharja, F.J., Fatmawati, D., Permana, T.I., & Hudha, A.M. (2020). Exploring Covid-19 literacy level among biology teacher candidates. EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed, 16(7), em1864. https://doi.org//10.29333/ejmste/8270
Galasso, V., Pons, V., Profeta, P., Becher, M., Brouard, S., & Foucault, M. (2020). Gender differences in COVID-19 attitudes and behavior: Panel evidence from eight countries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 117(44), 27285-27291. https://doi.org// 10.1073/pnas.2012520117
Gallè, F., Sabella, E.A., Molin, G.D., Giglio, O.D., Caggiano, G., Onofrio, V.D., Ferracuti, S., Montagna, M.T., Liguori, G., Orsi, G.B., & Napoli, C. (2020). Understanding knowledge and behaviors related to CoViD–19 epidemic in Italian undergraduate students: The EPICO study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(10), 3481. https://doi.org//10.3390/ijerph17103481
Kesumawati, R., Ibrahim, K., & Witdiawati, W. (2019). Literasi kesehatan orang dengan HIV/AIDS. J Pendidik Keperawatan Indones, 5(1), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpki.v5i1.15533
Lai, C.C., Wang, C.Y., Wang, Y.H., Hsueh, S.C., Ko, W.C., & Hsueh, P.R. (2020). Global epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): disease incidence, daily cumulative index, mortality, and their association with country healthcare resources and economic status. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 55(4), 105946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105946
McCaffery, K.J., Dodd, R.H., Cvejic, E., Ayre, J., Batcup, C., Isautier, J.M.J., Copp, T., Bonner, C., Pickles, K., Nickel, B., Dakin, T., Cornell, S., & Wolf, M.S. (2020). Disparities in COVID-19 related knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours by health literacy. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.03.20121814
Naveed, M.A., & Shaukat, R. (2022). Health literacy predicts Covid-19 awareness and protective behaviours of university students. Health Info Libr J, 39(1), 46-58. https://doi.org// 10.1111/hir.12404
Nguyen, H.C., Nguyen, M.H., Do, B.N., Tran, C.Q., Nguyen, T.T.P., Pham, K.M., Pham, L.V., Tran, K.V., Duong, T.T., Tran, T.V., Duong, T.H., Nguyen, T.T., Nguyen, Q.H., Hoang, T.M., Nguyen, K.T., Pham, T.T.M., Yang, S.H., Chao, J.C.J., & Duong, T.V. (2020a). People with suspected COVID-19 symptoms were more likely depressed and had lower health-related quality of life: The potential benefit of health literacy. J Clin Med, 9(4), 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9040965
Nguyen, H.T., Do, B.N., Pham, K.M., Kim, G.B., Dam, H.T.B., Nguyen, T.T., Nguyen, T.T.P., Nguyen, Y.H., Sørensen, K., Pleasant, A., & Duong, T.V. (2020b). Fear of COVID-19 scale-associations of ıts scores with health literacy and health-related behaviors among medical students. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(11), 4164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114164
Okan, O., Bollweg, T.M., Berens, E.M., Hurrelmann, K., Bauer, U., & Schaeffer, D. (2020). Coronavirus-related health literacy: A cross-sectional study in adults during the covid-19 infodemic in Germany. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(15), 5503. https://doi.org// 10.3390/ijerph17155503
Okan, O., Lopes, E., Bollweg, T.M., Bröder, J., Messer, M., Bruland, D., Bond, E., Carvalho, G.S., Sørensen, K., Nunes, L.S., Zamir, D.L., Sahrai, D., Bittlingmayer, U.H., Pelikan, J.M., Thomas, M., Bauer, U., & Pinheiro, P. (2018). Generic health literacy measurement instruments for children and adolescents: A systematic review of the literature. BMC Public Health, 18, 166. https://doi.org//10.1186/s12889-018-5054-0
Öztürk, F.Ö., & Tezel, A. (2022). Health literacy and COVID-19 awareness among preservice primary school teachers and influencing factors in Turkey. J Sch Health, 92(12), 1128- 1136. https://doi.org//10.1111/josh.13231
Paakkari, L., & Okan, O. (2020). COVID-19: health literacy is an underestimated problem. Lancet Public Health, 5(5), e249-e250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30086-4
Riiser, K., Helseth, S., Haraldstad, K., Torbjørnsen, A., & Richardsen, K.R. (2020). Adolescents’ health literacy, health protective measures, and health-related quality of life during the Covid-19 pandemic. PLoS One, 15(8), e0238161. https://doi.org//10.1371/ journal.pone.0238161
Rosenbaum, L. (2020). The untold toll The pandemic’s effects on patients without Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 382(24), 2368-2371. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMms2009984
Sezer, A., & Kadıoğlu, H. (2014). Yetişkin sağlık okuryazarlığı ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(3), 165-170.
Shaukat, R., Asghar, A., & Naveed, M.A. (2021). Impact of health literacy on fear of Covid-19, protective behavior, and conspiracy beliefs: University students’ perspective. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 4620. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8650&context=libphilprac
Sørensen, K., Van den Broucke, S., Fullam, J., Doyle, G., Pelikan, J., & Slonska, Z. (2020). Disaster literacy and public health: A systematic review and ıntegration of definitions and models. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. BMC Public Health, 12(80), 1471–2458. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.100
World Health Organization. (2022). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. Erişim tarihi: 07.12.2022. Erişim linki: https://covid19.who.int/
Xu, Z., Li, S., Tian, S., Li, H., & Kong, L.Q. (2020). Full spectrum of COVID-19 severity still being depicted. Lancet, 395(10228), 947-948. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30308-1.
Yanti, B., Wahyudi, E., Wahiduddin, W., Novika, R.G.H., Arina, Y.M.D., Martani, N.S., & Nawan. (2020). Community knowledge, attitudes, and behavior towards social distancing policy as prevention transmission of COVID-19 in Indonesia. Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia, 8(1), 4–14. https://doi.org//10.20473/jaki.v8i2.2020.4-14.
Zarocostas, J. (2020). How to fight an infodemic. Lancet, 395(10225), 676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30461-X
COVID-19 Literacy And Influencing Factors In University Students: A Case Study At A State University
Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting COVID-19 literacy in university students.
Method: The descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2021 and May 2022 among 506 undergraduate students studying at the faculties and colleges of a state university. Socio-Demographic Information Form, COVID-19 Literacy Scale and Adult Health Literacy Scale were used as data collection tools. The data were analyzed using percentage, mean, Man Whitney U test, Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis and p<0.05 values were considered significant.
Results: In the study, 64.4% of the students were women, and the average age was 21.00±3.09 years. Additionally, 21.7% of the students had experienced COVID-19. The mean COVID-19 Literacy Scale score of the participants was 101.13±13.60 (min=27 max=115) and the mean Adult Health Literacy Scale score was 14.70±3.06 (min=4, max=22). In this study, the COVID-19 literacy scores of women and those studying in health-related departments were found to be statistically significantly higher (p<0.05). It was determined that gender, department and Adult Health Literacy Scale score variables predicted students' COVID-19 literacy score by 12%.
Conclusions and Suggestions: As a result of this study, it was determined that students' COVID-19 literacy was affected by gender, department and health literacy variables.
Alahdal, H., Basingab, F., & Alotaibi, R. (2020). An analytical study on the awareness, attitude and practice during the COVID-19 pandemic in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health, 13(10), 1446-1452. https://doi.org//10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.015
Aldowyan, N., Abdallah, A.S., & El-Gharabawy, R.M. (2017). Knowledge, attitude and practice (kap) study about Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERSCoV) among population in Saudi Arabia. International Archives of Medicine, 10(254), 1-12. https://doi.org//10.3823/2524
Al-Hanawi, M.K., Angawi, K., Alshareef, N., Qattan, A.M.N., Helmy, H.Z., Abudawood, Y., Alqurashi, M., Kattan, W.M., Kadasah, N.A., Chirwa, G.C., & Alsharqi, O. (2020). Knowledge, attitude and practice toward COVID-19 among the public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Front. Public Health, 8, 217. https://doi.org//10.3389/fpubh.2020.00217
Al-Mohrej, O.A., Al-Shirian, S.D., Al-Otaibi, S.K., Tamim, H.M., Masuadi, E.M., & Fakhoury, H.M. (2016). Is the Saudi public aware of Middle East respiratory syndrome? J Infect Public Health, 9, 259–66. https://doi.org//10.1016/j.jiph.2015.10.003 24
Archila, P.A., Danies, G., Molina, J., de Mejía, A.M.T., & Restrepo, S. (2021). Towards covid 19 literacy ınvestigating the literacy levels of university students in Colombia. Sci Educ (Dordr), 30(4), 785-808. https://doi.org//10.1007/s11191-021-00222-1
Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., & Lui, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society. Lancet, 395(10224), e37-e38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(20)30309-3
Fauzi, A., Husamah, H., Miharja, F.J., Fatmawati, D., Permana, T.I., & Hudha, A.M. (2020). Exploring Covid-19 literacy level among biology teacher candidates. EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed, 16(7), em1864. https://doi.org//10.29333/ejmste/8270
Galasso, V., Pons, V., Profeta, P., Becher, M., Brouard, S., & Foucault, M. (2020). Gender differences in COVID-19 attitudes and behavior: Panel evidence from eight countries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 117(44), 27285-27291. https://doi.org// 10.1073/pnas.2012520117
Gallè, F., Sabella, E.A., Molin, G.D., Giglio, O.D., Caggiano, G., Onofrio, V.D., Ferracuti, S., Montagna, M.T., Liguori, G., Orsi, G.B., & Napoli, C. (2020). Understanding knowledge and behaviors related to CoViD–19 epidemic in Italian undergraduate students: The EPICO study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(10), 3481. https://doi.org//10.3390/ijerph17103481
Kesumawati, R., Ibrahim, K., & Witdiawati, W. (2019). Literasi kesehatan orang dengan HIV/AIDS. J Pendidik Keperawatan Indones, 5(1), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpki.v5i1.15533
Lai, C.C., Wang, C.Y., Wang, Y.H., Hsueh, S.C., Ko, W.C., & Hsueh, P.R. (2020). Global epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): disease incidence, daily cumulative index, mortality, and their association with country healthcare resources and economic status. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 55(4), 105946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105946
McCaffery, K.J., Dodd, R.H., Cvejic, E., Ayre, J., Batcup, C., Isautier, J.M.J., Copp, T., Bonner, C., Pickles, K., Nickel, B., Dakin, T., Cornell, S., & Wolf, M.S. (2020). Disparities in COVID-19 related knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours by health literacy. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.03.20121814
Naveed, M.A., & Shaukat, R. (2022). Health literacy predicts Covid-19 awareness and protective behaviours of university students. Health Info Libr J, 39(1), 46-58. https://doi.org// 10.1111/hir.12404
Nguyen, H.C., Nguyen, M.H., Do, B.N., Tran, C.Q., Nguyen, T.T.P., Pham, K.M., Pham, L.V., Tran, K.V., Duong, T.T., Tran, T.V., Duong, T.H., Nguyen, T.T., Nguyen, Q.H., Hoang, T.M., Nguyen, K.T., Pham, T.T.M., Yang, S.H., Chao, J.C.J., & Duong, T.V. (2020a). People with suspected COVID-19 symptoms were more likely depressed and had lower health-related quality of life: The potential benefit of health literacy. J Clin Med, 9(4), 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9040965
Nguyen, H.T., Do, B.N., Pham, K.M., Kim, G.B., Dam, H.T.B., Nguyen, T.T., Nguyen, T.T.P., Nguyen, Y.H., Sørensen, K., Pleasant, A., & Duong, T.V. (2020b). Fear of COVID-19 scale-associations of ıts scores with health literacy and health-related behaviors among medical students. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(11), 4164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114164
Okan, O., Bollweg, T.M., Berens, E.M., Hurrelmann, K., Bauer, U., & Schaeffer, D. (2020). Coronavirus-related health literacy: A cross-sectional study in adults during the covid-19 infodemic in Germany. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(15), 5503. https://doi.org// 10.3390/ijerph17155503
Okan, O., Lopes, E., Bollweg, T.M., Bröder, J., Messer, M., Bruland, D., Bond, E., Carvalho, G.S., Sørensen, K., Nunes, L.S., Zamir, D.L., Sahrai, D., Bittlingmayer, U.H., Pelikan, J.M., Thomas, M., Bauer, U., & Pinheiro, P. (2018). Generic health literacy measurement instruments for children and adolescents: A systematic review of the literature. BMC Public Health, 18, 166. https://doi.org//10.1186/s12889-018-5054-0
Öztürk, F.Ö., & Tezel, A. (2022). Health literacy and COVID-19 awareness among preservice primary school teachers and influencing factors in Turkey. J Sch Health, 92(12), 1128- 1136. https://doi.org//10.1111/josh.13231
Paakkari, L., & Okan, O. (2020). COVID-19: health literacy is an underestimated problem. Lancet Public Health, 5(5), e249-e250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30086-4
Riiser, K., Helseth, S., Haraldstad, K., Torbjørnsen, A., & Richardsen, K.R. (2020). Adolescents’ health literacy, health protective measures, and health-related quality of life during the Covid-19 pandemic. PLoS One, 15(8), e0238161. https://doi.org//10.1371/ journal.pone.0238161
Rosenbaum, L. (2020). The untold toll The pandemic’s effects on patients without Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 382(24), 2368-2371. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMms2009984
Sezer, A., & Kadıoğlu, H. (2014). Yetişkin sağlık okuryazarlığı ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(3), 165-170.
Shaukat, R., Asghar, A., & Naveed, M.A. (2021). Impact of health literacy on fear of Covid-19, protective behavior, and conspiracy beliefs: University students’ perspective. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 4620. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8650&context=libphilprac
Sørensen, K., Van den Broucke, S., Fullam, J., Doyle, G., Pelikan, J., & Slonska, Z. (2020). Disaster literacy and public health: A systematic review and ıntegration of definitions and models. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. BMC Public Health, 12(80), 1471–2458. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.100
World Health Organization. (2022). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. Erişim tarihi: 07.12.2022. Erişim linki: https://covid19.who.int/
Xu, Z., Li, S., Tian, S., Li, H., & Kong, L.Q. (2020). Full spectrum of COVID-19 severity still being depicted. Lancet, 395(10228), 947-948. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30308-1.
Yanti, B., Wahyudi, E., Wahiduddin, W., Novika, R.G.H., Arina, Y.M.D., Martani, N.S., & Nawan. (2020). Community knowledge, attitudes, and behavior towards social distancing policy as prevention transmission of COVID-19 in Indonesia. Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia, 8(1), 4–14. https://doi.org//10.20473/jaki.v8i2.2020.4-14.
Zarocostas, J. (2020). How to fight an infodemic. Lancet, 395(10225), 676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30461-X
Sezer Balcı, A., & Öğüt Düzen, K. (2024). ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE COVID-19 OKURYAZARLIĞI VE ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER: BİR DEVLET ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖRNEĞİ. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.47115/jshs.1287709
AMA
Sezer Balcı A, Öğüt Düzen K. ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE COVID-19 OKURYAZARLIĞI VE ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER: BİR DEVLET ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖRNEĞİ. JSHS. Nisan 2024;9(1):51-62. doi:10.47115/jshs.1287709
Chicago
Sezer Balcı, Ayşe, ve Kerime Öğüt Düzen. “ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE COVID-19 OKURYAZARLIĞI VE ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER: BİR DEVLET ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖRNEĞİ”. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 9, sy. 1 (Nisan 2024): 51-62. https://doi.org/10.47115/jshs.1287709.
EndNote
Sezer Balcı A, Öğüt Düzen K (01 Nisan 2024) ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE COVID-19 OKURYAZARLIĞI VE ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER: BİR DEVLET ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖRNEĞİ. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 9 1 51–62.
IEEE
A. Sezer Balcı ve K. Öğüt Düzen, “ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE COVID-19 OKURYAZARLIĞI VE ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER: BİR DEVLET ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖRNEĞİ”, JSHS, c. 9, sy. 1, ss. 51–62, 2024, doi: 10.47115/jshs.1287709.
ISNAD
Sezer Balcı, Ayşe - Öğüt Düzen, Kerime. “ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE COVID-19 OKURYAZARLIĞI VE ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER: BİR DEVLET ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖRNEĞİ”. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 9/1 (Nisan 2024), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.47115/jshs.1287709.
JAMA
Sezer Balcı A, Öğüt Düzen K. ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE COVID-19 OKURYAZARLIĞI VE ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER: BİR DEVLET ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖRNEĞİ. JSHS. 2024;9:51–62.
MLA
Sezer Balcı, Ayşe ve Kerime Öğüt Düzen. “ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE COVID-19 OKURYAZARLIĞI VE ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER: BİR DEVLET ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖRNEĞİ”. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 51-62, doi:10.47115/jshs.1287709.
Vancouver
Sezer Balcı A, Öğüt Düzen K. ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE COVID-19 OKURYAZARLIĞI VE ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER: BİR DEVLET ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖRNEĞİ. JSHS. 2024;9(1):51-62.