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VEJETARYEN DİYETLERDE BESİN TÜKETİMLERİ VE BEDEN KÜTLE İNDEKSİ FARKLILIKLARI

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 965 - 986, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.47115/jshs.1101095

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma vegan ve diğer tiplerde vejetaryen beslenen yetişkinlerin beden kütle indeksi, besin desteği kullanımı ve besin tüketim miktar ve sıklıklarını incelemek amacıyla planlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Bu kesitsel çalışma Ağustos-Kasım 2021 tarihleri arasında, 108 vejetaryen bireyde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada çevrimiçi anket kullanılmıştır. Anketin birinci bölümü yaş, boy uzunluğu, vücut ağırlığı, cinsiyet gibi genel özellikler, ikinci bölümü ise vejetaryen/vegan beslenme tarzına ait sorular ve besin tüketim sıklık ve miktar sorularından oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılar vegan ve non-vegan (Lakto vejetaryen, Lakto-ovo vejetaryen, Semi vejetaryen, Pesko-pollo-vejetaryen) olarak değerlendirilmişlerdir.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılanların çoğunun kadın (%86), bekâr, yüksek gelir ve eğitim düzeyinde olduğu görülmektedir (p<0.05). Katılımcıların %50’si vegan, geri kalanların %23’ü lakto-ovo vejetaryendir. Beden kitle indeksleri açısından anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilmemiştir. Vejetaryen diyetleri tercih etmelerindeki en büyük sebep etik nedenlerdir (%82). Katılımcıların %55.6’sının B12, %40’ının D vitamini ve %14.8’inin demir desteği kullandığı tespit edilmiştir; veganların non-vegan gruba göre daha yüksek olarak (%63’e %48) B12 desteği kullandığı tespit edilmiş fakat fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır (p>0.05). Çalışmamızda non-veganlarda bitkisel süt, bitkisel kıyma, tofu ve soya ürünlerini hiç tüketmeyenlerin veganlardan daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). Katılımcıların vitamin ve mineral açısından zenginleştirilmiş alternatif süt ürünlerini nadir tükettikleri, çoğunlukla günlük olarak sebze ve meyve tükettikleri, kurubaklagil ve kuru yemişleri ise tahıllardan daha sık tükettikleri bulunmuştur.
Sonuçlar ve Öneriler: Katılımcıların çoğunlukla etik nedenlerle vejetaryen diyetleri seçtikleri, beslenme tiplerine göre beden kitle indekslerinde bir farklılık olmadığı fakat besin tüketimlerinde bir takım farklılıklar olduğu görülmüştür. Hiç hayvansal ürün tüketmeyen vegan bireylerin alternatif et ve süt ürünlerini de diğer tiplerden daha çok tükettiği bulunmuştur. Vejetaryen beslenme tiplerine yönelik farklı beslenme önerilerine ihtiyaç duyulabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Agrawal, S., Millett, C. J., Dhillon, P. K., Subramanian, S. V., & Ebrahim, S. (2014). Type of vegetarian diet, obesity and diabetes in adult Indian population. Nutrition journal, 13, 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-89
  • American Dietetic Association, & Dietitians of Canada (2003). Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103(6), 748–765. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50142
  • Appleby, P. N., Thorogood, M., Mann, J. I., & Key, T. J. (1998). Low body mass index in non-meat eaters: the possible roles of animal fat, dietary fibre and alcohol. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 22(5), 454–460. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0800607
  • Aubertin-Leheudre, M., & Adlercreutz, H. (2009). Relationship between animal protein intake and muscle mass index in healthy women. The British journal of nutrition, 102(12), 1803–1810. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509991310.
  • Balcı, T.N. (2018). Türkiye'de Yaşayan Vegan ve Vejetaryen Bireylere Özgü Besin Tüketim Sıklığı Anketi Geliştirilmesi. http://hdl.handle.net/11655/4656
  • Barnard, N. D., Levin, S. M., & Yokoyama, Y. (2015). A systematic review and meta-analysis of changes in body weight in clinical trials of vegetarian diets. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 115(6), 954–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.11.016
  • Baş, M., Karabudak, E., & Kiziltan, G. (2005). Vegetarianism and eating disorders: association between eating attitudes and other psychological factors among Turkish adolescents. Appetite, 44(3), 309–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2005.02.002
  • Benham, A., Gallegos, D., Hanna, K., & Hannan-Jones, M. (2021). Intake of vitamin B12 and other characteristics of women of reproductive age on a vegan diet in Australia. Public Health Nutrition, 24(14), 4397-4407. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021001695 Bennett, W. L., & Appel, L. J. (2016). Vegetarian Diets for Weight Loss: How Strong is the Evidence?. Journal of general internal medicine, 31(1), 9–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-015-3471-7
  • Besler, H.T., Rakıcıoğlu, N., Ayaz, A., Büyüktuncer Demirel, Z., Gökmen Özel, H., Eroğlu Samur, G. ve ark. Türkiye’ye özgü besin ve beslenme rehberi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü; 2015
  • Chan, J., Jaceldo-Siegl, K., & Fraser, G. E. (2009). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of vegetarians, partial vegetarians, and nonvegetarians: the Adventist Health Study-2. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 89(5), 1686S–1692S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736X
  • Cramer, H., Kessler, C. S., Sundberg, T., Leach, M. J., Schumann, D., Adams, J., & Lauche, R. (2017). Characteristics of Americans Choosing Vegetarian and Vegan Diets for Health Reasons. Journal of nutrition education and behavior, 49(7), 561–567.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2017.04.011
  • Crowe, F. L., Steur, M., Allen, N. E., Appleby, P. N., Travis, R. C., & Key, T. J. (2011). Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans: results from the EPIC-Oxford study. Public health nutrition, 14(2), 340–346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980010002454
  • Dagnelie PC, Mariotti F. 1 - Vegetarian Diets: Definitions and Pitfalls in Interpreting Literature on Health Effects of Vegetarianism. In: Mariotti F, editor. Vegetarian and Plant-Based Diets in Health and Disease Prevention: Academic Press; 2017. p. 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803968-7.00001-0
  • Davey, G. K., Spencer, E. A., Appleby, P. N., Allen, N. E., Knox, K. H., & Key, T. J. (2003). EPIC-Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. Public health nutrition, 6(3), 259–269. https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2002430
  • Dent, R., McPherson, R., & Harper, M. E. (2020). Factors affecting weight loss variability in obesity. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 113, 154388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154388
  • Dinu, M., Abbate, R., Gensini, G. F., Casini, A., & Sofi, F. (2017). Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 57(17), 3640–3649. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1138447
  • Elorinne, A. L., Alfthan, G., Erlund, I., Kivimäki, H., Paju, A., Salminen, I., Turpeinen, U., Voutilainen, S., & Laakso, J. (2016). Food and Nutrient Intake and Nutritional Status of Finnish Vegans and Non-Vegetarians. PloS one, 11(2), e0148235. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148235
  • Farmer B. (2014). Nutritional adequacy of plant-based diets for weight management: observations from the NHANES. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 100 Suppl 1, 365S–8S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.071308
  • Fraser G. E. (2009). Vegetarian diets: what do we know of their effects on common chronic diseases?. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 89(5), 1607S–1612S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736K
  • Gökçen, M., Aksoy, Y. Ç., & Özcan, B.A. (2019). Vegan beslenme tarzına genel bakış. Sağlık ve Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 50-54. https://doi.org/10.33308/2687248X.201912152
  • Hales, C. M., Carroll, M. D., Fryar, C. D., & Ogden, C. L. (2020). Prevalence of Obesity and Severe Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2017-2018. NCHS data brief, (360), 1–8.
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Food Consumption and Body Mass Index Differences in Vegetarian Diets

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 965 - 986, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.47115/jshs.1101095

Öz

Aim: This study was carried out to examine the body mass index, the use of dietary supplements, and food consumption amount and frequency of all types of vegetarian adults.
Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 108 vegetarian/vegan individuals between August-November 2021. An online questionnaire was used in the study. The first part of the questionnaire consists of questions on general characteristics such as age, height, weight and gender, and the second part consists of questions about the vegetarian/vegan diet and the frequency and amount of food consumption. Participants were evaluated as vegan and non-vegan (Lacto vegetarian, Lacto-ovo vegetarian, Semi-vegetarian, Pesco-pollo-vegetarian).
Results: It is seen that most of the participants were female (86%), single, have high income and education level (p<0.05). A total of 50% were vegan, and 23% were lacto-ovo vegetarian, and the most important reason for preferring vegetarian diets was ethical reasons (82%). No significant differences were found in body mass indexes. 55.6% of the participants used B12, 40% vitamin D and 14.8% iron supplements, and vegans used B12 supplementation at a higher rate (63% vs 48%) compared to the non-vegan group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). It was determined that non-vegans who did not consume vegetable milk, vegetable minced meat, tofu and soy products were higher than vegans (p<0.05). It was found that the participants rarely consumed alternative dairy products enriched with vitamins and minerals, mostly consumed vegetables and fruits on a daily basis, and consumed legumes and nuts more frequently than cereals.
Conclusions and Suggestions: It was observed that the participants mostly chose vegetarian diets for ethical reasons, there was no difference in body mass indexes according to nutrition types, but there were some differences in food consumption. It has been found that vegan individuals consume alternative meat and dairy products higher than other types. Different nutritional recommendations may be needed for vegetarian diets.

Kaynakça

  • Agrawal, S., Millett, C. J., Dhillon, P. K., Subramanian, S. V., & Ebrahim, S. (2014). Type of vegetarian diet, obesity and diabetes in adult Indian population. Nutrition journal, 13, 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-89
  • American Dietetic Association, & Dietitians of Canada (2003). Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103(6), 748–765. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50142
  • Appleby, P. N., Thorogood, M., Mann, J. I., & Key, T. J. (1998). Low body mass index in non-meat eaters: the possible roles of animal fat, dietary fibre and alcohol. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 22(5), 454–460. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0800607
  • Aubertin-Leheudre, M., & Adlercreutz, H. (2009). Relationship between animal protein intake and muscle mass index in healthy women. The British journal of nutrition, 102(12), 1803–1810. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509991310.
  • Balcı, T.N. (2018). Türkiye'de Yaşayan Vegan ve Vejetaryen Bireylere Özgü Besin Tüketim Sıklığı Anketi Geliştirilmesi. http://hdl.handle.net/11655/4656
  • Barnard, N. D., Levin, S. M., & Yokoyama, Y. (2015). A systematic review and meta-analysis of changes in body weight in clinical trials of vegetarian diets. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 115(6), 954–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.11.016
  • Baş, M., Karabudak, E., & Kiziltan, G. (2005). Vegetarianism and eating disorders: association between eating attitudes and other psychological factors among Turkish adolescents. Appetite, 44(3), 309–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2005.02.002
  • Benham, A., Gallegos, D., Hanna, K., & Hannan-Jones, M. (2021). Intake of vitamin B12 and other characteristics of women of reproductive age on a vegan diet in Australia. Public Health Nutrition, 24(14), 4397-4407. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021001695 Bennett, W. L., & Appel, L. J. (2016). Vegetarian Diets for Weight Loss: How Strong is the Evidence?. Journal of general internal medicine, 31(1), 9–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-015-3471-7
  • Besler, H.T., Rakıcıoğlu, N., Ayaz, A., Büyüktuncer Demirel, Z., Gökmen Özel, H., Eroğlu Samur, G. ve ark. Türkiye’ye özgü besin ve beslenme rehberi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü; 2015
  • Chan, J., Jaceldo-Siegl, K., & Fraser, G. E. (2009). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of vegetarians, partial vegetarians, and nonvegetarians: the Adventist Health Study-2. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 89(5), 1686S–1692S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736X
  • Cramer, H., Kessler, C. S., Sundberg, T., Leach, M. J., Schumann, D., Adams, J., & Lauche, R. (2017). Characteristics of Americans Choosing Vegetarian and Vegan Diets for Health Reasons. Journal of nutrition education and behavior, 49(7), 561–567.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2017.04.011
  • Crowe, F. L., Steur, M., Allen, N. E., Appleby, P. N., Travis, R. C., & Key, T. J. (2011). Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans: results from the EPIC-Oxford study. Public health nutrition, 14(2), 340–346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980010002454
  • Dagnelie PC, Mariotti F. 1 - Vegetarian Diets: Definitions and Pitfalls in Interpreting Literature on Health Effects of Vegetarianism. In: Mariotti F, editor. Vegetarian and Plant-Based Diets in Health and Disease Prevention: Academic Press; 2017. p. 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803968-7.00001-0
  • Davey, G. K., Spencer, E. A., Appleby, P. N., Allen, N. E., Knox, K. H., & Key, T. J. (2003). EPIC-Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. Public health nutrition, 6(3), 259–269. https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2002430
  • Dent, R., McPherson, R., & Harper, M. E. (2020). Factors affecting weight loss variability in obesity. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 113, 154388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154388
  • Dinu, M., Abbate, R., Gensini, G. F., Casini, A., & Sofi, F. (2017). Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 57(17), 3640–3649. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1138447
  • Elorinne, A. L., Alfthan, G., Erlund, I., Kivimäki, H., Paju, A., Salminen, I., Turpeinen, U., Voutilainen, S., & Laakso, J. (2016). Food and Nutrient Intake and Nutritional Status of Finnish Vegans and Non-Vegetarians. PloS one, 11(2), e0148235. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148235
  • Farmer B. (2014). Nutritional adequacy of plant-based diets for weight management: observations from the NHANES. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 100 Suppl 1, 365S–8S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.071308
  • Fraser G. E. (2009). Vegetarian diets: what do we know of their effects on common chronic diseases?. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 89(5), 1607S–1612S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736K
  • Gökçen, M., Aksoy, Y. Ç., & Özcan, B.A. (2019). Vegan beslenme tarzına genel bakış. Sağlık ve Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 50-54. https://doi.org/10.33308/2687248X.201912152
  • Hales, C. M., Carroll, M. D., Fryar, C. D., & Ogden, C. L. (2020). Prevalence of Obesity and Severe Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2017-2018. NCHS data brief, (360), 1–8.
  • Hamulka, J., Jeruszka-Bielak, M., Górnicka, M., Drywień, M. E., & Zielinska-Pukos, M. A. (2020). Dietary Supplements during COVID-19 Outbreak. Results of Google Trends Analysis Supported by PLifeCOVID-19 Online Studies. Nutrients, 13(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010054
  • Hargreaves, S. M., Raposo, A., Saraiva, A., & Zandonadi, R. P. (2021). Vegetarian Diet: An Overview through the Perspective of Quality of Life Domains. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(8), 4067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084067
  • Huang, R. Y., Huang, C. C., Hu, F. B., & Chavarro, J. E. (2016). Vegetarian Diets and Weight Reduction: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of general internal medicine, 31(1), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-015-3390-7
  • Jaacks, L. M., Kapoor, D., Singh, K., Narayan, K. M., Ali, M. K., Kadir, M. M., Mohan, V., Tandon, N., & Prabhakaran, D. (2016). Vegetarianism and cardiometabolic disease risk factors: Differences between South Asian and US adults. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 32(9), 975–984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2016.02.011
  • Karabudak E. Vejetaryen Beslenmesi. 2. Basım. Ankara, TC Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 726. 2012.
  • Karabudak, E., Kiziltan, G., & Cigerim, N. (2008). A comparison of some of the cardiovascular risk factors in vegetarian and omnivorous Turkish females. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association, 21(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277X.2007.00831.x
  • Koyyalamudi, S. R., Jeong, S. C., Song, C. H., Cho, K. Y., & Pang, G. (2009). Vitamin D2 formation and bioavailability from Agaricus bisporus button mushrooms treated with ultraviolet irradiation. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 57(8), 3351–3355. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf803908q
  • Larsson, C. L., & Johansson, G. K. (2002). Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 76(1), 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.1.100
  • Leung, B., Lauche, R., Leach, M., Zhang, Y., Cramer, H., & Sibbritt, D. (2018). Special diets in modern America: Analysis of the 2012 National Health Interview Survey data. Nutrition and health, 24(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0260106017732719
  • Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., & et al. (2012). A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet (London, England), 380(9859), 2224–2260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8
  • Louca, P., Murray, B., Klaser, K., Graham, M. S., Mazidi, M., Leeming, E. R., & et al. (2021). Modest effects of dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from 445 850 users of the COVID-19 Symptom Study app. BMJ nutrition, prevention & health, 4(1), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000250
  • Lynch, H. M., Wharton, C. M., & Johnston, C. S. (2016). Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Peak Torque Differences between Vegetarian and Omnivore Endurance Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 8(11), 726. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110726
  • Marsh, K. A., Munn, E. A., & Baines, S. K. (2013). Protein and vegetarian diets. The Medical journal of Australia, 199(S4), S7–S10. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja11.11492
  • Matarese, L. E., & Pories, W. J. (2014). Adult weight loss diets: metabolic effects and outcomes. Nutrition in clinical practice: official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 29(6), 759–767. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533614550251
  • McEvoy, C. T., Temple, N., & Woodside, J. V. (2012). Vegetarian diets, low-meat diets and health: a review. Public health nutrition, 15(12), 2287–2294. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012000936
  • Mullee, A., Vermeire, L., Vanaelst, B., Mullie, P., Deriemaeker, P., Leenaert, T., & et al. (2017). Vegetarianism and meat consumption: A comparison of attitudes and beliefs between vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, and omnivorous subjects in Belgium. Appetite, 114, 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.052
  • Naik, S., Mahalle, N., & Bhide, V. (2018). Identification of vitamin B12 deficiency in vegetarian Indians. The British journal of nutrition, 119(6), 629–635. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114518000090
  • Neufingerl, N., & Eilander, A. (2021). Nutrient Intake and Status in Adults Consuming Plant-Based Diets Compared to Meat-Eaters: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 14(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010029
  • Ongan, D., & Ersoy, G. (2012). Vegetarian athletes: Special requirements. Journal of Human Sciences, 9(1), 261–270. Retrieved from https://www.j-humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/IJHS/article/view/1668
  • Özcan, T., & Baysal, S. (2016). Vejetaryen beslenme ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(2), 101-116.
  • Sobiecki, J. G., Appleby, P. N., Bradbury, K. E., & Key, T. J. (2016). High compliance with dietary recommendations in a cohort of meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians, and vegans: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Oxford study. Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.), 36(5), 464–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2015.12.016
  • Rizzo, G., & Baroni, L. (2018). Soy, Soy Foods and Their Role in Vegetarian Diets. Nutrients, 10(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010043
  • Rosenfeld, D. L., & Burrow, A. L. (2017). The unified model of vegetarian identity: A conceptual framework for understanding plant-based food choices. Appetite, 112, 78–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.01.017
  • Schösler, H., de Boer, J., Boersema, J. J., & Aiking, H. (2015). Meat and masculinity among young Chinese, Turkish and Dutch adults in the Netherlands. Appetite, 89, 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.013
  • Selinger, E., Kühn, T., Procházková, M., Anděl, M., & Gojda, J. (2019). Vitamin B12 Deficiency Is Prevalent Among Czech Vegans Who Do Not Use Vitamin B12 Supplements. Nutrients, 11(12), 3019. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11123019
  • Türkiye’de Obezitenin Görülme Sıklığı (2022). T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü Sağlıklı Beslenme ve Hareketli Yaşam Dairesi Başlanlığı. Erişim Tarihi 04.02.2022 https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/obezite/turkiyede-obezitenin-gorulme-sikligi.html
  • Villano, I., La Marra, M., Messina, A., Di Maio, G. ., Moscatelli, F., Chieffi, S., Monda, M., Messina, G., & Monda, V. (2021). Effects of vegetarian and vegan nutrition on body composition in competitive futsal athletes. Progress in Nutrition, 23(2), e2021126. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v23i2.11366
  • Vollmer, I., Keller, M., & Kroke, A. (2008). Vegan diet: utilization of dietary supplements and fortified foods. Vegan diet: utilization of dietary supplements and fortified foods. An internet-based survey. Ernahrungs Umschau 65(9): 144–153. https://doi.org/10.4455/eu.2018.030
  • WHO. Body Mass Index - BMI. URL: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/ahealthy-lifestyle/body-mass-index-bmi. Erişim Tarihi : 18.07.2021.
  • Willoughby, D., Hewlings, S., & Kalman, D. (2018). Body Composition Changes in Weight Loss: Strategies and Supplementation for Maintaining Lean Body Mass, a Brief Review. Nutrients, 10(12), 1876. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121876
  • Young, V. R., & Pellett, P. L. (1994). Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 59 (5 Suppl), 1203S–1212S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/59.5.1203S
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Orjinal Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yonca Sevim 0000-0003-2793-1318

Gökçe Derli 0000-0002-2266-0363

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Aralık 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Sevim, Y., & Derli, G. (2022). VEJETARYEN DİYETLERDE BESİN TÜKETİMLERİ VE BEDEN KÜTLE İNDEKSİ FARKLILIKLARI. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(3), 965-986. https://doi.org/10.47115/jshs.1101095
AMA Sevim Y, Derli G. VEJETARYEN DİYETLERDE BESİN TÜKETİMLERİ VE BEDEN KÜTLE İNDEKSİ FARKLILIKLARI. JSHS. Aralık 2022;7(3):965-986. doi:10.47115/jshs.1101095
Chicago Sevim, Yonca, ve Gökçe Derli. “VEJETARYEN DİYETLERDE BESİN TÜKETİMLERİ VE BEDEN KÜTLE İNDEKSİ FARKLILIKLARI”. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 7, sy. 3 (Aralık 2022): 965-86. https://doi.org/10.47115/jshs.1101095.
EndNote Sevim Y, Derli G (01 Aralık 2022) VEJETARYEN DİYETLERDE BESİN TÜKETİMLERİ VE BEDEN KÜTLE İNDEKSİ FARKLILIKLARI. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 7 3 965–986.
IEEE Y. Sevim ve G. Derli, “VEJETARYEN DİYETLERDE BESİN TÜKETİMLERİ VE BEDEN KÜTLE İNDEKSİ FARKLILIKLARI”, JSHS, c. 7, sy. 3, ss. 965–986, 2022, doi: 10.47115/jshs.1101095.
ISNAD Sevim, Yonca - Derli, Gökçe. “VEJETARYEN DİYETLERDE BESİN TÜKETİMLERİ VE BEDEN KÜTLE İNDEKSİ FARKLILIKLARI”. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 7/3 (Aralık 2022), 965-986. https://doi.org/10.47115/jshs.1101095.
JAMA Sevim Y, Derli G. VEJETARYEN DİYETLERDE BESİN TÜKETİMLERİ VE BEDEN KÜTLE İNDEKSİ FARKLILIKLARI. JSHS. 2022;7:965–986.
MLA Sevim, Yonca ve Gökçe Derli. “VEJETARYEN DİYETLERDE BESİN TÜKETİMLERİ VE BEDEN KÜTLE İNDEKSİ FARKLILIKLARI”. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 3, 2022, ss. 965-86, doi:10.47115/jshs.1101095.
Vancouver Sevim Y, Derli G. VEJETARYEN DİYETLERDE BESİN TÜKETİMLERİ VE BEDEN KÜTLE İNDEKSİ FARKLILIKLARI. JSHS. 2022;7(3):965-86.

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