KRİTİK MİNERALLERİN GÜVENLİKLEŞTİRİLMESİ BAĞLAMINDA MİNERAL GÜVENLİK ORTAKLIĞI

Öz

Son yıllarda küresel enerji paradigmasında fosil temelli enerji kaynaklarının yerini yenilebilir enerji kaynakları almaya başlamıştır. Bununla ilişkili olarak son yıllarda yenilebilir enerji kaynakları temelinde işleyen bir enerji düzenine geçiş sürecine girildiği görülmektedir. Enerji dönüşümü olarak nitelendirilen bu süreç doğrultusunda küresel enerji düzeninin sil baştan yeniden inşa edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Nitekim enerji dönüşümü, bilhassa fosil temelli enerji düzeninden kaynaklı enerji güvenliği sorunlarının giderilmesine yönelik halihazırdaki en rasyonel seçenektir. Buna karşın söz konusu sorunları tamamen ortadan kaldıracak olması halen daha tartışmalıdır. Zira enerji dönüşümünün enerji güvenliği açısından bir takım yeni tehditleri ortaya çıkarması son derece muhtemeldir. Bu doğrultuda karşılaşılması en muhtemel tehditlerden birisi kritik minerallerle ilişkilidir. Çünkü kritik mineraller yenilenebilir enerji düzeninin işleyişi için gerekli olan en hayati bileşenlerdir. Kritik mineralleri enerji güvenliği açısından potansiyel bir tehdit haline getiren ise günümüz şartlarıdır. Öyle ki küresel kritik mineral pazarı halihazırda başta Çin olmak üzere belli başlı ülkelerin tekelindedir. Bununla birlikte kritik minerallerle ilişkili bir takım hususlar kritik minerallerin güvenlikleştirilmesini kaçınılmaz hale getirmektedir. Örneğin Mineral Güvenlik Ortaklığı’nın kurulması tamamen kritik minerallerin güvenlikleştirilmesinin bir sonucudur. Tüm bunlar ışığında çalışmada Mineral Güvenlik Ortaklığı, kritik minerallerin güvenlikleştirilmesi kapsamında analiz edilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Güvenlikleştirme
• Kopenhag Okulu
• Kritik Mineraller
• Mineral Güvenlik Ortaklığı
• Çin

The Mineral Security Partnership in the Context of the Securitization of Critical Minerals

Abstract

In recent years, renewable energy sources have started to replace fossil-based energy sources in the global energy paradigm. Consequently, in recent years, there has been a transition toward an energy system based on renewable energy sources. This process, known as the energy transition, aims to completely rebuild the global energy system. Indeed, the energy transition is currently the most rational option for addressing energy security problems stemming from the fossil fuel-based energy system. However, whether it will eliminate these problems remains debatable. This is because the energy transition is very likely to introduce several new threats to energy security. One of the most likely threats in this regard is related to critical minerals. Critical minerals are the most vital components necessary for the functioning of the renewable energy system. What makes critical minerals a potential threat to energy security is the current global conditions. The global critical minerals market is currently dominated by a few key countries, primarily China. Moreover, certain issues related to critical minerals make the securitization of these minerals inevitable. For example, the establishment of the Mineral Security Partnership is entirely a result of the securitization of critical minerals. Considering all this, this study analyzes the Mineral Security Partnership within the framework of the securitization of critical minerals.

Keywords

• Securitization
• Copenhagen School
• Critical Minerals
• Mineral Security Partnership
• China.

Kaynakça

1. Akgül-Açıkmeşe, S. (2011). Algı mı, söylem mi? Kopenhag Okulu ve yeni-klasik gerçekçilikte güvenlik tehditleri. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 8(30), 43-73.
2. American Geosciences Institute. (2024). “Critical mineral basics.” Erişim: 15.10.2024, https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/critical-mineral-basics.
3. Balzacq, T. (2005). The three faces of securitization: Political agency, audience and context. European Journal of International Relations, 11(2), 171-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/13540661050529
4. Balzacq, T. (2019). Securitization theory: Past, present, and future. Polity, 51(2), 000-000. https://doi.org/10.1086/702978
5. Baylis, J. (2008). Uluslararası ilişkilerde güvenlik kavramı. (B. Yavuz, Çev.) Uluslararası İlişkiler, 5(18), 69-85.
6. Baysal, B., ve Lüleci, Ç. (2015). Kopenhag okulu ve güvenlikleştirme teorisi. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 11(22), 61-96.
7. Bhutada, G. (2023). “This chart shows which countries produce the most lithium.” Erişim: 17.10.2024, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/01/chart-countries-produce-lithium-world/.
8. Buzan, B., Wæver, O., ve de Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

9. Cohen, J., Shirley, W., ve Svensson, K. (2023). “Resource realism: The geopolitics of critical mineral supply chains.” Erişim: 17.10.2024, https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/articles/resource-realism-the-geopolitics-of-critical-mineral-supply-chains.
10. Considine, J., Galkin, P., Hatipoğlu, E., ve Aldayel, A. (2023). The effects of a shock to critical minerals prices on the world oil price and inflation. Energy Economics, 127(106934), 1-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106934
11. Coulomb, R., Dietz, S., Godunova, M., ve Nielsen, T. B. (2015). Critical minerals today and in 2030: An analysis for OECD countries. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
12. Coyne, J., ve Bassi, J. (2024). “China’s dominance over critical minerals poses an unacceptable risk.” Erişim:18.10.2024, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/china-s-dominance-over-critical-minerals-poses-unacceptable-risk.
13. Dolowy-Busch, M. (2023). “Critical metals and minerals: Policy and economic reality.” Erişim: 17.10.2024, https://insight.factset.com/critical-metals-minerals-policy-economic-reality.
14. Erkan, A. Ç. (2023). Küresel enerji devrimi ve Çin hegemon bir düzene dönüşüm. E. N. Ekici içinde, Post-Güvenlik ikilemler, entegrasyonlar, modeller ve Asya (s. 88-121). İstanbul: TASAM Yayınları.
15. Erkan, A. Ç. (2024). “Türkiye'nin MSP adımı Çin ile ilişkilerini bozar mı?”. Erişim: 20.10.2024, https://tr.al-ain.com/article/turkiyenin-msp-adimi-cin-ile-iliskilerini-bozar-mi. Eroukhmanoff, C. (2018). “Securitisation theory: An introduction”. Erişim: 14.10.2024, https://www.e-ir.info/2018/01/14/securitisation-theory-an-introduction/.
16. European Commission. (2023). “Critical raw materials”. Erişim: 15.10.2024, https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/raw-materials/areas-specific-interest/critical-raw-materials_en.
17. European Commission. (2024). “EU and international partners agree to expand cooperation on critical raw materials.” Erişim: 20.10.2024, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_24_1807.
18. European Council. (2024). “An EU critical raw materials act for the future of EU supply chains.” Erişim: 18.10.2024, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/critical-raw-materials/#:~:text=Currently%2C%20for%20certain%20critical%20raw,the%20EU's%20needs%20for%20platinum.
19. Eurostat. (2023). “International trade in critical raw materials.” Erişim: 18.10.2024, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=International_trade_in_critical_raw_materials.
20. Federal Register. (2023). “Notice of final determination on 2023 DOE critical materials list.” Erişim: 15.10.2024, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/08/04/2023-16611/notice-of-final-determination-on-2023-doe-critical-materials-list.
21. Glaser, B. S., ve Wulf, A. (2023). “China's role in critical mineral supply chains.” Erişim: 18.10.2024, https://www.gmfus.org/news/chinas-role-critical-mineral-supply-chains.
22. Government of Canada. (2024). “Canada's critical minerals.” Erişim: 15.10.2024, https://www.canada.ca/en/campaign/critical-minerals-in-canada/critical-minerals-an-opportunity-for-canada.html.
23. Groves, D. I., Müller, D., Santosh, W., ve Yang, C. (2024). The heterogeneous distribution of critical metal mineral resources: An impending geopolitical issue. Geosystems and Geoenvironment, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geogeo.2023.100156
24. Hendriwardani, M., ve Ramdoo, I. (2022). “Critical Minerals: A primer.” Erişim: 16.10.2024, https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-09/critical-minerals-primer-en.pdf.
25. Hisarlıoğlu, F. (2019). Güvenlikleştirme. Güvenlik Yazıları Serisi(24), 1-7. Huysmans, J. (2006). The politics of insecurity: Fear, migration and asylum in the EU. New York: Routledge.
26. International Energy Agency. (2022). The role of critical minerals in clean energy transitions. Paris: International Energy Agency.
27. International Energy Agency. (2023). Global EV outlook 2023: Catching up with climate ambitions. Paris: International Energy Agency.
28. International Energy Agency. (2024). Global critical minerals outlook 2024. Paris: International Energy Agency.
29. International Energy Agency. (2024). “Sharp declines in critical mineral prices mask risks of future supply strains as energy transitions advance.” Erişim: 16.10.2024, https://www.iea.org/news/sharp-declines-in-critical-mineral-prices-mask-risks-of-future-supply-strains-as-energy-transitions-advance.
30. Jones, F. (2023). “Chinese overseas investment in metals and mining to reach record levels this year.” Erişim: 17.10.2024, https://www.mining-technology.com/news/china-metals-and-mining-investment/#:~:text=Chinese%20overseas%20investment%20in%20metals,the%20first%20half%20of%202023.&text=The%20Chinese%20government's%20Belt%20and,metals%20and%20mining%20investment%20abroad.
31. King, A. (2022). “King, colleagues introduce cipartisan cill to curb US dependence on China’s minerals.” Erişim: 18.10.2024, https://www.king.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/king-colleagues-introduce-bipartisan-bill-to-curb-us-dependence-on-chinas-minerals.
32. Liu, Z. Z. (2023). “How to secure critical minerals for clean energy without alienating China.” Erişim: 18.10.2024, https://www.cfr.org/blog/how-secure-critical-minerals-clean-energy-without-alienating-china.
33. Margolin, L. (2024). “DRC, South Africa, Botswana: Who has the greatest potential in critical minerals?” Erişim: 17.10.2024, https://www.theafricareport.com/333508/drc-south-africa-botswana-who-has-the-greatest-potential-in-critical-minerals/.
34. McMaster, P. (2024). “Critical minerals are the key to 21st-century tech. Here's the 'trilemma' that defines how to mine them.” Erişim: 16.10.2024, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/08/critical-minerals-are-the-key-to-21st-century-tech-heres-the-trilemma-that-defines-how-to-mine-them/.
35. Miş, N. (2011). Güvenlikleştirme teorisi ve siyasal olanın güvenlikleştirilmesi. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 6(2), 345-381.
36. Middle East Monitor. (2024). “Turkiye joins Western-led crucial minerals group in bid to boost role in global minerals race.” Erişim: 20.10.2024, https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240922-turkiye-joins-western-led-crucial-minerals-group-in-bid-to-boost-role-in-global-minerals-race/.
37. Otukoya, T. A. (2024). The securitization theory. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 11(1), 1747-1755. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0225
38. Pistilli, M. (2024). “Who owns Australia's largest lithium mines?” Erişim: 17.10.2024, https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/who-owns-australias-largest-lithium-mines-updated-2024.
39. Queensland Government State Development and Infrastructure. (2024). “What are critical minerals and why are we mining them in Queensland?” Erişim: 16.10.2024, https://www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au/news/what-are-critical-minerals-and-why-are-we-mining-them-in-queensland.
40. Republics of Türkiye Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. (2023). “Rare earth elements.” Erişim: 15.10.2024, https://enerji.gov.tr/infobank-naturalresources-rareearthelements. Resources Victoria. (2023). “Platinum groups metals.” Erişim: 17.10.2024, https://resources.vic.gov.au/geology-exploration/minerals/metals/platinum-group-metals.
41. Salyid, A. H. (2024). “Nickel illustrates China conundrum on critical minerals.” Erişim: 17.10.2024, https://www.ciphernews.com/articles/nickel-illustrates-china-conundrum-on-critical-minerals/.
42. Scalet, S., ve Almarzooqi, M. (2024). “Critical minerals supply chains in the new climate economy: Decarbonization and the resilience challenge.” Erişim: 16.10.2024, https://trendsresearch.org/insight/critical-minerals-supply-chains-in-the-new-climate-economy-decarbonization-and-the-resilience-challenge/#_edn10.
43. Sevim, C. (2009). “Geçmişten dünümüze enerji güvenliği ve paradigma değişimleri”. Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi. 13: 93-105.
44. Shaffer, B. (2009). Energy politics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
45. Stritzel, H. (2014). Securitization theory and the Copenhagen school. H. Stritzel içinde, Security in translation securitization Theory and the localization of threat (s. 11-37). Londra: Palgrave Macmillian.
46. Taureck, R. (2006). Securitization theory and securitization studies. Journal of International Relations and Development, 9, 53-61.
47. Telli, A. (2016). Enerji güvenliğine bütüncül bakış. Uluslararası güvenlik: Yeni politikalar, stratejiler ve yaklaşımlar (s. 217-226). H. Çomak, C. Sancaktar ve S. Demir (ed). İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
48. The White House. (2022). “Securing a made in America supply chain for critical minerals.” Erişim: 18.10.2024, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/02/22/fact-sheet-securing-a-made-in-america-supply-chain-for-critical-minerals/.
49. Tsafos, N. (2022). Safeguarding the global market for critical minerals. Vaşington: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
50. U.S. Department of Energy. (2020). “What are critical minerals and critical minerals?” Erişim: 15.10.2024, https://www.energy.gov/cmm/what-are-critical-materials-and-critical-minerals#:~:text=The%20Energy%20Act%20of%202020%20defines%20a%20%E2%80%9Ccritical%20mineral%E2%80%9D%20as,of%20the%20U.S.%20Geological%20Survey.
51. U.S. Department of State. (2022). “Mineral Security Partnership.” Erişim: 18.10.2024, https://www.state.gov/minerals-security-partnership/.
52. U.S. Department of State. (2024). “Remarks at the U.S. chamber of commerce’s critical minerals summit.” Erişim: 16.10.2024, https://www.state.gov/remarks-at-the-u-s-chamber-of-commerces-critical-minerals-summit/.
53. U.S. Geological Survey. (2022). Mineral commodity summaries 2022. Vaşington: U.S. Government Publishing Office.
54. Ulusoy, U. (2021). “Geleceğimizi kritik mineraller mi şekillendirecek?” Erişim: 15.10.2024, https://www.akademikakil.com/gelecegimizi-kritik-mineraler-mi-sekillendirecek/uulusoy/.
55. United Nations Trade and Development. (2024). “Critical minerals boom: Global energy shift brings opportunities and risks for developing countries.” Erişim: 16.10.2024, https://unctad.org/news/critical-minerals-boom-global-energy-shift-brings-opportunities-and-risks-developing-countries.
56. United Nations Trade and Development. (2024a). “Critical minerals: Africa holds key to sustainable energy future.” Erişim: 17.10.2024, https://unctad.org/news/critical-minerals-africa-holds-key-sustainable-energy-future.
57. Vivoda, V. (2023). Friend-shoring and critical minerals: Exploring the role of the Minerals Security Partnership. Energy Research and Social Science, 100(Haziran 2023), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.103085
58. Vivoda, V., ve Matthews, R. (2024). Friend‐shoring as a panacea to Western critical mineral supply chain vulnerabilities. Mineral Economics, 37, 463-476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-023-00402-1
59. Wæver, O. (1995). Securitization and Desecuritization. R. Lipschutz içinde, On security (s. 46-86). New York: Columbia University Press.
60. World Energy Council Türkiye. (tarih yok). “Temiz enerji dönüşümünde kritik minerallerin rolü raporu özeti.” Erişim: 16.10.2024, https://dunyaenerji.org.tr/temiz-enerji-donusumunde-kritik-minerallerin-rolu-raporu/.
61. Writer, S. (2024). “Biden administration considering price support to backstop critical minerals projects.” Erişim: 16.10.2024, https://www.mining.com/biden-administration-considering-price-support-to-backstop-critical-minerals-projects/.
62. Yaman, V. (2021). Volkan Yaman. S. Turan, ve T. Erdem içinde, Güvenliğin değişen yüzü: Temel yaklaşımlardan güncel uygulamalara (s. 1-24). Ankara: Gazi Kitapevi.