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Roma’nın Doğu Sınır Birliklerinde Lojistik Unsur Olarak Yük ve Binek Hayvanlarının Temin Yöntemleri ve Kullanım Alanları

Yıl 2025, , 178 - 196, 28.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1583845

Öz

Cumhuriyet ve İmparatorluk dönemleri boyunca Roma ordusu ve savaş gücünün en önemli unsurunu güçlü yük ve binek hayvanları oluşturmuştur. Bunlar arasında birinci önceliği, şüphesiz süvari atları almıştır. Bununla birlikte, ulaşım ve nakliye amacıyla kullanılan ve savaş gereçlerini, erzak, çadır ve ordunun diğer yüklerini taşıyan önemli sayıda ve farklı türde hayvanın kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Roma İmparatorluğu, farklı coğrafyalarda görev yapan sınır birliklerinin ihtiyaç duyduğu yük ve binek hayvanları için farklı temin yöntemleri geliştirmiştir. Özellikle barış dönemlerinde, düzenli hayvan tedarikini sağlamak için ciddi ve düzenli bir organizasyonun planlandığı görülmektedir. Söz konusu organizasyonun en önemli amacı, orduda ihtiyaç duyulan sağlıklı ve yeterli güce sahip hayvanları özenle seçmek ve ardından savaşa hazır hâle getirecek eğitimlerden geçirmekti. Ancak, savaş ve isyanların yaşandığı olağanüstü zamanlarda bu kuralların daha esnek olduğunu vurgulamak gerekir. Bu nedenle ordunun acil ihtiyaçları ve nitelikli hayvan rezervinin azaldığı durumlarda Roma, farklı temin yöntemlerine de başvurmuştur. Söz konusu yöntemler arasında en yaygın olanlar; satın alma veya zorla el koyma, karşılıklı anlaşma veya ganimet yoluyla temin, ayrıca müttefiklerden gelen yardımlar şeklinde sıralanabilir. Burada sıralanan temin yöntemleri özellikle epigrafik belgeler yoluyla ispatlanabilmektedir. Bu çalışma, Roma’nın doğuda yaptığı askerî operasyonlar sırasında, sınır birliklerinin ihtiyaç duyduğu yük ve binek hayvanlarının hangi yöntemlerle tedarik edildiğine ilişkin ayrıntıları; antik kaynaklar, epigrafik materyaller ve modern literatür ışığında ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Adak, M. (2019). Küçük Asya’da Roma İmparatorluğu Dönemi’nde ulaşım, iletişim ve taşımacılık, O. Tekin (ed.), Hellenistik ve Roma dönemlerinde Anadolu: krallar, imparatorlar, kent devletleri (s. 432-449), İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Adams, C. E. P. (2007). Land transport in Roman Egypt: a study of economics and administration in a Roman province, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dabrowa, E. (1991). Dromedarii in the Roman army: A note, V. A. Maxfield-M. J. Dobson (eds.), Roman frontier studies 1989: Proceedings of the XVth international congress of Roman frontier studies (s. 364-366), University of Exeter Press.
  • Davies, R. W. (1967). Ratio and opinio in Roman military documents, Historia 16, 116-118.
  • Davies, R. W. (1969). The supply of animals to the Roman army and the remount system, Latomus, 28/2, 429-459.
  • Davies, R. W. (1989). Service in the Roman army, D. J. Breeze-V. A. Maxfield (eds.), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Dixon, K. R. ve Southern, P. (1992). The Roman cavalry: from the first to the third centuries AD London: B.T. Ebers, S., Lichtenberger, A. ve Nieswandt, H.-H. (2022). Das pferd in der antike: von Troja bis Olympia, Darmstadt: wbg Academic.
  • Engels, D. (1978). Alexander the Great and the logistics of the Macedonian army, Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Fink, R. O. (1971). Roman military records on papyrus (APA, Monograph 26), Cleveland, Ohio: The Press of Case Western Reserve for APA.
  • Gilliam, J. F. (1950). Some Roman military papyri, Yale Classical Studies 11, 171-252.
  • Gilliver, C. M. (1999). The Roman art of war, Stroud: Tempus Publishing.
  • Goldsworthy, A. K. (1996). The Roman army at war, 100 BC-AD 200, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Habermann, W. (1990). Statistische datenanalyse an den zolldokumenten des Arsinoites aus römischer zeit, MBAH, 9/1, 50-94.
  • Hyland, A. (1990). The horse in the Roman world, London.
  • Hyland, A. (1993). Training the Roman cavalry: from Arrian's Ars Tactica, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton.
  • Jones, A. H. M. (1964). The later Roman empire 284–602: a social, economic and administrative survey (vol. II), Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Kissel, Th. (1995). Untersuchungen zur logistik des römischen heeres in den provinzen des griechischen ostens (27 v. Chr.-235 n. Chr.), St. Katharinen: Scripta Mercaturae Verlag.
  • Kitchell, K. F. Jr. (ed.), (2014). Animals in the Ancient world from A to Z, London/New York: Routledge 2014.
  • Kolb, A. (2000). Transport und nachrichtentransfer im römischen reich (Klio Beihefte, Neue Folge Band 2), Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
  • Labisch, A. (1975). Frumentum commeatusque: die nahrungsmittelversorgung der heere Caesars (Beiträge zur Klassischen Philologie, Heft 69), Meisenheim am Glan: Verlag Anton Hain.
  • Lauffer, S. (1971). Diokletians preiseidkt, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Lukaszewicz, A. (2021). Caracalla in Egypt (A.D. 215–216), Warsaw: University of Warsaw Press.
  • Makowski, K. A. (1975). Bogowie i meharyści, Studia Palmyreńskie/Études palmyréniennes 6-7, 1975, 137-149.
  • Mitchell, S. (1976). Requisitioned transport in the Roman empire: a new inscription from Pisidia, JRS, 66, 106-131.
  • Mitchell, S. (2015). Roma İmparatorluğu'nda resmi taşımacılık hizmetleri (çev. Hatice Palaz Erdemir), İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Raepsaet, G. (2000). Pferd, DNP 9, 698-703.
  • Raja, R., Seland, E. H. (2020). Horses and camels in Palmyrene art: iconography, contexts and meanings, ZOrA 13, 2020, 300–344.
  • Roth, J. P. (1999). The logistics of the Roman army at war (264 B.C.-A.D. 235), Leiden-Boston-Köln: Brill.
  • Roxan, M. (1976). Pre-Severan auxilia named in the Notitia Dignitatum, R.Goodburn-P. Bartholomew (eds.), Aspects of the Notitia Dignitatum (BAR S-15, s. 59-72), Oxford.
  • Schlumberger, D. (1951). La Palmyre du nord-ouest, Paris: Paul Geuthner.
  • Seyrig, H. (1941). Inscriptions grecques de l’agora de Palmyre, Syria 22, 3/4, 223-270.
  • Sidebotham, S. E. (1986). Roman economic policy in the Erythra Thalassa 30 B.C.-A.D. 217, Leiden: E. J. Brill.
  • Sołtan, A. (1969). Ikonografia meharystów Palmyreńskich, Studia Palmyreńskie/Études palmyréniennes 3, 1969, 5-46.
  • Southern, P. (2006). The Roman army: a social and institutional history, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio.
  • Souza, P. de, (1999). Kamel, DNP 6, 222-223.
  • Speidel, M. P. (1978). Guards of the Roman armies: an essay on the singulares of the provinces (Antiquitas, Reihe I, XXVIII), Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt.
  • Speidel, M. P. (1996). Roman cavalry training and the riding school of the Mauretanian horse guard, AntAfr, 32, 57-62.
  • Stauner, K. (2004). Das offizielle schriftwesen des römischen heeres von Augustus bis Gallienus (27 v. Chr. – 268 n. Chr.). Eine untersuchung zu struktur, funktion und bedeutung der offiziellen militärischen verwaltungsdokumentation und zu deren schreibern, Bonn: Dr. Rufold Habelt.
  • Toynbee, J. M. C. (1973). Animals in Roman life and art, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Willekes, C. (2016). The horse in the ancient world: from Bucephalus to the Hippodrome, London: I. B. Tauris.
  • AE L'Année épigraphique
  • Amm. Ammianus Marcellinus
  • AntAfr Antiquités africaines
  • APA American Psychological Association
  • App. Appianos
  • Hisp. Hispanica
  • Syr. Syriaca
  • BAR British Archaeological Reports.
  • BGU Berliner griechische Urkunden. Ägyptische Urkunden aus den königlichen Museen zu Berlin
  • Cass. Dio. Cassius Dio
  • CPL Corpus Papyrorum Latinarum
  • DNP Der Neue Pauly: Enzyklopädie der Antike
  • Frontin strat. Sextus Iulius Frontinus, Strategematon
  • Hdt. Herodotos
  • Herodian. Herodianos
  • Ios. Flavius Iosephos
  • bell. Iud. Bellum Iudaicum
  • Liv. Titus Livius, ab urbe condita
  • MBAH Münstersche Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte
  • Petron. Petronius, satyrica
  • Plin. nat. Plinius maior, naturalis historia
  • Plut. Plutarkhos, Bioi paralleloi
  • Luc. Lucullus
  • Mar. Marius
  • Crass. Crassus
  • Pomp. Pompeius
  • Prok. Prokopios
  • HA historia arcana
  • PSI G. Vitelli-M. Norsa (eds.), Papiri greci e latini (Pubblicazioni della Società Italiana per la ricerca dei papiri greci e latini in Egitto), Rome-1912-1957.
  • Ps.-Hyg. mun. castr. Pseudo-Hyginus, de munitionibus castrorum
  • P.Dura Excavations at Dura-Europos. Final Report V, I: The parchments and papyri, C. B. Welles et al. (eds.), New Haven: Yale University Press 1959.
  • P.Flor II Papiri greco-egizii, Papiri Fiorentini. II: D. Comparetti (ed.), Papiri letterari ed epistolari, 1908-1910.
  • P.Oxy. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri
  • SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum
  • SHA Scriptores Historiae Augustae
  • Alex. Severus Alexander
  • Carac. Caracalla
  • Strab. Strabon
  • Tac. Tacitus
  • ann. annales
  • hist. historiae
  • Varro Varro
  • rust. res rusticae
  • Veg. mil. Vegetius, epitoma rei militaris
  • Xen. Xenophon
  • equ. de equitandi tatione/peri hippikes
  • hipp. Hipparchicus
  • ZOrA Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie

Supply Methods and Usage Areas of Pack and Mount Animals as Logistic Elements in the Eastern Frontier Units of the Roman Empire

Yıl 2025, , 178 - 196, 28.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1583845

Öz

Throughout the republican and imperial eras, the most important element of the Roman Army and fighting force was strong pack and mount animals. Among these, the first priority was undoubtedly the cavalry horses. However, it is known that a significant number of different types of animals were used for transportation and transport purposes, carrying war materials, provisions, tents and other loads of the army. The Roman Empire developed different methods of supplying pack animals and mounts needed by the frontier units serving in different geographies. Especially in times of peace, it appears that a serious and regular organization was planned to ensure a regular supply of livestock. The most important purpose of the organization in question was to carefully select healthy and strong animals needed in the army and then train them to make them ready for war. However, it should be emphasized that these rules are more flexible in times of emergency such as war and rebellion. For this reason, when the army's urgent needs and qualified animal reserves were decreasing, Rome resorted to different supply methods. The most common methods are purchase or seizure by force, provision through mutual agreement or loot, and aid from allies. The methods of procurement listed here can be proven especially through epigraphic documents. This study reveals the details of the methods by which the pack and mount animals needed by the frontier units were supplied during the military operations of Rome in the east, in the light of ancient sources, epigraphic materials and modern literature.

Kaynakça

  • Adak, M. (2019). Küçük Asya’da Roma İmparatorluğu Dönemi’nde ulaşım, iletişim ve taşımacılık, O. Tekin (ed.), Hellenistik ve Roma dönemlerinde Anadolu: krallar, imparatorlar, kent devletleri (s. 432-449), İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Adams, C. E. P. (2007). Land transport in Roman Egypt: a study of economics and administration in a Roman province, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dabrowa, E. (1991). Dromedarii in the Roman army: A note, V. A. Maxfield-M. J. Dobson (eds.), Roman frontier studies 1989: Proceedings of the XVth international congress of Roman frontier studies (s. 364-366), University of Exeter Press.
  • Davies, R. W. (1967). Ratio and opinio in Roman military documents, Historia 16, 116-118.
  • Davies, R. W. (1969). The supply of animals to the Roman army and the remount system, Latomus, 28/2, 429-459.
  • Davies, R. W. (1989). Service in the Roman army, D. J. Breeze-V. A. Maxfield (eds.), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Dixon, K. R. ve Southern, P. (1992). The Roman cavalry: from the first to the third centuries AD London: B.T. Ebers, S., Lichtenberger, A. ve Nieswandt, H.-H. (2022). Das pferd in der antike: von Troja bis Olympia, Darmstadt: wbg Academic.
  • Engels, D. (1978). Alexander the Great and the logistics of the Macedonian army, Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Fink, R. O. (1971). Roman military records on papyrus (APA, Monograph 26), Cleveland, Ohio: The Press of Case Western Reserve for APA.
  • Gilliam, J. F. (1950). Some Roman military papyri, Yale Classical Studies 11, 171-252.
  • Gilliver, C. M. (1999). The Roman art of war, Stroud: Tempus Publishing.
  • Goldsworthy, A. K. (1996). The Roman army at war, 100 BC-AD 200, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Habermann, W. (1990). Statistische datenanalyse an den zolldokumenten des Arsinoites aus römischer zeit, MBAH, 9/1, 50-94.
  • Hyland, A. (1990). The horse in the Roman world, London.
  • Hyland, A. (1993). Training the Roman cavalry: from Arrian's Ars Tactica, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton.
  • Jones, A. H. M. (1964). The later Roman empire 284–602: a social, economic and administrative survey (vol. II), Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Kissel, Th. (1995). Untersuchungen zur logistik des römischen heeres in den provinzen des griechischen ostens (27 v. Chr.-235 n. Chr.), St. Katharinen: Scripta Mercaturae Verlag.
  • Kitchell, K. F. Jr. (ed.), (2014). Animals in the Ancient world from A to Z, London/New York: Routledge 2014.
  • Kolb, A. (2000). Transport und nachrichtentransfer im römischen reich (Klio Beihefte, Neue Folge Band 2), Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
  • Labisch, A. (1975). Frumentum commeatusque: die nahrungsmittelversorgung der heere Caesars (Beiträge zur Klassischen Philologie, Heft 69), Meisenheim am Glan: Verlag Anton Hain.
  • Lauffer, S. (1971). Diokletians preiseidkt, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Lukaszewicz, A. (2021). Caracalla in Egypt (A.D. 215–216), Warsaw: University of Warsaw Press.
  • Makowski, K. A. (1975). Bogowie i meharyści, Studia Palmyreńskie/Études palmyréniennes 6-7, 1975, 137-149.
  • Mitchell, S. (1976). Requisitioned transport in the Roman empire: a new inscription from Pisidia, JRS, 66, 106-131.
  • Mitchell, S. (2015). Roma İmparatorluğu'nda resmi taşımacılık hizmetleri (çev. Hatice Palaz Erdemir), İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Raepsaet, G. (2000). Pferd, DNP 9, 698-703.
  • Raja, R., Seland, E. H. (2020). Horses and camels in Palmyrene art: iconography, contexts and meanings, ZOrA 13, 2020, 300–344.
  • Roth, J. P. (1999). The logistics of the Roman army at war (264 B.C.-A.D. 235), Leiden-Boston-Köln: Brill.
  • Roxan, M. (1976). Pre-Severan auxilia named in the Notitia Dignitatum, R.Goodburn-P. Bartholomew (eds.), Aspects of the Notitia Dignitatum (BAR S-15, s. 59-72), Oxford.
  • Schlumberger, D. (1951). La Palmyre du nord-ouest, Paris: Paul Geuthner.
  • Seyrig, H. (1941). Inscriptions grecques de l’agora de Palmyre, Syria 22, 3/4, 223-270.
  • Sidebotham, S. E. (1986). Roman economic policy in the Erythra Thalassa 30 B.C.-A.D. 217, Leiden: E. J. Brill.
  • Sołtan, A. (1969). Ikonografia meharystów Palmyreńskich, Studia Palmyreńskie/Études palmyréniennes 3, 1969, 5-46.
  • Southern, P. (2006). The Roman army: a social and institutional history, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio.
  • Souza, P. de, (1999). Kamel, DNP 6, 222-223.
  • Speidel, M. P. (1978). Guards of the Roman armies: an essay on the singulares of the provinces (Antiquitas, Reihe I, XXVIII), Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt.
  • Speidel, M. P. (1996). Roman cavalry training and the riding school of the Mauretanian horse guard, AntAfr, 32, 57-62.
  • Stauner, K. (2004). Das offizielle schriftwesen des römischen heeres von Augustus bis Gallienus (27 v. Chr. – 268 n. Chr.). Eine untersuchung zu struktur, funktion und bedeutung der offiziellen militärischen verwaltungsdokumentation und zu deren schreibern, Bonn: Dr. Rufold Habelt.
  • Toynbee, J. M. C. (1973). Animals in Roman life and art, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Willekes, C. (2016). The horse in the ancient world: from Bucephalus to the Hippodrome, London: I. B. Tauris.
  • AE L'Année épigraphique
  • Amm. Ammianus Marcellinus
  • AntAfr Antiquités africaines
  • APA American Psychological Association
  • App. Appianos
  • Hisp. Hispanica
  • Syr. Syriaca
  • BAR British Archaeological Reports.
  • BGU Berliner griechische Urkunden. Ägyptische Urkunden aus den königlichen Museen zu Berlin
  • Cass. Dio. Cassius Dio
  • CPL Corpus Papyrorum Latinarum
  • DNP Der Neue Pauly: Enzyklopädie der Antike
  • Frontin strat. Sextus Iulius Frontinus, Strategematon
  • Hdt. Herodotos
  • Herodian. Herodianos
  • Ios. Flavius Iosephos
  • bell. Iud. Bellum Iudaicum
  • Liv. Titus Livius, ab urbe condita
  • MBAH Münstersche Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte
  • Petron. Petronius, satyrica
  • Plin. nat. Plinius maior, naturalis historia
  • Plut. Plutarkhos, Bioi paralleloi
  • Luc. Lucullus
  • Mar. Marius
  • Crass. Crassus
  • Pomp. Pompeius
  • Prok. Prokopios
  • HA historia arcana
  • PSI G. Vitelli-M. Norsa (eds.), Papiri greci e latini (Pubblicazioni della Società Italiana per la ricerca dei papiri greci e latini in Egitto), Rome-1912-1957.
  • Ps.-Hyg. mun. castr. Pseudo-Hyginus, de munitionibus castrorum
  • P.Dura Excavations at Dura-Europos. Final Report V, I: The parchments and papyri, C. B. Welles et al. (eds.), New Haven: Yale University Press 1959.
  • P.Flor II Papiri greco-egizii, Papiri Fiorentini. II: D. Comparetti (ed.), Papiri letterari ed epistolari, 1908-1910.
  • P.Oxy. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri
  • SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum
  • SHA Scriptores Historiae Augustae
  • Alex. Severus Alexander
  • Carac. Caracalla
  • Strab. Strabon
  • Tac. Tacitus
  • ann. annales
  • hist. historiae
  • Varro Varro
  • rust. res rusticae
  • Veg. mil. Vegetius, epitoma rei militaris
  • Xen. Xenophon
  • equ. de equitandi tatione/peri hippikes
  • hipp. Hipparchicus
  • ZOrA Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie
Toplam 88 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Eski Anadolu Tarihi, Eski Yunan ve Roma Tarihi
Bölüm Tarih
Yazarlar

Abdurrahman Uzunaslan 0000-0001-8964-3317

Erdal Kaya 0000-0002-0090-9738

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Ocak 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 5 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025

Kaynak Göster

APA Uzunaslan, A., & Kaya, E. (2025). Roma’nın Doğu Sınır Birliklerinde Lojistik Unsur Olarak Yük ve Binek Hayvanlarının Temin Yöntemleri ve Kullanım Alanları. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(1), 178-196. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1583845