Bekçileri Kim Bekleyecek? Kolluk Görevlilerinde Sapma Davranışı ve Yolsuzluk Olgusunu Anlamak

Öz

En genel anlamda iç güvenlikten sorumlu olan kolluk görevlilerinin, gerek ceza-adalet sistemi (CAS) içindeki adli görevlerini yaparken gerekse iç güvenlik sistemi (İS) kapsamındaki asayişle ilgili idari görevlerini yerine getirirken dürüst olması ve dürüst kalması toplumsal huzur, güven ve adaletin sağlanması ve korunması açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu kadar önemli bir çalışma alanında Türkiye’de yapılan akademik araştırmaların uluslararası literatürle kıyaslandığında çok az olduğu gözlenmektedir. Bu makalede ilk olarak, kolluk görevlileri tarafından işlenmesi muhtemel ve literatürde beyaz yaka suç türü olarak sınıflandırılan sapma davranışının uluslararası literatüre göre nasıl bir sınıflandırılmaya tabi tutulduğu ve bu tür suçların nedenlerinin neler olabileceği üzerinde durulacaktır. Daha sonra, gelişmiş ülkelerde kolluk görevlilerinin gösterdiği sapma davranışlarının önlenmesi için geliştirilen ve uygulanan stratejilere değinilecektir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kriminoloji, Polislik, Polis Suçları, Polis Etiği, Suç Önleme, Yolsuzluk

Who Guards the Guards? Understanding Deviance and Corruption of Law Enforcement Officials

Öz

Law enforcement officials must be honest in performing both their judicial and administrative responsibilities and duties within the criminal justice system to maintain public tranquility, social trust and order, and securing the justice. There are, however, different kinds phenomena in which several kinds of deviance from acceptable norms of behavior is existing among the law enforcement professionals. Studies dealing with deviance of law enforcement officials have been limited in the Turkish context. This study, first, categorize the kinds of deviant behavior among the law enforcement officials as pointed out by numerous scientific studies. Etiology of these types of behavior, than, is examined based on the existing literature. First of all, as a kind of white collar crime which observing among deviant behavior of police personal will be categorized according to international literature. Finally, this study brings the general consensus on the preventive measures as applied in several countries on law enforcement officials’ deviant behaviors to the attention of the Turkish reader

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Criminology, Policing, Police Crimes, Police Ethics, Crime Prevention, Corruption

Kaynakça

1. Acar, M. & Emek, U. (2007). Building a Clean Government in Turkey: Pillars, Perils and Prospects. Crime, Law and Social Change, 49, 185-203.
2. Adaman, F., Carakoglu, A. ve Senatalar, B. (2003). İş Dünyası Gözünden Türkiye’de Yolsuzluğun Nedenleri ve Önlenmesine İlişkin Öneriler, İstanbul: TESEV Yayınları.
3. Akay, H. (2009). Türkiye’de Güvenlik Sektörü: Sorular, Sorunlar, Çözümler, İstanbul: TESEV Yayınları.
4. Akers, R. (1985). Deviant Behavior: A Social Learning Approach, Belmont: Wadsworth.
5. Aydın, A.H. (2007). Polis ve Kamu Yönetimi, Ankara: Gazi Yayınevi.
6. Barker, T. (1977). Peer Group Support for Police Occupational Deviance. Criminology, 15, 353-366.
7. Botello, N. A. & Rivera, A. L. (2000). Everything in This Job is Money: Inside the Mexican Police. World Policy Journal, Vol. 17, 61-70.
8. Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, Shame and Reintegration, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

9. Carter, D.L. (1990). Drug Related Corruption of Police Officers: A Contemporary Typology. Journal of Criminal Justice, 18, 85-98.
10. Cerrah, İ.; Çevik, H. H.,; Göksu,T.; Balcıoğlu, E. (2009). İç Güvenlik Hizmetlerinde Etik Uygulamalar: Türkiye’nin Büyük Şehirlerindeki Trafik Hizmetlerinde “Gündelik Rüşvet” Sorunu Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması, Ankara: (http://www.etik.gov.tr/duyurular/etikhaftasi2008_konf/akademikarastirm araporlar/Kolluk_Hizmetleri_ve_Etik.pdf Erişim tarihi: 19.06.2010)
11. Chan, B.L. (1999). Governing Police Practice: Limits of the New Accountability. British Journal of Sociology, 50, 251-270.
12. Cheng, J. (2009). Police Corruption Control in Hong Kong and New York City: A Dilemma of Checks and Balances in Combating Corruption. BYU Journal of Public Law, 23, 185-220.
13. Commission on Police Integrity. (1997). Report of the Commission on Police Integrity. http://www.acsp.uic.edu/copi/copi04.sht. Erişim tarihi: 12.08.2010)
14. Cunningham, L. (1999). Taking on Testifying: The Prosecutors’ Response to In- court Police Deception. Criminal Justice Ethics, 18, 26-40.
15. Crank, J.P. (1998). Understanding Police Culture, Ohio: Anderson Publishing.
16. Dolu, O., (2010). Suç Teorileri: Teori, Uygulama ve Araştırmada Kriminoloji, Seçkin Yayınları: Ankara.
17. Dowler, K. & Zawilski, V. (2007). Public Perceptions of Police Misconduct and Discrimination: Examining the Impact of Media Consumption. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35, 193, 203.
18. Gottschalk, P. (2009). Policing Police Crime: The Case of Criminals in The Norwegian Police. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 11, 429-441.
19. Giuliani, R.W. & Bratton, W.J. (1995). Police Strategy No.7: Rooting Out Corruption; Building Organizational Integrity in the New York Police Department, New York: New York Police Department.
20. Girodo, M. (1998). Undercover Probes of Police Corruption: Risk Factors in Proactive Internal Affairs Investigations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 16, 479-496.
21. Girodo, M., (1991). Drug Corruption in Undercover Agents: Measuring the Risk. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 9, 361-370.
22. Goldstein, H. (1979). Improving Policing: A Problem- Oriented Approach. Crime and Delinquency, 25, 236-258.
23. Goldstein, H. (1975). Police Corruption: A Perspective on Its Nature and Control, Police Foundation, Washington, DC.
24. Goldstein, H. (1990). Problem Oriented Policing, New York: McGraw Hill.
25. Grant, J. (2003). Assault under Color of Authority: Police Corruption as Norm in the LAPD Rampart Scandal and in Popular Film. New Political Science, 25, 385-405.
26. Graziano, L., Schuck, A. and Martin, C. (2010). Police Misconduct, Media Coverage, and Public Perceptions of Racial Profiling: An Experiment. Justice Quarterly, 27, 52-76.
27. Haberfeld, M.R., C.B. Klockars, S. Kutnjak Ivkovich and M. Pagon, (2000). Police officers perception of the disciplinary consequences of police corruption in Croatia, Poland, Slovenia and the United States. Journal of Police Practice and Research, 1, 34-51.
28. Haris, C.J. (2010). Problem ofŞcers? Analyzing problem behavior patterns from a large cohort. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 216-225.
29. Huberts, L. W.; Lamboo, T. & Punch, M. (2003). Police Integrity in the Netherlands and the United States: Awareness and Alertness. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal, 4, 217–232. Ivkovic, K., (2009), Rotten Apples, Rotten Branches, and Rotten Orchards: A Cautionary Tale of Police Misconduct. Criminology & Public Policy, 8, 777- 785.
30. Jiao, A.Y. (2010). Controlling Corruption and Misconduct: A Comparative Examination of Police Practices in Hong Kong and New York. Asian Criminology, 5, 27-44.
31. Johnston, M. (1996). TheSearch for Definitions: The Vitality of Politics and the Issue of Corruption. International Social Science Journal, 48, 331.
32. Kamu Görevlileri Etik Kurulu & Avrupa Konseyi (2009). Kamu Etiği Akademik Araştırmaları: Yolsuzluğun Önlenmesi İçin Etik Projesi, C:1, Ankara.
33. Kane, J.R. & White, M.D., (2009). Bad cops: A study of career-ending misconduct among New York City police officers. Criminology & Public Policy, 8, 737-769.
34. King, W.R. (2009). Police Officer Misconduct as Normal Accidents: An organizational perspective. Criminology & Public Policy, 8, 771-776.
35. Kleinig, J. (1996). The Ethics of Policing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
36. Klockars, C.B.; Ivkovich, S. K.; Harver, W.E. and Haberfeld, M.R. (2000). The Measurement of Police Integrity, Research Report to NIJ, (erişim adresi: www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/181465.pdf)
37. Knapp, W., (1972), Report of the Commission to Investigate Alleged Police Corruption.
38. Maas, P. (1997). Serpico, New York: Harper Paperbacks.
39. Manning, P.K. (2009). Bad Cops. Criminology & Public Policy, 8, 787- 794.
40. Manning, P.K. & Redlinger, L.J. (1977). Invitational Edges. Klockars, C.B. (Eds.) Thinking About Police, New York: McGraw Hill.
41. McAlary, M. (1996). Good Cop, Bad Cop, New York: Pocket Books.
42. McConville, M. & Shepherd, D. (1992). Watching Police, Watching Communities, London: Routledge.
43. McCormack, R.J., (1996). Police Perceptions and the Norming of Institutional Corruption. Policing and Society, 6, 239-246.
44. McCormack, R. & Ward, R.M., (1987). An anti-corruption manual for administration in law enforcement. Ward, R.M. ve McCormack, R. (Eds.) Managing Police Corruption: International Perspectives. Chicago: Office of International Criminal Justice.
45. Marx, G.T., (1992). When the guards guard themselves: undercover tactics turned inward. Policing and Society, 151-172.
46. Mollen Commission. (1994). Report of the Commission to Investigate Allegations of Police Corruption and the Anti-Corruption Procedures of the Police Department. City of New York: Mollen Commission. (Erişim Adresi: http://www.parc.info/client_files/Special%20Reports/4%20- %20Mollen%20Commission%20-%20NYPD.pdf 15.08.2010). Erişim Tarihi:
47. Newburn, T. (1999). Understanding and Preventing Police Corruption: Lessons from the Literature, Police Research Series (110). London: Home Office.
48. Palmiotto, J. M. (2005). Controling Corruption in the United States. R. Sarre, D. Das & H.J. Albrecht (Eds.) Policing Corruption: International Perspectives, London: Lexington Books,
49. Punch, M. (2000). Police Corruption and Its Prevention. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 8, 301-324.
50. Punch, M. (1985). Conduct Unbecoming. Tavistock: London.
51. Punch, M. (1999). Police Misconduct and ‘System Failure’: European Perspectives. Police Integrity and Democracies. isimli sempozyumda bildiri, La Pietra, Florence, NIJ/NYU.
52. Punch, M. (1996). Dirty Business: Exploring Corporate Misconduct, London: Sage Publications.
53. Prenzler, T., (2000). Civilian Oversight of Police. British Journal of Criminology, 40, 659-674.
54. Prenzler, T. & Ronken, C. (2003). A Survey of Innovations in the Development and Maintenance of Ethical Standards by Australian Police Departments. Police Practice and Research, 4, 149-161.
55. Ransley, J., Anderson, J., & Prenzler, T. (2007). Civil Litigation Against Police in Australia: Exploring Its Extent, Nature and Implications for Accountability. The Australian and New Zealand Journal Of Criminology, 40, 143–160.
56. Reiner, R. (1992). The Politics of the Police, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
57. Roberg, R.; N. Kenneth ve Cordner, G. (2005). Police and Society , Third Edition, Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Company.
58. Roebuck, J.B. & Barker, T. (1974). A Typology of Police Corruption. Social Problems, 21, 423-427.
59. Rowe, M. (2009). Notes on a Scandal: The Official Enquiry into Deviance and Corruption in New Zealand Police. The Australian and New Zealand Journal Of Criminology, 42, 123-138.
60. Sayed, T. & David, B. (1998). Inside and Outside the Boundaries of Police Corruption. African Security Review, 7, 3-17.
61. Shearing, C. (1981). Organisational Police Deviance. Toronto: Butterworths.
62. Sherman, W. L. (1983). Scandal and Reform Thinking about Police: Contemporary Readings, C. Klockars (Eds), New York: McGraw Hill.
63. Sherman, W. L. (1974a). Introduction Police Corruption: A Sociological Perspective, L. Sherman (Ed.), Anchor Books, NY.
64. Sherman, W. L. (1974b). Becoming Bent: Moral Careers of Corrupt Policemen, Police Corruption: A Sociological Perspective, L. Sherman (Ed.), Anchor Books, NY.
65. Sherman, W. L. (1978). Scandal and Reform: Controlling Police Corruption, Berkeley: University of California Press.
66. Skolnick, J. (2002). Corruption and the Blue Code of Silence. Police Practice and Research, 3, 7-19.
67. Walker, S. (1983). The Police in America: An Introduction, McGraw-Hill, New York.
68. Williams, H. (2002). Core Factors of Police Corruption Accross the World, Forum on Crime and Society, 2, 85-99.
69. Wood, T. (1997). Final Report of the Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service, Volume 1, Corruption, The Hon Justice JRT Wood, The http://www.pic.nsw.gov.au/PDF_files/Volume1.Pdf tarihi:12.08.2010). of the State of New South Wales, (Erişim