Memlûk Askerî Teşkilatıyla İlgili Yapılmış Bazı Araştırmalara Dair

Öz

Ordu teşkilatı Türk devletlerinin her zaman ihtimam gösterdikleri bir husus olmuştur. Çeşitli coğrafyalarda hüküm sürmüş ve muhtelif devletler kurmuş olan Türklerin, her zaman savaşmaya hazır, düzenli ve disiplinli askerleri mevcuttu. Bu işi daha sistemli yürütmek adına, bazı devletlerde askerî okulların bulunduğu ve sultanların bu kurumlara büyük ilgi gösterdikleri bilinmektedir. Diğer devletler gibi, Ortadoğu’da etkin bir ağırlığı bulunan Memlûk Türk Devleti de ordu teşkilatına büyük önem vermiştir. Devletin temel kurumlarından birisi olan tibâk askeri okullarından nice kabiliyetli askerler ile devletin istikbaline yön verecek olan sultanlar, emirler ve bürokratlar yetişmiştir. Memlûkların devlet sistemi ve askeri teşkilat yapısı, orijinal niteliğinden dolayı doğulu batılı birçok araştırmacının ilgisini çekmiş ve bu alanda çeşitli kitap ve makale çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Biz bu çalışmada alana katkı sağlayan dikkate değer bazı araştırmacı ve bunların eserlerini tanıtmaya çalışacağız

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Memlûklar, Tibâk, Askeri Teşkilat.

Some Researches Concerned with the Studies on the Military Organization of the Mamluks

Öz

Military organization has always been a notable issue for the Turkish states in which they care. Turks, who reigned at different territories and found various states, had always regular and disciplined armies that were ready to battle. To conduct this deed more systematically, it is known that some of the Turkish states had military schools and sultans would show them great interest. As the other Turkish states did, Mamlûks, which had a remarkable importance at the Middle East, also made a point of the military organization. Many talented troops and future-oriented sultans, amirs and bureaucrats grew from the military schools (tibak) that was one of the main institution of the state. Due to its original characteristic, Mamluk military organization and structure of the state system has always engaged in attention of the researchers and and various books and articles has been written at this study area. In this paper, we will try to introduce some of the considerable researchers and their studies which contributes to the area

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mamlûks, Tibâk, Military Organization.

Kaynakça

1. Amitai, R. (2006). The Mamlûk Institution, or One Thousand Years of Military Slavery in the Islamic World. Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to Modern Age, ed. Christopher Leslie Brown and Philip D. Morgan, Yale, 40-79.
2. Amitai, R. (1999). David Ayalon, 1914-1998. Mamlûk Studies Review, III, 1-12.
3. Ashtor, E. (1976). Social and Economic History of the Near East in the Middle Ages. Londra.
4. Aterson, J. (2007). The Knights of Islam: The War of the Mamluks. Greenhill.
5. Ayalon D. (1956). Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom: A Challenge to a Mediaeval Society.
6. Ayalon D. (1988). Memlûk Devletinde Kölelik Sistemi. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, çev. Samira Kortantamer, IV, 211-247.
7. Ayalon D. (1953, 1953, 1954). Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army I. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 15(2), 203-228; Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army II. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 15(3), 448-476; Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army III. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 16(1), 57-90.
8. Ayalon D. (1968). The Muslim City and the Mamluk Military Aristocracy. Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 2(14), 311-329.

9. Ayalon D. (1980). Mamlukiyyat A First Attempt to Evaluate the Mamluk Military System Ibn Khaldun's View of the Mamluk Phenomenon. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam’, 2, 321-349.
10. Ayalon D. (1980). The Auxiliary Forces of the Mamluk Sultanate. Der Islam, Ixv, 13-37.
11. Ayalon D. (1967). The Mamluks and Naval Power: A Phase of the Struggle between Islam and Christian Europe. Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1(8), 1-12.
12. Ayalon D. (1957). The System of Payment in Mamlûk Military Society.Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 1(1), 37-65.
13. Ayalon D. (1989). Mamluk Military Aristocracy during the First Years of the Ottoman Occupation of Egypt. The Islamic World from Classical to Modern Times: Essays in Honor of Bernard Lewis, ed. Clifford Edmund Bosworth, 413-432.
14. Ayalon D. (1946). The Plague and Its Effects upon the Mamluk Army. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 67-73.
15. Ayalon D. (1975). Preliminary Remarks on the Mamluk Military Institution in Islam. War, Technology and Society in the Middle East, 44-58.
16. Ayalon D. (1996). The Mamlūks of the Seljuks: Islam's Military Might at the Crossroads. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 6(3), 305-333.
17. Ayalon D. (1961). Notes on the Furusiyya Exercises and Games in the Mamluk Sultanate. Scripta Hierosolymitana 9, 31-62.
18. Çetin, A. (2007). Memlûk Devletinde Askeri Teşkilat, İstanbul.
19. Çetin, A. (2003). Memlûk Askerinin Eğitimi. TSA,7(2), s. 219-240.
20. Çetin, A. (2011). Memlûk Devletinde Okçuluk. Gazi Türkiyat, 9, 67-86.
21. David, N. (2011). Late Mamlûk Military Eqipment, Damas.
22. Donohue, J. J. (2003). The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq, Brill.
23. Epstein, S. (2006). Purity Lost: Transgressing Boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1000-1400, Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
24. Finer, S. E. (1999). The History of the Government: The Intermediate Ages, New York.
25. Haarmann, U. (1984). The Son’s of Mamluks as fief Holders in Late Medieval Age. Land Tenure and Social Transformation in the Middle East, ed. Tarif Halidî (Beirut), 141-168.
26. Har el, Shai (1995). Struggle for Domination in the Middle East: The Otoman- Mamlûk War 1485-1491 Brill.
27. Hassanein, R. (1975). The Training of the Mamluk Faris. War, Technonolgy and Society in the Middle Ages, ed. V.J. Parry – M.E. Yapp, Londra, 153-163.
28. Humphreys, R. S. (1977). The Emergence of the Mamluk Army. Studia Islamica, 46, 67-99.
29. Irwin, R. (2003). Tribal Feuding and Mamluk Factions in Medieval Syria. Texts, Documents and Artefacts Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S.Richards, ed. Chase F. Robinson, Leiden, 251-265.
30. Irwin, R. (2004). Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamlûk Sultanate. The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society, ed. M. Winter ve A. Levanoni. Leiden: Brill, 117-139.
31. Kızıltoprak, S. (2002). Memlûk Sistemi. Türkler Ansiklopedisi, Yeni Türkiye Yay., 5, 610-638, Ankara.
32. Levanoni, A. (2011). The Halqah in the Mamluk Army: Why was it not Dissolved When it reached its Nadir. Mamlûk Studies Review, 15, 37-65.
33. Levanoni, A. (1995). A Turning Point in Mamlûk History: The Third Reign of al- Nâsir Muhammad ibn Qalâwûn, New York.
34. Levanoni, A. (1994). The Mamlûk Conception of the Sultanate. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 26(3), 373-392.
35. Levanoni, A. (2006). Awlād al-nāsin the Mamluk Army during the Bahri Period. Mamluks and Ottomans: Studies in honour of Michael Winter, ed. David J. Wasserstein and Ami Ayalon, Londra ve New York, 96–105.
36. Mujani, W. K. (2012). The Expenses of Mamluk Army during the Burji Period. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 303-309.
37. Northrup, L. (1998). From Slave to Sultan: The Career of al-Mansûr Qalâwûn and the Consolidation of the Mamlûk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678-689 A.H/1279-1290 A.D.), Stuttgart.
38. Northrup, L. (1998). The Bahrī Mamlūk Sultanate 1250-1390. The Cambridge History of Egypt, Ed.: M. W. Daly, Carl F. Petry, New York 1998, 242- 289.
39. Özkuyumcu, N. (2002). Tolunoğulları. Türkler Ansiklopedisi, Yeni Türkiye Yay.,5,10-59, Ankara
40. Özkuyumcu, N. (2002). Ihşîdîler. Türkler Ansiklopedisi, Yeni Türkiye Yay., 5,60- 101, Ankara
41. Poliak, A.N. (1937). Some Notes on the Feudal System of the Mamluks. JRAS, 97-107.
42. Steenbergen, J. V. (2013). The Mamluk Sultanate as a Military Patronage State: Hoursehold Politics and the Case of Qalâwûnîd Bayt (1279-1382). Jesho, 56 (2013), 189-217.
43. Tekindağ, Ş. (1961). Berkûk Devrinde Memlûk Sultanlığı, İstanbul.
44. Uzunçarşılı, İ.H. (1941). Osmanlı Devlet Teşkilatına Medhal, T.T.K. yay., İstanbul.