Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma: Sürdürülebilirlik İçin Bir Çözüm Vizyonu

Öz

Sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve sürdürülebilirlik konusu günümüzde gerek teorik alanda, gerekse de politika uygulamalarında gündemde olan önemli konulardan birini teşkil etmektedir. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve sürdürülebilirlik konusunun çevre, ekonomi ve sosyal boyutuyla geniş bir alanı kapsayan disiplinler arası (interdisipliner) yapısı ve aynı zamanda çözüm vizyonuyla gelen pragmatik ve politik tarafı bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ilk planda sürdürülebilirlik sorununun boyutları saptanmaya çalışılmakta ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma problematiğini karmaşıklaştıran çok bileşenli yapı ve farklı paradigmaların varlığı incelenmektedir. Sonuç olarak vurgulanan noktada, konunun ayrıcalıklı tarafı olarak çözüm vizyonu olması olgusuna yer verilmektedir. Bu vizyon dahilinde talep edilen yeniden yapılanmadır. Pragmatik olarak tepkisel bir hızla oluşturulmaya çalışılan yeniden yapılanmada ekonomi, ekoloji ve sosyal boyutlar arasında eşit ağırlıklı bir ele alış öngörülmektedir. Bununla beraber bu çabaların bilimsel metodoloji ile altı doldurulmalıdır. Bu çalışmada öne sürüldüğü şekliyle, oluşturulmak istenen çözüm vizyonunun son yüzyılda gerçekleşen bilimsel yaklaşım değişimleriyle ilişkisi kurulabilir; gerçekleşen önemli paradigma değişimleri talep edilen yeniden yapılanmaya temel oluşturacak bir pre-analitik vizyon değişimini sağlayacak güçtedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Çevre-Ekonomi İlişkisi, Sürdürülebilirlik, Global Holistik Görüş

Sustainable Development: A Solution Vision for Sustainability

Öz

Sustainable development and sustainability concept is one of the most important topics of the agenda of both theoretical studies and political applications. Sustainable development and sustainability has not only a wide interdisciplinary structure which includes environmental, economical and social dimensions, but also it has political and pragmatic properties belong to solution vision. In this study, as a first approach, the dimensions of the sustainability problem have been determined. Then the multidimensional structure sophisticating the problematic of sustainable development and existence of different paradigms has been investigated. As concluding, being solution vision is underlined as the distinctive part of the subject. A restructuring is being demanded through this vision. In this restructuring which is tried to establish as a pragmatic reflex, an equally weighted approach among environmental, economical and social dimensions is proposed. That being said, it yet lacks support of scientific methodology. As it is proposed in this study, the solution vision as in concerned form can be related with the scientific paradigm shifts of the last century; moreover, the lately-occurred important paradigms shifts are strong enough to constitute a base for a reconstruction which is being demanded

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sustainable Development, Environment-Economy Relationship, Sustainability, Global Holistic Vision

Kaynakça

1. Aghion, P. and Howitt, P. (1998). Endogenous Growth Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
2. AHD (2009). American Heritage Dictionary of English Language, 4th edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. Erişim: 18.7.2010, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/economy
3. Baker, S. (2006). Sustainable Development. New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
4. Barrow, C.J. (1995). Developing the Environment: Problems and Management. Burnt Mill, Harlow, UK: Longman Scientific & Technical.
5. Bartelmus, P. (1994). Environment, growth, and development: The concepts and strategies of sustainability. New York: Routledge.
6. Blakely, E. J. (2005). Sociel Equity and sustainable development: Rules for building better communities. D. R. Porter (ed.). The Practice of Sustainable Development (s. 67- 74). Washington: Urban Land Institute.
7. Brock, W. and Taylor, M.S. (2006). Economic Growth and the Environment: A Review Theory and Empirics. S. Durlauf and P. Aghion (eds.). The Handbook of Economic Growth. Amsterdam: New-Holland.
8. Boulding, K.E. (1966). The economics of coming Spaceship Earth. H. Jarrett (ed.). Environmental quality in a growing economy (s. 3-14). Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.

9. Carley, M. and Christie, I. (2000). Managing Sustainable Development. London, UK; Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
10. Christensen, P. (1987). Historical roots for ecological economics: Biophysical versus allocative approaches. Ecological Economics, 1, 17-36.
11. Cleveland, C.J. (1987). Biophysical Economics: Historical perspective and current research trends. EcologicalModelling, 38, 47-74.
12. Costanza, R., Cumberland, J., Daly, H., Goodland, R. and Norgard, R. (1997). An Introduction to Ecological Economics. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: St. Lucie Press.
13. Daly, H.E. (1968). On economics as a life science. Journal of Political Economy, 76, 392- 406.
14. Daly, H.E. (1973). Steady-state economy: Toward a political economy of biophysical equilibrium and moral growth. H.E. Daly (ed.). Steady-state economics (149-174). San Fransisco: W.H. Freeman.
15. Daly, H.E. (1977). Steady-state economics. San Fransisco: W.H. Freeman.
16. Daly, H.E. (1991a). From empty-world to full-world economics: recognising and historical turning point in economic development. R. Goodland, H. Daly, S. El Serafy and B. Von Droste (eds). Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development: Building on Brundtland. Paris, France: UNESCO..
17. Daly, H.E. (1991b). Sustainable development: From conceptual theory towards operational principles. Population and Development Review, 16, supplement.
18. Daly, H.E. (1991c). Steady-state economics (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Island Press.
19. Daly, H.E. and Cobb, J.B. (1995). For the Common Good. Boston: Beacon Press.
20. Faber, M., Niemes, H. and Stephan, G. (1995). Entropy, Environment and Resources: An Essay in Physico-Economics (2nd ed.)., Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: SpringerVerlag.
21. Falk, G. and Ruppel, W. (1976). Energie und Entropie. Die Physik des Naturwissenschaftlers. Eine Einführung in die Thermodynamik-Energy and Entropy. The physics of natural sciences. An Introduction to the Thermodynamics. Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
22. Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1971). The Entropy Law and the Economic Process. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
23. Goodland, R. (1991). Tropical deforestration: Solutions, ethics and religion. Environment Department working Paper 43, Washington, DC: World Bank Press.
24. Goodland, R., Daly, H.E. and El Serafy, S. (1992). Population, Technology and Lifestyle. Washington DC: Island Press.
25. Hettne, B. (2008). Sustainable Development ın a Globalized World: studies in development, security and culture. B. Hettne (Ed.). Editor's Preface: Development, security and culture (Vol. 1). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
26. Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] (1990). IPCC First Assesment ReportOverview and Policy-makers Summarries. Geneva, Switzerland: WMO and UNEP.
27. IUCN-The World Conservation Union. (2006). The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking environment and development in the twenty-first century. Erişim: 4, 5, 2010, http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/iucn_future_of_sustanability.pdf.
28. Martinez-Alier, J. (1987). Ecological economics: Energy, environment and society. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
29. Maser, C. (2010). Social-Environmental Planning: the design interface between everyforest and everycity. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
30. Morse, S. (2010). Sustainability: a biological perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
31. Porter, D. R. (2000). Dimensions of sustainability in development. In D. R. Porter (ed.), The Practice of Sustainable Development. Washington: Urban Land Institute, 5-24.
32. Roosa, S. R. (2010). Sustainable Development Handbook (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: The Fairmont Press.
33. Schmandt, J. ve Ward, C.H., (2000). Part:1Challenge and response. J. Schmandt, C.H. Ward, M. Hastings (eds.). Sustainable Development: the challange of transition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
34. Schumpeter, J.A (1950). Capitalism, socialism and democracy. New York: Harper ve Row.
35. Stokey, N.L. (1998). Are There Limits to Growth? International Economic Review, 39, 1- 31.
36. Strange, T., and Bayley, A. (2008). Sustainable Development: linking economy, society and environment. Paris, France: OECD Publications.
37. Tietenberg, T. and Lewis, L. (2010). Environmental Economics and Policy (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
38. Tutulmaz, O. (2011). Ekonomi - Çevre İlişkisi ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma: Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme. Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
39. Tutulmaz, O. (2012). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Modellenmesi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. İİB Uluslararası Hakemli Akademik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3, 603-43.
40. Ukaga, O., Maser, C., and Reichenbach, M. (2010). Sustainable Development. Boca Raton: Taylor Francis Group.
41. United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP] (1992). Saving our planet, Challenge and Hopes, The State of the Environment (1972-1992). Nairobi:UNEP.
42. United Nations General Assembly [UN] (1989). Erişim: 10 4, 2010, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/44/ares44-228/htm.
43. Vitousek, P.M., Ehrlich, P.R., Ehrlich, A.H and Matson, P.A. (1986). Human appropriation of the product of photosynthesis. Bioscience, 34 (6), 368-73.
44. World Comission on Environment and Development – WCED (1987). Our Common Future. New York: Oxford University Press.
45. WDI (2011). World Development Indicators. Erişim: 24,1,2011, http://www.worldbank.org.