Mülteci ve Sığınmacı Olgusunun Medyadaki Görünümü: Medya Politiği Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Öz

Mülteci ve sığınmacı olgusu, günümüzde gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin en önemli sorunlarından birini teşkil etmektedir. Çoğunlukla ekonomik temelden hareket eden mültecilik ve sığınmacılık hareketleri, demokratikleşme ve barış ortamı noktasındaki yetersizliklerle birleşerek daha yoğun bir hal almış bulunmaktadır. Kesin bir rakam belirtmek zor olsa da bugün dünya üzerinde 10 milyonun üzerinde bir insan nüfusunun, doğdukları ülkeler dışında yaşamlarını sürdürdükleri ve kendilerine yaşanılabilir yeni ortamlar sağlamaya çalıştıkları görülmektedir. Güneyden kuzey ülkelerine doğru gerçekleşen mülteci hareketlerinin, Türkiye bağlamında deniz kıyıları ve doğu/güney karayolu sınırları eksenli gerçekleştiği ve Türk medyasının –gazetelerinin- önemli bir haber alanını oluşturduğu bilinmektedir. Bu makalede, mülteci ya da sığınmacı yaşamların durumuna ilişkin medya dilinin analizi; küresel eşitsizlik, demokratikleşme ve insan hakları perspektifinden ele alınmakta ve değerlendirilmektedir. Eleştirel söylem analizi tekniği aracılığıyla, Türk medyasında yer alan mülteci ve sığınmacılara ilişkin haberlerin; haber yapılış biçimleri, taşımış oldukları mesajlar ve kamuoyu oluşturmadaki rolü çalışmanın temel sorgu alanlarını oluşturmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mülteciler, Sığınmacılar, İnsan Ticareti, Uluslararası Göç, Medya

Image of Refugees and Asylum-Seekers in the Media: An Evaluation on Media Politics

Öz

The case of refugees and asylum-seekers constitutes one of the most important problems of today’s developed and developing countries. Immigration and sanctuary which arise generally from economic causes have reached a more intensified state due to deficiencies in the process of democratization and establishment of an environment of peace. Although it is difficult to provide an exact number, it is observed that a population of more than 10 million people in the world today continue their lives outside their home countries and seek new environments for survival. It is known that refugee mobility follows a route from the south to northern countries and in the case of Turkey it is realized along the coastal lines and through east/south highways, and occupies a significant area of coverage in the Turkish printed media. This article aims to analyze and evaluate the media language and discourse on the lives of refugees or asylum seekers through the perspective of democratization and human rights. Critical discourse analysis will be used to analyze the main axes of enquiry which include the news released in the Turkish printed media on refugees and asylum seekers, the approach adopted in shaping such news coverage, the messages they convey, and their role in molding public opinion

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Refugees, Asylum Seekers, Human Trade, International Migration, Media

Kaynakça

1. Ay, K. (2005). Asylum and Migration Legislation, Turkish Ministry of Interior, UNHRC Turkey and EU Twinning Project, Baskent Matbaası: Ankara.
2. Behara, N.C. (2006). “Series Indroduction” in Gender, Conflict and Migration, (ed.) N.C. Behara, Sage Publication: New Delhi.
3. Benoit, W.L. ve Benoit, P.J. (2008). Persuasive Messages, The Process of Influence, Blackwell Publishing: Madlen.
4. Berger, A.A. (2007). Media&Society, A Critical Perspective, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers: Lanham.
5. Burk, L.A. (2005). “An Open Door, German Refugee Scholars in Turkey”, in The Dispossessed, An Anatomy of Exile, (ed.) P.I. Rose, University of Massachusetts Press: Massachusetts.
6. Cullen, P. (2000). Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Ireland, Cork University Press: Cork.
7. Dijk, T. a.V. (2008). Discourse and Power, Palgrave Macmillan: New York.
8. Essed, P., Frerks, G. ve Schrijvers, J. (2004). “Introduction: Refuguees, Agency and Social Transformation” in Refugees and The Transformation of Societies, Berghahn Books: New York.

9. Friedman, D.E. ve Klein, R. (2008). Reluctant Refugee, The Story of Asylum in Britain, The British Library: London.
10. Gregou, S. (2005). Local and Regional Authorities and The Immigration Challenge, European Union Committee of The Regions, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg.
11. Hassan, R. (2004). Media, Politics and the Network Society, Open University Press: Berkshire.
12. Jacobsen, K. (2005). The Economic Life of Refugees, Kumarian Press: Bloomfield.
13. Kolukirik, S. ve Aygül, H.H. (2009). “Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Turkey: Sociological Aspects of an International Migration Movement:” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 29 (1): 69-82.
14. Koser, K. (2007). “Strategies, Stories and Smuggling: Inter-regional Asylum Flows and Their Implications for Regional Responses”, in New Regionalism and Asylum Seekers, (ed.) S. Kneebone ve F.R. Sanaei, Berghahn Book: New York.
15. Leeuwen, T.V. (2008). Discourse and Practice, New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis, Oxford University Pres: New York.
16. MacLure, M. (2009). “Broken Voices, Dirty Words: On the Productive Insufficiency of Voice” in Voice in Qualitative Inquiry, (ed.) A.Y. Jackson ve L.A. Mazzei, Routledge: New York.
17. Marsden, P. (2006). “Afghanistan, A Decade of Forced Migration and Return, 1992-2002” in Catching Fire, Containing Forced Migration in a Volatile World (ed.) N.V. Hear ve C. McDowell, Lexington Books: Lanham.
18. Martin, S.F. ve Hiddleston, T. (2006). “Burundi: A Case of Humanitarian Neglect”, in Catching Fire, Containing Forced Migration in a Volatile World (ed.) N.V. Hear ve C. McDowell, Lexington Books: Lanham.
19. Nowrojee, B. (2008). “Sexual Violence, Gender Roles, and Displacement”, in Refugee Rights, Ethics, Advocacy, and Africa, (ed.) David Hollenbach, Georgetown University Press: Washington.
20. Nyers, P. (2006). Rethinking Refugees, Beyond States of Emergency, Roudledge: NewYork.
21. O’Kane, M. (2006). “Gender, Borders and Transversality: The Emerging Women’s Movement in the Burma-Thailand Borderlands” in Gender, Conflict and Migration (ed.) N.C. Behera, Sage Publication: New Delhi.
22. Quadeem, M. (2005). “Afghanistan: The Long Way Home” in Internal Displacement in South Asia, (ed.) P. Banerjee, Sage Publication: New Delhi.
23. Robinson, V., Anderson, R. ve Musterd, S. (2003). Spreading The ‘Burden’?, A Review of Policies to Disperse Asylum Seekers and Refugees, University of Bristol, The Policy Press: Bristol.
24. Sircar, O. (2006). “Can the Woman Flee? Gender-Based Persecution, Forced Migration and Asylum Law in South Asia” in Gender, Conflict and Migration (ed.) N.C. Behera, Sage Publication: New Delhi.
25. Thomson, E. ve White, P.R.R. (2008). “The News Story as Rhetoric Linguistic Approaches to the Analysis of Journalistic Discourse” in Communicating Conflict, Multilingual Case Studies of the News Media, (ed.) Thomson, E. ve White, P.R.R. Continuum: New York.
26. Veney, C.R. (2007). Forced Migration in Eastern Africa, Democratization, Structural Adjustment, and Refugees, Palgrave Macmillan: New York.
27. Watters, C. (2008). Refugee Children, Towards the Next Horizon, Roudledge: London.