Ekonomik Büyümenin Çevreye Etkilerinin Farklı Gelişmişlik Düzeyindeki Ülkeler İçin İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, farklı gelişmişlik düzeyindeki ülke grupları için 1980-2013 yıllarını kapsayan dönemde enerji tüketimi, kişi başı reel gayri safi yurt içi hâsıla (GSYH), kişi başı reel GSYH’nin karesi, kentleşme, ticari serbestleşme ve CO₂ emisyonu ilişkisi analiz edilerek, Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (ÇKE) hipotezi bağlamında farklı gelişmişlik düzeyindeki ülke gruplarında ekonomik büyüme ve çevre kirliliği ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Ayrıca 2005 yılında yürürlüğe giren Kyoto protokolünün CO₂ emisyonu üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi için, 2005 yılı için enerji tüketiminde kukla değişken kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre yüksek orta gelirli ve düşük orta gelirli ülke gruplarında ÇKE hipotezi geçerliliği doğrulanırken, gelişmiş ve az gelişmiş ülke gruplarında ÇKE hipotezinin geçerliliği doğrulanamamıştır. Tüm ülke gruplarında enerji tüketiminin katsayısı pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Ticari serbestleşmedeki bir artış az gelişmiş ve düşük orta gelirli ülke gruplarında karbon dioksit emisyonunu artırırken, yüksek orta gelirli ülke grubunda karbon dioksit emisyonunu azaltmaktadır. Gelişmiş ve az gelişmiş ülke gruplarında kentleşmedeki bir artış CO₂ emisyonunu azaltırken, yüksek orta gelir ve düşük orta gelir grubunda ise CO₂ emisyonunu artırmaktadır. Gelişmiş ülke grubunda Kyoto kukla değişkeninin katsayısı negatif işaretli, düşük orta gelir ülke grubunda pozitif işaretli ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sürdürülebilir kalkınma,Ekonomik büyüme,Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi,Panel veri analizi

The Effects of Economic Growth on Environment for Different Income Group Countries

Öz

This study, which aims at investigating economic growth and environmental pollution nexus for groups of countries with different development levels in the context of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, is to analyze the relationship between energy consumption, real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, the square of real GDP per capita, urbanization, trade liberalization and CO₂ emissions for the period of 1980-2013 for groups of countries with different development levels. In addition, in order to examine the impact of the Kyoto Protocol which came into force in 2005 on carbon emissions, a dummy variable was used for energy consumption in 2005.  According to the findings, the existence of EKC hypothesis is validated for lower middle income and upper middle income country groups, while the existence of the hypothesis is not validated for low income and high income country groups. In all country groups, the coefficient of energy consumption is positive and statistically significant. An increase in trade liberalization increases carbon dioxide emission levels in lower middle income and low income country groups, whereas an increase in trade liberalization in upper middle income country group reduces the emission level. An increase in urbanization in developed and underdeveloped countries reduces CO₂ emissions while increasing CO2 emissions in the upper middle income and lower middle income groups. In the high income country group, the coefficient of the Kyoto dummy variable is negative and statistically significant; it has positive sign in lower middle income country group and statistically significant.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sustainable development,Economic growth,Environmental Kuznets Curve,Panel data analysis

Kaynakça

1. Al-Mulali, U., Saboori, B. ve Ozturk, I. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Vietnam. Energy Policy, 76, ss.123-131.
2. Apergis, N. ve Ozturk, I. (2015). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Asian countries. Ecological Indicators, 52, ss.16-22.
3. Arı, A. ve Zeren, F. (2011). CO2 Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Panel Veri Analizi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), ss.37-47.
4. Baltagi, B.H. (2005). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, England.
5. Basher, S.A. ve Mohsin, M. (2004). PPP Tests in Cointegrated Panels: Evidence From Asian Developing Countries. Applied Economics Letters 2004(11), ss. 163–166.
6. Campbell, J. Y., & Perron, P. (1991). Pitfalls and opportunities: what macroeconomists should know about unit roots. NBER macroeconomics annual, 6, 141-201.
7. Chudik, A., & Pesaran, M. H. (2013). Large panel data models with cross-sectional dependence: a survey. CAFE Research Paper, (13.15).
8. Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: a survey. Ecological economics, 49(4), 431-455.

9. Farhani, S., Chaibi, A. ve Rault, C. (2014b). CO 2 emissions, output, energy consumption, and trade in Tunisia. Economic Modelling, 38, ss.426-434.
10. Farhani, S., Mrizak, S., Chaibi, A. ve Rault, C. (2014a). The environmental Kuznets curve and sustainability: A panel data analysis. Energy Policy, 71, ss.189-198.
11. Farhani, S., Shahbaz, M. ve Arouri, M. E. H. (2013). Panel analysis of CO2 emissions, GDP, energy consumption, trade openness and urbanization for MENA countries.
12. Gozgor, G. ve Can, M. (2016). Export product diversification and the environmental Kuznets curve: evidence from Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(21), ss.21594-21603.
13. Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement (No. w3914). National Bureau of Economic Research.
14. Jalil, A., & Mahmud, S. F. (2009). Environment Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: a cointegration analysis for China. Energy policy, 37(12), 5167-5172.
15. Javid, M. ve Sharif, F. (2016). Environmental Kuznets curve and financial development in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, ss.406-414.
16. Jebli, M. B. ve Youssef, S. B. (2015). The environmental Kuznets curve, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy, and trade in Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47, ss.173-185.
17. Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American economic review, 45(1), 1-28.
18. Muhammad, S., Lean, H. H., & Muhammad, S. S. (2011). Environmental Kuznets curve and the role of energy consumption in Pakistan.
19. Nasir, M., & Rehman, F. U. (2011). Environmental Kuznets curve for carbon emissions in Pakistan: an empirical investigation. Energy Policy, 39(3), 1857-1864.
20. Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2010). Makro İktisat Politikalarının Tarım Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkileri: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler İçin Bir Karşılaştırma, Doktora Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kayseri, ss. 132.
21. Ozturk, I. ve Acaravci, A. (2013). The long-run and causal analysis of energy, growth, openness and financial development on carbon emissions in Turkey. Energy Economics, 36, ss.262-267.
22. Pedroni, P. (2000). Fully Modified OLS for Heterogeneous Cointegrated Panels. Advances in Econometrics 15, ss.93–130.
23. Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels.
24. Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, 74(4), ss.967-1012.
25. Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
26. Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
27. Rafindadi, A. A. (2016). Revisiting the concept of environmental Kuznets curve in period of energy disaster and deteriorating income: Empirical evidence from Japan. Energy Policy, 94, ss.274-284.
28. Saboori, B., Sulaiman, J. B. ve Mohd, S. (2012b). An empirical analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions in Indonesia: the role of energy consumption and foreign trade. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(2), ss.243.
29. Shahbaz, M., Khraief, N., Uddin, G. S. ve Ozturk, I. (2014a). Environmental Kuznets curve in an open economy: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 34, ss.325-336.
30. Shahbaz, M., Lean, H. H. ve Shabbir, M. S. (2012). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Pakistan: cointegration and Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(5), ss.2947-2953.
31. Shahbaz, M., Ozturk, I., Afza, T. ve Ali, A. (2013b). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve in a global economy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, ss.494-502.
32. Stern, D. I. (2004). The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve. World development, 32(8), 1419-1439.
33. Tiwari, A. K., Shahbaz, M. ve Hye, Q. M. A. (2013). The environmental Kuznets curve and the role of coal consumption in India: cointegration and causality analysis in an open economy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, ss.519-527.
34. Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 69(6), 709-748.