Tarihsel Süreçte Yaşanan Pandemilerin Ekonomik ve Sosyal Etkileri

Öz

Salgınlar tarihin her döneminde toplumsal etki yaratmıştır. Yakın bir tarihe kadar salgınların neden kaynaklandığı konusundaki bilgi eksikliği salgınların toplum üzerindeki etkisini arttırmış ve bunun sonucu olarak çıktığı bölgelerde yaygınlık göstererek kitlesel ölümlere yol açmıştır. Ölüm ve hastalıkların yanı sıra, salgınlar insanların sosyal yaşantılarını, tüketim alışkanlıklarını, yaşam tarzlarını ve ekonomik faaliyetlerini de etkilemiştir. Salgınların etkisinin bu kadar büyük olmasındaki temel neden ise, salgının ne zaman çıkacağı ne kadar yayılacağı ve ne kadar süreceği konusunda yaşanan belirsizliktir. Küreselleşme olgusu ve yarattığı ticari entegrasyon sonucu ülkeler arasındaki ticari ilişkilerin gelişmesi, ticari ve ticari olmayan seyahatlerin artması salgınların ortaya çıktıkları yerden hızlı bir şekilde dünya geneline yayılmasına neden olmuştur. Salgınların sosyal yaşantı üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri olmakla birlikte daha çok ekonomik kayıplarından dolayı ekonomik etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Ticari entegrasyon sonucunda ülkelerin ekonomik kayıpları ticari ilişkilerden dolayı diğer ülkeleri de etkilemektedir. Ekonomik kayıpların artması sosyal yaşantının ekonomik nedenlerden dolayı da değişmesine yol açmıştır. Literatürde yer alan çalışmalarda salgınların genelde ülkelerin ekonomik gücünü zayıflatarak kriz ortamı yarattığı görülmektedir. Salgınların ülkelerin ve küresel ekonomi üzerindeki doğrudan etkileri yanında dolaylı etkileri de oldukça önemlidir. Salgınların ekonomiler üzerindeki doğrudan etkilerinin hesaplanması daha kolay iken dolaylı etkilerinin tam olarak hesaplanması mümkün olmamaktadır. Ayrıca doğrudan etkiler salgın süresince görülürken dolaylı etkiler daha uzun bir döneme yayılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, tarihsel süreç içerisinde ülkeleri derinden etkileyen küresel salgınlar ele alınmıştır. Bu kapsamda salgınların ülkelerin ekonomik ve sosyal yapıları üzerindeki değişim ve etkileri değerlendirilmiş ve olası salgınlara karşı öngörüde bulunulması amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Salgın,
• Pandemi,
• Covid-19,

Kaynakça

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