Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Kamu Diplomasisi Bakışından Spor Diplomasisi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4, 1367 - 1380, 18.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.556513

Öz



Kamu diplomasisi bir ulusun değerlerini, kurumlarını
ve kültürünü uluslararası kamuoyuna anlatma çabasıdır. Kültür kamu diplomasisi
içinde çok önemli bir yere sahiptir ve çok çeşitli başlıklarda ele alınır.
Spor, makalede kültürel bir öğe olarak ele alınmıştır. Kamu diplomasisi içinde
ele alınan kültürel öğeler genel olarak seçkin üst kültürün öğeleriyken spor
popüler kültürün bir parçası olarak farklı bir noktada durmaktadır. Spor hem
küresel hem de yerel kültürün bir parçasıdır. Hem dışlayıcı hem birleştiricidir.
Spor diplomasisini anlayabilmek için makalede öncelikle kamu diplomasisi ve alt
başlığı olarak kültürel diplomasi ele alınmıştır. Spor diplomasisi için, sporun
ne olduğu, nasıl yaygınlaştığı, hangi aktörlerin bu alanda faaliyet gösterdiği
ve spor diplomasisi içinde öne çıkan temalar örneklendirilerek sunulmuştur.


Kaynakça

  • Aktan, C. C. ve Tutar, H. (2007). Bir Sosyal Sabit Sermaye Olarak Kültür, Pazarlama ve İletişim Kültürü Dergisi, 6, 5-12.
  • Bros, N. (2017). Public Diplomacy and Cooperation with Non-Governmental Organizations in the Liberal Perspective of International Relations, Journal of Education Culture and Society, 1, 11-22.
  • Cha, V. (2016). Role of Sport in International Relations: National Rebirth and Renewal, Asian Economic Policy Review, 11, 139–155.
  • Cull, N. J. (2008). The Cold War and the United States Information Agency. Cambridge: Cambridge Press.
  • Cummings, M. C. Jr. (2003). Cultural Diplomacy and the United States Government: A Survey, Washington: Center for Arts and Culture.
  • Devecioğlu, S. ve Çoban, B. (2005). Spor Kulüplerinin Sivil Toplum Örgütü Olarak Toplumsal İşlevi, Siyaset ve Toplum Dergisi, 3, 181-191.
  • Eckstein, R. (1993). Ping pong diplomacy: A view from behind the scenes. Journal of American-East Asian Relations, 2(3), 327-342.
  • Feizabadi M. S. , Delgado, F. , Khabiri, M. , Sajjadi, N., Alidoust, E. (2015). Olympic Movement or Diplomatic Movement? The Role of Olympic Games on Development of International Relations. Journal of Sports Science, 3, 186-194.
  • Finlay, C. J., Xin, X. (2010). Public Diplomacy Games: A Comparative Study of American and Japanese Responses to the Interplay of Nationalism, Ideology and Chinese Soft Power Strategies around the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Sport in Society, 13 (5), 876–900.
  • Gilboa, E. (2001). Diplomacy in the Media Age: Three Models of Uses and Effects, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 12(2), 1-28.
  • Gomes, C. (2018). Boycotts and Diplomacy:When the Talking Stops. Simon Rofe (Ed.) Sport and Diplomacy içimde (169-184). Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Gregory, B. (2011). American Public Diplomacy: Enduring Characteristics, Elusive Transformations, Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 6(3), 351-372.
  • Grincheva, N. (2010). U.S. Arts and Cultural Diplomacy: Post-Cold War Decline and the Twenty-First Century Debate, The Journal of Arts Management, Law and Society, 40, 169-183.
  • Grix, J. ve Houlihan, B. (2014). Sports Mega-Events as Part of a Nations’s Soft Power Strategy: The Cases of Germany (2006) and the UK (2012), The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 16, 572-596.
  • Hong, F. ve Xiaozheng, X. (2002). Communist China: Sport, politics and diplomacy. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 19(2-3), 319-342.
  • Hong, Z. ve Sun, Y. (2000). The Butterfly Effect and the Making of 'Ping-Pong Diplomacy'. Journal of Contemporary China, 9(25), 429-448.
  • http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/index.php?en_culturaldiplomacy 6.02.2019 What is Culture?
  • http://www.kultur.gov.tr/TR-96254/kultur.html 8.02.2019 Kültür Nedir?
  • http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/cultural-diversity/ 10.02.2018 Cultural Diversity
  • https://ec.europa.eu/sport/news/2018/new-eurobarometer-sport-and-physical-activity_en 14.02.2019 Sport and Physical Activity Rates 2018
  • https://eca.state.gov/programs-and-initiatives 13.02.2019 Sports Diplomacy
  • https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/sports-diplomacy/ 13.02.2019 Sports Diplomacy
  • https://www.mofa.gov.qa/en/foreign-policy/international-cooperation/sports-diplomacy 13.02.2019 Sports Diplomacy
  • https://www.olympic.org/helsinki-1952 12.02.2019 Olympic Games
  • https://www.topendsports.com/events/summer/medal-tally/1952.htm 12.02.2019 Medal Tally
  • https://www.un.org/sport/sites/www.un.org.sport/files/ckfiles/files/Chapter6_SportandPeace.pdf 15.02.2019 Sports and Peace
  • https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html 13.02.2019 What are the Most Popular Sports in the World?
  • Kim, H. (2017). Bridging the Theoretical Gap between Public Diplomacy and Cultural Diplomacy, The Korean Journal of International Studies, 15(2), 293-326.
  • Kobierecki, M. M. (2013). Sport in International Relations Expectations, Possibilities and Effects, International Studies Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal, 15 (1), 49–74.
  • Large, D. (2007). Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936. New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Lee, G. ve Ayhan, K. (2015). Why Do We Need Non-State Actors in Public Diplomacy?: Theoretical Discussion of Relational, Networked and Collaborative Public Diplomacy, Journal of International and Area Studies, 22(1), 57-77.
  • Manheim, J.B. (1994). Strategic Public Diplomacy and American Foreign Policy: The Evolution of Influence. NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Murray, S. (2012). The Two Halves of Sports-Diplomacy, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 23(3), 576-592.
  • Murray, S. (2013). Introduction, Sports Diplomacy, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 8, 191-195.
  • Müller, M. (2015). What Makes an Event a Mega Event? Definitions and Sizes, Leisure Studies, 34(6), 627-642.
  • Nye, J. (2008). Public Diplomacy and Soft Power, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 94-109.
  • Paschalidis, G. (2009). Exporting national culture: histories of Cultural Institutes abroad, International Journal of Cultural Policy, 15(3), 275-289.
  • Pigman G. A ve Rofe J. S. (2014). Sport and Diplomacy: An Introduction, Sport in Society, 17:9, 1095-1097.
  • Scott-Smit, G. (2016). Cultural Diplomacy. Alison R. Holmes; J. Simon Rofe (Eds) Global Diplomacy: Theories, Types, and Models içinde (176-189). NY: Routledge, New York.
  • Tolan, B. (1983). Toplum Bilimlerine Giriş. Ankara: Savaş Yayınları.
  • Tulli, U. (2018). ‘They Used Americana, All Painted and Polished, to Make the Enormous Impression They Did’: Selling the Reagan Revolution Through the 1984 Olympic Games, Simon Rofe (Ed) Sport and Diplomacy içinde (223-242). Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Wang, J. (2006). Managing National Reputation and International Relations in the Global Era: Public Diplomacy Revisited, Public Relations Review, 32, 91-96.
  • Zamorano, M. M. (2016). Reframing Cultural Diplomacy: The Instrumentalization of Culture under the Soft Power Theory, Culture Unbound, 8, 166-186.
  • Zatepilina, O. (2009). Non-State Ambassadors: NGO’s Contribution to America’s Public Diplomacy, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 5(2), 156-168.

Sports Diplomacy from Public Diplomacy Perspective

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4, 1367 - 1380, 18.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.556513

Öz



Public diplomacy is promotion of a country through
values, institutions and culture. Culture
is a major element in public diplomacy and exists in many forms. In the
article, sports is counted as a component of a culture and discussed as a form
of public diplomacy. In public diplomacy literature, most of the cultural
artifacts are belonging to high culture except few. Sports is definitely one of
them and a form of mass culture. Sports is part of both local and global
culture. Includes and excludes other nations. In the article, in order to
understand what is sports diplomacy, first definition of sports, historical
background and the main actors of sports are discussed and aim of sports
diplomacy are examined with some of the main themes in the literature.





Kaynakça

  • Aktan, C. C. ve Tutar, H. (2007). Bir Sosyal Sabit Sermaye Olarak Kültür, Pazarlama ve İletişim Kültürü Dergisi, 6, 5-12.
  • Bros, N. (2017). Public Diplomacy and Cooperation with Non-Governmental Organizations in the Liberal Perspective of International Relations, Journal of Education Culture and Society, 1, 11-22.
  • Cha, V. (2016). Role of Sport in International Relations: National Rebirth and Renewal, Asian Economic Policy Review, 11, 139–155.
  • Cull, N. J. (2008). The Cold War and the United States Information Agency. Cambridge: Cambridge Press.
  • Cummings, M. C. Jr. (2003). Cultural Diplomacy and the United States Government: A Survey, Washington: Center for Arts and Culture.
  • Devecioğlu, S. ve Çoban, B. (2005). Spor Kulüplerinin Sivil Toplum Örgütü Olarak Toplumsal İşlevi, Siyaset ve Toplum Dergisi, 3, 181-191.
  • Eckstein, R. (1993). Ping pong diplomacy: A view from behind the scenes. Journal of American-East Asian Relations, 2(3), 327-342.
  • Feizabadi M. S. , Delgado, F. , Khabiri, M. , Sajjadi, N., Alidoust, E. (2015). Olympic Movement or Diplomatic Movement? The Role of Olympic Games on Development of International Relations. Journal of Sports Science, 3, 186-194.
  • Finlay, C. J., Xin, X. (2010). Public Diplomacy Games: A Comparative Study of American and Japanese Responses to the Interplay of Nationalism, Ideology and Chinese Soft Power Strategies around the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Sport in Society, 13 (5), 876–900.
  • Gilboa, E. (2001). Diplomacy in the Media Age: Three Models of Uses and Effects, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 12(2), 1-28.
  • Gomes, C. (2018). Boycotts and Diplomacy:When the Talking Stops. Simon Rofe (Ed.) Sport and Diplomacy içimde (169-184). Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Gregory, B. (2011). American Public Diplomacy: Enduring Characteristics, Elusive Transformations, Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 6(3), 351-372.
  • Grincheva, N. (2010). U.S. Arts and Cultural Diplomacy: Post-Cold War Decline and the Twenty-First Century Debate, The Journal of Arts Management, Law and Society, 40, 169-183.
  • Grix, J. ve Houlihan, B. (2014). Sports Mega-Events as Part of a Nations’s Soft Power Strategy: The Cases of Germany (2006) and the UK (2012), The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 16, 572-596.
  • Hong, F. ve Xiaozheng, X. (2002). Communist China: Sport, politics and diplomacy. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 19(2-3), 319-342.
  • Hong, Z. ve Sun, Y. (2000). The Butterfly Effect and the Making of 'Ping-Pong Diplomacy'. Journal of Contemporary China, 9(25), 429-448.
  • http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/index.php?en_culturaldiplomacy 6.02.2019 What is Culture?
  • http://www.kultur.gov.tr/TR-96254/kultur.html 8.02.2019 Kültür Nedir?
  • http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/cultural-diversity/ 10.02.2018 Cultural Diversity
  • https://ec.europa.eu/sport/news/2018/new-eurobarometer-sport-and-physical-activity_en 14.02.2019 Sport and Physical Activity Rates 2018
  • https://eca.state.gov/programs-and-initiatives 13.02.2019 Sports Diplomacy
  • https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/sports-diplomacy/ 13.02.2019 Sports Diplomacy
  • https://www.mofa.gov.qa/en/foreign-policy/international-cooperation/sports-diplomacy 13.02.2019 Sports Diplomacy
  • https://www.olympic.org/helsinki-1952 12.02.2019 Olympic Games
  • https://www.topendsports.com/events/summer/medal-tally/1952.htm 12.02.2019 Medal Tally
  • https://www.un.org/sport/sites/www.un.org.sport/files/ckfiles/files/Chapter6_SportandPeace.pdf 15.02.2019 Sports and Peace
  • https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html 13.02.2019 What are the Most Popular Sports in the World?
  • Kim, H. (2017). Bridging the Theoretical Gap between Public Diplomacy and Cultural Diplomacy, The Korean Journal of International Studies, 15(2), 293-326.
  • Kobierecki, M. M. (2013). Sport in International Relations Expectations, Possibilities and Effects, International Studies Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal, 15 (1), 49–74.
  • Large, D. (2007). Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936. New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Lee, G. ve Ayhan, K. (2015). Why Do We Need Non-State Actors in Public Diplomacy?: Theoretical Discussion of Relational, Networked and Collaborative Public Diplomacy, Journal of International and Area Studies, 22(1), 57-77.
  • Manheim, J.B. (1994). Strategic Public Diplomacy and American Foreign Policy: The Evolution of Influence. NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Murray, S. (2012). The Two Halves of Sports-Diplomacy, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 23(3), 576-592.
  • Murray, S. (2013). Introduction, Sports Diplomacy, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 8, 191-195.
  • Müller, M. (2015). What Makes an Event a Mega Event? Definitions and Sizes, Leisure Studies, 34(6), 627-642.
  • Nye, J. (2008). Public Diplomacy and Soft Power, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 94-109.
  • Paschalidis, G. (2009). Exporting national culture: histories of Cultural Institutes abroad, International Journal of Cultural Policy, 15(3), 275-289.
  • Pigman G. A ve Rofe J. S. (2014). Sport and Diplomacy: An Introduction, Sport in Society, 17:9, 1095-1097.
  • Scott-Smit, G. (2016). Cultural Diplomacy. Alison R. Holmes; J. Simon Rofe (Eds) Global Diplomacy: Theories, Types, and Models içinde (176-189). NY: Routledge, New York.
  • Tolan, B. (1983). Toplum Bilimlerine Giriş. Ankara: Savaş Yayınları.
  • Tulli, U. (2018). ‘They Used Americana, All Painted and Polished, to Make the Enormous Impression They Did’: Selling the Reagan Revolution Through the 1984 Olympic Games, Simon Rofe (Ed) Sport and Diplomacy içinde (223-242). Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Wang, J. (2006). Managing National Reputation and International Relations in the Global Era: Public Diplomacy Revisited, Public Relations Review, 32, 91-96.
  • Zamorano, M. M. (2016). Reframing Cultural Diplomacy: The Instrumentalization of Culture under the Soft Power Theory, Culture Unbound, 8, 166-186.
  • Zatepilina, O. (2009). Non-State Ambassadors: NGO’s Contribution to America’s Public Diplomacy, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 5(2), 156-168.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Turizm (Diğer)
Bölüm Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler
Yazarlar

Aslı Yağmurlu 0000-0002-2046-5935

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Ekim 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Nisan 2019
Kabul Tarihi 27 Eylül 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Yağmurlu, A. (2019). Kamu Diplomasisi Bakışından Spor Diplomasisi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(4), 1367-1380. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.556513