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Teknolojik Gelişme ve Temiz Enerji Çevresel Farkındalığı Etkiler mi?: Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3, 789 - 804, 01.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.660620

Öz

Teknolojik gelişme, çevre açısından hem avantajlı hem de dezavantajlı bir etkiye sahiptir. Teknolojik gelişmenin en önemli etkilerden biri ise temiz enerji bilincidir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'de alternatif ve nükleer enerji ile patent uygulamalarının çevre kirliliği üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmaktır. Buna ek olarak, kişi başına düşen reel GSYİH'nın karbon emisyonu üzerindeki doğrusal etkilerinin yanı sıra, parabolik ilişkiler de 1990-2014 dönemi için test edilmiştir. Bu amaçla ARDL sınır testi uygulanarak değişkenler arasındaki eşbütünleşme ilişkisi araştırılmakta ve VECM Granger nedensellik analizi kullanılarak nedensellik bağı incelenmektedir. ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımından elde edilen ampirik sonuçlar, teknolojik gelişmenin karbon emisyonu ile pozitif ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ancak, temiz enerjinin karbon emisyonları ile negatif bir ilişkisi vardır. Yani, temiz enerjinin uzun vadede kişi başına düşen karbon emisyonlarındaki etkisi teknolojik gelişmelerin etkisinden daha fazladır. Öte yandan, teknolojik gelişme ve temiz enerji negatif (sırasıyla -0.114 ve -0.190) ve kısa vadede karbon emisyonu üzerinde istatistiksel olarak % 1 güven düzeyinde anlamlılığa sahiptir. Ayrıca, kısa ve uzun dönem sonuçlarına göre Türkiye'de EKC eğrisinin ampirik varlığı, elde edilen 11.998 (sabit 2010 ABD Doları) olan gelir dönüm noktası ile desteklenmektedir. VECM Granger nedensellik analizi, teknolojik gelişmeden karbon emisyonuna ve kişi başına reel GSYİH'ya kısa dönemde tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Uzun dönemde ise karbon emisyonu başına reel GSYİH'ye, teknolojik gelişmeye ve temiz enerjiye neden olmaktadır.

Kaynakça

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  • Álvarez-Herránz, A., Balsalobre, D., Cantos, J.M. and Shahbaz, M. (2017). Energy İnnovations–Ghg Emissions Nexus: Fresh Empirical Evidence From Oecd Countries, Energy Policy, 101, 90-100
  • Ang, J.B.,(2007). Co2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Output in France. Energy Policy 35 (10), 4772–4778.
  • Apergis, N., and Payne, J.E., (2009). Co2 Emissions, Energy Usage, and Output İn Central America. Energy Policy 37 (8), 3282–3286.
  • Apergis, N.,and Ozturk, I. (2015). Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis İn Asian Countries. Ecological Indicators 52, 16–22
  • Arouri, M., Shahbaz, M., Onchang, R., Islam, F. And Teulon, F. (2014). Environmental Kuznets Curve İn Thailand: Cointegration And Causality Analysis, Journal Of Energy Development, Vol. 39, 149-170
  • Aslanidis, N., And Iranzo, S. (2009). Environment And Development: Is There A Kuznets Curve For Co2 Emissions? Applied Economics 41, 803–810, Baek, J. And Kim, H.S. (2013). Is Economic Growth Good Or Bad For The Environment? Empirical Evidence From Korea, Energy Economics, 36, 744-749
  • Baek, J. (2015). Environmental Kuznets Curve For Co2 Emissions: The Case Of Arctic Countries, Energy Economics, 50, 13-17
  • Balsalobre, D., Álvarez, A. And Cantos, J.M. (2015). Public Budgets For Energy Rd&D And The Effects On Energy İntensity And Pollution Levels, Environmental Science And Pollution Research, 22(7), 4881-4892
  • Bello, A.K. And Abimbola, O.M. (2010). Does The Level Of Economic Growth İnfluence Environmental Quality İn Nigeria: A Test Of Environmental Kuznets Curve (Ekc) Hypothesis, Pakistan Journal Of Social Sciences, 7(4), 325-329
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  • Cho, C.H., Chu, Y.P. And Yang, H.Y. (2014). An Environment Kuznets Curve For Ghg Emissions: A Panel Cointegration Analysis, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, And Policy, 9(2), 120-129
  • Cialani, C., (2007), Economic Growth And Environmental Guality: An Econometric And A Decomposition Analysis, Management Of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 18(5), 568-577
  • Cole, M.A., Rayner, A.J. And Bates, J.M. (1997). The Environmental Kuznets Curve: An Empirical Analysis, Environment And Development Economics, 2(4), 401-416.
  • De Bruyn, S.M., Van Den Bergh, J.C.J.M., And Opschoor, J.B., (1998). Economic Growth And Emissions: Reconsidering The Empirical Basis Of The Environmental Kuznets Curves. Ecol. Econ. 25 (2), 161-175
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  • Dinda, S.(2004). Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey. Ecological Economics 49, 431–455.
  • Esteve, V., And Tamarit, C. (2012). Threshold Cointegration And Nonlinear Adjustment Between Co2 And İncome: The Environmental Kuznets Curve İn Spain, 1857-2007, Energy Economics 34 (6), 2148-2156
  • Faiz-Ur-Rehman, A.A. And Nasir, M. (2007). Corruption, Trade Openness, And Environmental Quality: A Panel Data Analysis Of Selected South Asian Countries, The Pakistan Development Review, 46( 4), 673-688
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  • Gill, A.R., Viswanathan, K.K. And Hassan, S. (2018). A Test Of Environmental Kuznets Curve (Ekc) For Carbon Emission And Potential Of Renewable Energy To Reduce Green Houses Gases (Ghg) İn Malaysia, Environment, Development And Sustainability, 20( 3),1103-1114
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Do Technological Development And Clean Energy Effect Environmental Awareness?: An Empirical Analysis for Turkey

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3, 789 - 804, 01.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.660620

Öz

Technological development has both advantages effect and disadvantages effect in terms of environmental. The most important effect is on clean energy awareness. So, the purpose of this study is to analyze the impacts of alternative and nuclear energy and patent applications on pollution in Turkey. In addition, as well as the linear effects of real GDP per capita on carbon emissions, considering the parabolic relations is also tested for the period from 1990-2014. For this purpose, we investigate cointegration by applying ARDL bounds test on parameters and examine the causal link between the series by using Vector Error Correction Model Granger causality analysis. ARDL test empirical results express that technological development is correlated with carbon emissions positively. However, clean energy has a negative relation with carbon emissions. That is, clean energy is more effective than technological development on carbon emissions per capita in long term. On the other hand, technological development and clean energy have negative (-0.114 and -0.190 respectively)and statistically significant impact on carbon emissions in short term. Moreover, the long and short run results supported the empirical presences of EKC curve in Turkey with income turning point at 11.998 (constant 2010 US$), which has been attained. In addition, VECM Granger causality analysis expresses that there is a one-way causality running from technological development to carbon emissions and real GDP per capita in short term. Furthermore, carbon emissions cause real GDP per capita, technological development and clean energy in the long run.

Kaynakça

  • Abdou, D.M.S. and Atya, E.M. (2013). Investigating The Energy–Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence From Egypt, International Journal Of Green Economics, 7( 2), 103-115
  • Agras, J., Chapman, D., (1999). A Dynamic Approach To The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis. Ecological Economics 28, 267–277.
  • Álvarez-Herránz, A., Balsalobre, D., Cantos, J.M. and Shahbaz, M. (2017). Energy İnnovations–Ghg Emissions Nexus: Fresh Empirical Evidence From Oecd Countries, Energy Policy, 101, 90-100
  • Ang, J.B.,(2007). Co2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Output in France. Energy Policy 35 (10), 4772–4778.
  • Apergis, N., and Payne, J.E., (2009). Co2 Emissions, Energy Usage, and Output İn Central America. Energy Policy 37 (8), 3282–3286.
  • Apergis, N.,and Ozturk, I. (2015). Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis İn Asian Countries. Ecological Indicators 52, 16–22
  • Arouri, M., Shahbaz, M., Onchang, R., Islam, F. And Teulon, F. (2014). Environmental Kuznets Curve İn Thailand: Cointegration And Causality Analysis, Journal Of Energy Development, Vol. 39, 149-170
  • Aslanidis, N., And Iranzo, S. (2009). Environment And Development: Is There A Kuznets Curve For Co2 Emissions? Applied Economics 41, 803–810, Baek, J. And Kim, H.S. (2013). Is Economic Growth Good Or Bad For The Environment? Empirical Evidence From Korea, Energy Economics, 36, 744-749
  • Baek, J. (2015). Environmental Kuznets Curve For Co2 Emissions: The Case Of Arctic Countries, Energy Economics, 50, 13-17
  • Balsalobre, D., Álvarez, A. And Cantos, J.M. (2015). Public Budgets For Energy Rd&D And The Effects On Energy İntensity And Pollution Levels, Environmental Science And Pollution Research, 22(7), 4881-4892
  • Bello, A.K. And Abimbola, O.M. (2010). Does The Level Of Economic Growth İnfluence Environmental Quality İn Nigeria: A Test Of Environmental Kuznets Curve (Ekc) Hypothesis, Pakistan Journal Of Social Sciences, 7(4), 325-329
  • Brunnermeier, S. B., And Cohen, M. A. (2003). Determinants Of Environmental İnnovation İn Us Manufacturing İndustries. Journal Of Environmental Economics And Management, 45(2), 278–293
  • Carbon Brief Clear On Climate, (2018). The Carbon Brief Profile: Turkey
  • Chandran, V.G.R. And Tang, C.F. (2013). The İmpacts Of Transport Energy Consumption, Foreign Direct İnvestment And İncome On Co2 Emissions İn Asean-5 Economies, Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24,445-453
  • Cho, C.H., Chu, Y.P. And Yang, H.Y. (2014). An Environment Kuznets Curve For Ghg Emissions: A Panel Cointegration Analysis, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, And Policy, 9(2), 120-129
  • Cialani, C., (2007), Economic Growth And Environmental Guality: An Econometric And A Decomposition Analysis, Management Of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 18(5), 568-577
  • Cole, M.A., Rayner, A.J. And Bates, J.M. (1997). The Environmental Kuznets Curve: An Empirical Analysis, Environment And Development Economics, 2(4), 401-416.
  • De Bruyn, S.M., Van Den Bergh, J.C.J.M., And Opschoor, J.B., (1998). Economic Growth And Emissions: Reconsidering The Empirical Basis Of The Environmental Kuznets Curves. Ecol. Econ. 25 (2), 161-175
  • Day, K.M. And Grafton, R.Q. (2003). Growth And The Environment İn Canada: An Empirical Analysis, Canadian Journal Of Agricultural Economics, 51(2,) 197-216
  • Dinda, S.(2004). Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey. Ecological Economics 49, 431–455.
  • Esteve, V., And Tamarit, C. (2012). Threshold Cointegration And Nonlinear Adjustment Between Co2 And İncome: The Environmental Kuznets Curve İn Spain, 1857-2007, Energy Economics 34 (6), 2148-2156
  • Faiz-Ur-Rehman, A.A. And Nasir, M. (2007). Corruption, Trade Openness, And Environmental Quality: A Panel Data Analysis Of Selected South Asian Countries, The Pakistan Development Review, 46( 4), 673-688
  • Fodha, M. And Zaghdoud, O., (2010). Economic Growth And Pollutant Emissions İn Tunisia: An Empirical Analysis Of The Environmental Kuznets Curve, Energy Policy 38(1), 150-1156.
  • Friedl, B., And Getzner, M., (2003). Determinants Of Co2 Emissions İn A Small Open Economy. Ecological Economics 45, 133–148.
  • Galeotti, M. And Lanza, A. (1999). Richer And Cleaner? A Study On Carbon Dioxide Emissions İn Developing Countries, Energy Policy, 27(10), 565-573
  • Galeotti, M., Lanza, A., (2005). Desperately Seeking Environmental Kuznets. Environmental Modelling And Software 20, 1379–1388
  • Gill, A.R., Viswanathan, K.K. And Hassan, S. (2018). A Test Of Environmental Kuznets Curve (Ekc) For Carbon Emission And Potential Of Renewable Energy To Reduce Green Houses Gases (Ghg) İn Malaysia, Environment, Development And Sustainability, 20( 3),1103-1114
  • Global Carbon Project (2018), An Annual Update Of The Global Carbon Budget And Trends.
  • Grossman, G. M. And Krueger, A, B. (1991). Environmental İmpacts Of The North American Free Trade Aggrement, Nber Working Paper 3914,15-23.
  • Grossman, G. And Krueger, A. (1995). Economic Environment And The Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal Of Economics. (110), 353–377.
  • Halicioglu, F.,(2009). An Econometric Study Of Co2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, İncome And Foreign Trade İn Turkey. Energy Policy 37 (3), 1156–1164.
  • Halkos, G.E. And Tzeremes, N.G. (2009). Exploring The Existence Of Kuznets Curve İn Countries’ Environmental Efficiency Using Dea Window Analysis, Ecological Economics, 68(7), 2168-2176
  • Hamit-Haggar, M., (2012). Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Energy Consumption And Economic Growth: A Panel Cointegration Analysis From Canadian İndustrial Sector Perspective. Energy Econ. 34 (1), 358–364.
  • Heil, M.T., And Selden, T.M., (2001). Carbon Emissions And Economic Development: Future Trajectories Based On Historical Experience. Environment And Development Economics. 6 (1), 63-68.
  • Holtz-Eakin, And Selden, T.M., (1995). Stoking The Fires? Co2 Emissions And Economic Growth. Journal Of Public Economics 57, 85–101
  • Hussain, M., Irfan Javaid, M. And Drake, P.R. (2012). An Econometric Study Of Carbon Dioxide (Co2) Emissions, Energy Consumption, And Economic Growth Of Pakistan, International Journal Of Energy Sector Management, 6 (4),518-533
  • International Energy Agency, 2016. Iea Encourages Turkey To Deepen Energy Market Reforms. Paris, France.
  • Jalil, A.,And Mahmud, S.F., (2009). Environment Kuznets Curve For Co2 Emissions: A Cointegration Analysis For China. Energy Policy 37 (12), 5167–5172
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  • Moomaw, W.R.,And Unruh, G.C., (1997). Are Environmental Kuznets Curves Misleading Us? The Case Of Co2 Emissions. Environ. Dev. Econ. 2 (4), 451-463
  • Murthy, K. V. And Gambhır, S. (2018).Analyzing Environmental Kuznets Curve And Pollution Haven Hypothesis İn India İn The Context Of Domestic And Globalpolicy Change. Australasian Accounting, Business And Finance Journal. 12(2), 134-156
  • Musolesi, A., Mazzanti, M. And Zoboli, R. (2010). A Panel Data Heterogeneous Bayesian Estimation Of Environmental Kuznets Curves For Co2 Emissions, Applied Economics, 42( 18), 2275-2287
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Toplam 90 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm İktisat
Yazarlar

Ferda Özsoy 0000-0002-5593-413X

Asli Ozpolat 0000-0002-1769-3654

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Aralık 2019
Kabul Tarihi 19 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Özsoy, F., & Ozpolat, A. (2020). Do Technological Development And Clean Energy Effect Environmental Awareness?: An Empirical Analysis for Turkey. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(3), 789-804. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.660620