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Beşeri Sermaye ve Enerji Tüketiminin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: AB-15 ve Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 4, 1686 - 1701, 30.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.699205

Öz

Bu çalışmada AB-15 ve Türkiye için enerji tüketimi ve beşeri sermayenin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi yatay kesit bağımlılığı altında AMG tahmincisi ile test edilmektedir. Enerjinin dışa bağımlı bir girdi olması nedeniyle mevcut kaynakların verimli kullanımı ve teknolojik gelişmelere bağlı olarak yenilenebilir kaynakların payının artması için bilinçli ve eğitimli bir toplumun gerekliliği vazgeçilmezdir. Bu anlamda yüksek beşeri sermaye düzeyi ve beşeri sermaye düzeyine bağlı olarak enerjinin verimli kullanımı söz konusu ülkeler için hayatidir.
Çalışmada panel genelinde enerji tüketiminde %1’lik artış ekonomik büyümeyi %0.31 artırırken, sermaye stokundaki artış ekonomik büyümeyi %0.22’i artırmaktadır. Beşeri sermaye değişkeninin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi pozitif görünmekle birlikte anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmemiştir. Dumitrescu ve Hurlin (2012) panel Granger nedensellik testinde ise ekonomik büyümeden enerji tüketimine ve fiziksel sermaye stokuna doğru tek yönlü, beşeri sermayeden de ekonomik büyümeye doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişki ortaya konulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Akadiri, S.S., Alola, A.A., Akadiri, A.C. & Alola, U.V. (2019). Renewable energy consumption in EU-28 countries: Policy toward pollution mitigation and economic sustainability. Energy Policy, 132, 803–810.
  • Akram, V., Jangaam,B. & P. Rath, N. B. (2019). Does Human Capital Matter for Reduction Energy Consumption in India?, International Energy Sector Management, Vol. 13, No.2
  • Alaali, F., Roberts, J. & Taylor, K. (2015). The Effect of Energy Consumption and Human Capital on Economic Growth: An Exploration of Oil Exporting and Developed Countries. Sheffield Economic Resarch Paper Series, June.
  • Apergis, N. & Payne, J.E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy, 38(3): 1353–1359. Aydın, F. (2010). Enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (35), 317-340.
  • Bano S, Zhao Y, Ahmad A, Wang S. & Liu Y (2018). Identifying the impacts of human capital on carbon emissions in Pakistan. J Clean Prod, 183:1082–1092.
  • Bartleet, M., & Gounder, R. (2010). Energy consumption and economic growth in New Zealand: Results of trivariate and multivariate models. Energy Policy, 38(7), 3508–3517.
  • Bashir, A., Thamrin,H. K.M., Farhan, M., Mukhlis. & Atiyatna, D. P (2019). The Causality Between Human Capital, Energy Consumption,CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence From Indonesia, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy,Vol.9, Issue.2, p.98-104.
  • Bond, S. & Eberhardt, M. (2013). Accounting for unobserved heterogeneity in panel time series models. Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Mimeo.
  • Breusch T.S. & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Langrange Multiplier Test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. Rev. Econ. Stud., 47, 239-253.
  • Chen,Y. & Fang, Z.(2018). Industrial electricity consumption, human capital investmentandeconomic growth in Chinese cities. Econ Model, l69: 205–219.
  • Chontanawat, J., Hunt, L. C. & Pierse, R. (2008). Does energy consumption cause economic growth?: Evidence from a systematic study of over 100 countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 30(2), 209–220.
  • Destek, M. A. & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Investigation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for Ecological Footprint: The Role of Energy and Financial Development, Science of The Total Environment (650), p.2483-2489.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I. & Hurlin, C., (2012). Testing for Granger noncausality in heterogeneous panels, Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460.
  • Eberhardt, M.,& Bond, S., (2009). Cross- Section Dependence in Nonstationary Panel Models: A Novel Estimator.
  • Fang, Z., Chang, Y. & Hamori, S. (2017). Human capital and energy: A diver or drag for economic growth?. The Singapore Economic Review, 1750016.
  • Fang, Z. & Chang, Y. (2016). Energy, Human Capital and Economic Growth in Asia Pacific Countries- Evidence from a Panel Cointegration and Causality Analysis, Energy Economics, Vol.56, 177-184.
  • Fang, Z. & M. Wolski, (2016). Human Capital, Energy and Economic Growth in China: Evidence from Multivariate Nonlinear Granger Causality Tests, Emprical Economics, 1-26.
  • Fatima, N., Li, Y. & Ahmad, M. (2019). Analyzing long-term empirical interactions between renewable energy generation, energy use, human capital, and economic performance in Pakistan. Energ Sustain Soc 9, 42 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-019-0228-x
  • Huang, B. N., Hwang, M. J. & Yang, C. W. (2008). Causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP growth revisited: a dynamic panel data approach. Ecological economics, 67(1), 41-54.
  • Karataş, M. & Çankaya, E. (2010). İktisadi kalkınma sürecinde beşeri sermayeye ilişkin bir inceleme. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (3), 29-55.
  • Ilesanmi, D. K. & Tewari, D. D. (2017). Energy Consumption, Human Capital İnvestment and Economci Growth İn South Africa: A Vector Error Correction Model Analysis. OPEC Energy Review , March.
  • Matthew, O., Osabohlen, R., Ejemeyovwl, J. & Fanlyl, F. F. (2018). Electricity Consumption and Human Capital Development İn Nigeria: Exploring the Impllicatiosn for Economic Growth . International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 8(6), 8-15.
  • Nelson, R. R. & Phelps, E. S. (1966). Investment in humans, technological diffusion, and economic growth. The American economic review, 56(1/2), 69-75.
  • Pesaran, M. H. , Ullah A., & Yamagata, T. (2008), A Bias Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross- Section Independence. Econometrics Journal, Volume 11, 105-127.
  • Salim, R., Yao, Y., & Chen, G. S. (2017). Does human capital matter for energy consumption in China?. Energy Economics, 67, 49-59.
  • Sönnichsen, N. (2020). Primary energy consumption in selected European countries 2018. https://www.statista.com/statistics/332520/primary-energy-consumption-in-selected-countries-in-europe/
  • Yao, Y., Ivanovski, K., Inekwe, J., & Smyth, R. (2019). Human capital and energy consumption: Evidence from OECD countries. Energy Economics, 84, 104534.
  • What kind of energy do we consume in the EU? https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy/bloc-3a.html. Erişim tarihi: 25.02.2020
  • What is the share of renewable energy in the EU? https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy/bloc-4c.html Erişim tarihi: 25.02.2020 Five dimensions of the energy union https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy/energy-union Erişim tarihi: 25.02.2020
Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 4, 1686 - 1701, 30.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.699205

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akadiri, S.S., Alola, A.A., Akadiri, A.C. & Alola, U.V. (2019). Renewable energy consumption in EU-28 countries: Policy toward pollution mitigation and economic sustainability. Energy Policy, 132, 803–810.
  • Akram, V., Jangaam,B. & P. Rath, N. B. (2019). Does Human Capital Matter for Reduction Energy Consumption in India?, International Energy Sector Management, Vol. 13, No.2
  • Alaali, F., Roberts, J. & Taylor, K. (2015). The Effect of Energy Consumption and Human Capital on Economic Growth: An Exploration of Oil Exporting and Developed Countries. Sheffield Economic Resarch Paper Series, June.
  • Apergis, N. & Payne, J.E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy, 38(3): 1353–1359. Aydın, F. (2010). Enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (35), 317-340.
  • Bano S, Zhao Y, Ahmad A, Wang S. & Liu Y (2018). Identifying the impacts of human capital on carbon emissions in Pakistan. J Clean Prod, 183:1082–1092.
  • Bartleet, M., & Gounder, R. (2010). Energy consumption and economic growth in New Zealand: Results of trivariate and multivariate models. Energy Policy, 38(7), 3508–3517.
  • Bashir, A., Thamrin,H. K.M., Farhan, M., Mukhlis. & Atiyatna, D. P (2019). The Causality Between Human Capital, Energy Consumption,CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence From Indonesia, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy,Vol.9, Issue.2, p.98-104.
  • Bond, S. & Eberhardt, M. (2013). Accounting for unobserved heterogeneity in panel time series models. Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Mimeo.
  • Breusch T.S. & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Langrange Multiplier Test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. Rev. Econ. Stud., 47, 239-253.
  • Chen,Y. & Fang, Z.(2018). Industrial electricity consumption, human capital investmentandeconomic growth in Chinese cities. Econ Model, l69: 205–219.
  • Chontanawat, J., Hunt, L. C. & Pierse, R. (2008). Does energy consumption cause economic growth?: Evidence from a systematic study of over 100 countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 30(2), 209–220.
  • Destek, M. A. & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Investigation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for Ecological Footprint: The Role of Energy and Financial Development, Science of The Total Environment (650), p.2483-2489.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I. & Hurlin, C., (2012). Testing for Granger noncausality in heterogeneous panels, Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460.
  • Eberhardt, M.,& Bond, S., (2009). Cross- Section Dependence in Nonstationary Panel Models: A Novel Estimator.
  • Fang, Z., Chang, Y. & Hamori, S. (2017). Human capital and energy: A diver or drag for economic growth?. The Singapore Economic Review, 1750016.
  • Fang, Z. & Chang, Y. (2016). Energy, Human Capital and Economic Growth in Asia Pacific Countries- Evidence from a Panel Cointegration and Causality Analysis, Energy Economics, Vol.56, 177-184.
  • Fang, Z. & M. Wolski, (2016). Human Capital, Energy and Economic Growth in China: Evidence from Multivariate Nonlinear Granger Causality Tests, Emprical Economics, 1-26.
  • Fatima, N., Li, Y. & Ahmad, M. (2019). Analyzing long-term empirical interactions between renewable energy generation, energy use, human capital, and economic performance in Pakistan. Energ Sustain Soc 9, 42 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-019-0228-x
  • Huang, B. N., Hwang, M. J. & Yang, C. W. (2008). Causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP growth revisited: a dynamic panel data approach. Ecological economics, 67(1), 41-54.
  • Karataş, M. & Çankaya, E. (2010). İktisadi kalkınma sürecinde beşeri sermayeye ilişkin bir inceleme. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (3), 29-55.
  • Ilesanmi, D. K. & Tewari, D. D. (2017). Energy Consumption, Human Capital İnvestment and Economci Growth İn South Africa: A Vector Error Correction Model Analysis. OPEC Energy Review , March.
  • Matthew, O., Osabohlen, R., Ejemeyovwl, J. & Fanlyl, F. F. (2018). Electricity Consumption and Human Capital Development İn Nigeria: Exploring the Impllicatiosn for Economic Growth . International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 8(6), 8-15.
  • Nelson, R. R. & Phelps, E. S. (1966). Investment in humans, technological diffusion, and economic growth. The American economic review, 56(1/2), 69-75.
  • Pesaran, M. H. , Ullah A., & Yamagata, T. (2008), A Bias Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross- Section Independence. Econometrics Journal, Volume 11, 105-127.
  • Salim, R., Yao, Y., & Chen, G. S. (2017). Does human capital matter for energy consumption in China?. Energy Economics, 67, 49-59.
  • Sönnichsen, N. (2020). Primary energy consumption in selected European countries 2018. https://www.statista.com/statistics/332520/primary-energy-consumption-in-selected-countries-in-europe/
  • Yao, Y., Ivanovski, K., Inekwe, J., & Smyth, R. (2019). Human capital and energy consumption: Evidence from OECD countries. Energy Economics, 84, 104534.
  • What kind of energy do we consume in the EU? https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy/bloc-3a.html. Erişim tarihi: 25.02.2020
  • What is the share of renewable energy in the EU? https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy/bloc-4c.html Erişim tarihi: 25.02.2020 Five dimensions of the energy union https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy/energy-union Erişim tarihi: 25.02.2020
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm İktisat
Yazarlar

Eda DİNERİ

Bilal ÇAYIR 0000-0001-5340-6635

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Mart 2020
Kabul Tarihi 16 Eylül 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA DİNERİ, E., & ÇAYIR, B. (2020). Beşeri Sermaye ve Enerji Tüketiminin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: AB-15 ve Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(4), 1686-1701. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.699205