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The Effect of Globalisation on The Environment in Developing Countries

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 452 - 465, 27.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.790690

Öz

In this study, we investigated the environmental impact of globalization in fifteen developing countries over the period from 1970 to 2016. The countries are Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Poland, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, and Turkey. To this end, an environmental Kuznets curve model controlled by globalization was followed. Contrary to the prevailing literature, the most comprehensive indicator of environmental damage, the ecological footprint, was used as the dependent variable in the study. In order to determine the relationship between the variables, firstly unit root tests and cointegration tests were applied and then the long-term coefficients were estimated. As a result of econometric applications, per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and the square of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) increase the ecological footprint, while globalization reduces the ecological footprint. So, it is concluded that the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is not valid in case the ecological footprint is used to represent environmental degradation

Kaynakça

  • Ahad, M., and Khan, W. (2016). "Does globalization impede environmental quality in Bangladesh? The role of real economic activities and energy use, ". Bulletin of Energy Economics ,4, 258-279.
  • Aksu, C. (2011). "Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Çevre, Güney Ege Kalkınma Ajansı". İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi ,4, 275-294.
  • Antweiler, W., Copeland, B. R., and Taylor, M. S. (2001). "Is free trade good for the environment?". American economic review, 91(4), 877-908.
  • Baek J.H; Y.S. Cho ve W.W. Koo, (2009), “The environmental consequences of globalization: A country-specific time-series analysis”. Ecological Economics, 68, 2255-2264.
  • Baltagi, B., (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, Third Edition, England: John Wiley & Sons LTD.
  • Baltagi, Badi H. (2011) Econometrics, Fifth Edition, NewYork: Springer.
  • Bayraç, H. N. (2010). "Enerji Kullanımının Küresel Isınmaya Etkisi ve Önleyici Politikalar". Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 229-259.
  • Beck, U. (1997). Was ist Globalisierung? (Vol. 2). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
  • Bilgili, F., Ulucak, R., Koçak, E., ve İlkay, S. Ç. (2019). “Does globalization matter for environmental sustainability? Empirical investigation for Turkey by Markov regime switching models”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 34,1-14.
  • Copeland, B.R., and Taylor, M.S., (2004). "Trade, growth, and the environment.". Journal of Economic literature 42(1), 7-71.
  • Costanza, R. (2000). "The dynamics of the ecological footprint concept". Ecological economics, 32(3), 341-345.
  • Destek, M. A. (2019). "Investigation on the role of economic, social, and political globalization on environment: evidence from CEECs”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1–14.
  • Destek, M. A., Ulucak, R., ve Dogan, E. (2018). "Analyzing the environmental Kuznets curve for the EU countries: the role of ecological footprint”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(29), 29387-29396.
  • Doğan, M., Seçme, D., ve Akten, M. (2017). “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Çerçevesinde Çevre Ekonomisi ve Çevre Etiği İlişkisi”. Akademia Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(3), 109-117.
  • Dreher, A. (2006). “Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization”. Applied economics, 38(10), 1091-1110.
  • Dritsaki, C., & Dritsaki, M. (2014). “Causal relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions: A dynamic panel data approach”. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(2), 125-136.
  • Eickelpasch, R., (2013). Globalisierung, pp.9-17. In: Spiel ohne Grenzen?: Ambivalenzen der Globalisierung (Eds. C., Rademacher, M., Schroer, P. Wiechens). Springer-Verlag.
  • Figge, L., Oebels, K., and Offermans, A. (2017). “The effects of globalization on Ecological Footprints: an empirical analysis”. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19(3), 863-876.
  • Frankel, J. A. (2000). Globalization of the Economy. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper No. w7858.
  • Frankel, J. A. (2003). The environment and globalization. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. w10090.
  • Gill, A. R., Viswanathan, K. K., and Hassan, S. (2018). "The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and the environmental problem of the day". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 1636-1642.
  • Grossman, G. M., and Krueger, A. B. (1993, 1995). " Economic growth and the environment”. The quarterly journal of economics, 110(2), 353-377.
  • Hamm, R. B. (2011). Rückkehr ausgeschlossen: eine Studie zur Integration von Binnenwanderern in Deutschland. Berlin: Epubli Verlag
  • Hao, F. (2016). “A Panel Regression Study on Multiple Predictors of Environmental Concern for 82 Countries Across Seven Years”. Social Science Quarterly, 97(5), 991–1004.
  • Hedrich, K. J., Klaiber, K. P., Köhler, V., Krklau, C., Laschet, A., Link, W., & Polenz, R. (1996). Globalisierung und Politik. St. Augustin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.
  • Houghton, J. (2009). Global warming: the complete briefing (3th Edition). New York: Cambridge university press.
  • IPCC SR15 (2018)1,5 Degree Global Warming Report, http://www.ipcc.ch/report/sr15/ (Erişim Tarihi:12.11.2018)
  • Jayadevappa, R., and Chhatre, S. (2000). "International trade and environmental quality: a survey". Ecological Economics, 32(2), 175-194.
  • Karabıçak, M., & Armağan, R. (2004). "Çevre sorunlarının ortaya çıkış süreci, çevre yönetiminin temelleri ve ekonomik etkileri". Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 203-228.
  • Khalid, A. & Long, W. (2013). “An empirical analysis of CO2 emission in Pakistan using EKC hypothesis”. Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, 12(2), 188-200.
  • Khan, D., & Ullah, A. (2019). “Testing the relationship between globalization and carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan: does environmental Kuznets curve exist?”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1–15.
  • Koch, E. (2016). Globalisierung: wirtschaft und politik (Vol.5). München: Gabler. Leitão, N. C. (2013). "The environmental Kuznets curve and globalization: the empirical evidence for Portugal, Spain,
  • Greece and Ireland". Energy Economics Letters, 1(1), 15-23.
  • Martens, P., and Raza, M. (2010). "Is globalisation sustainable? ". Sustainability, 2(1), 280-293.
  • Martens, P., Caselli, M., and De Lombaerde, P. (2015). "New directions in globalization indices". Globalizations, 12(2), 217-228.
  • McDonald, G. W., & Patterson, M. G. (2004). " Ecological footprints and interdependencies of New Zealand regions". Ecological Economics, 50(1-2), 49-67.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). " Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors". Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 61(S1), 653-670.
  • Pedroni, P. (2001). "Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels". Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(4), 727-731.
  • Pekarskiene, I., and Susniene, R. (2014). "The Assessment of the Manifestation of Economic Globalization: The International Trade Factor". Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156, 392–397.
  • Pflüger, M. (2013). Konfliktfeld Globalisierung: Verteilungs-und Umweltprobleme der weltwirtschaftlichen Integration (Vol. 18).Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  • Rahman, S. M., and Miah, M. D. (2017). "The impact of sources of energy production on globalization: Evidence from panel data analysis". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 110-115.
  • Rudolph, A., & Figge, L. (2017). "Determinants of Ecological Footprints: What is the role of globalization?”. Ecological Indicators, 81, 348-361.
  • Salahodjaev, R. (2016). "Does Intelligence Improve Environmental Sustainability? An Empirical Test”. Sustainable Development, 24(1), 32–40.
  • Salahuddin, M., Alam, K., Ozturk, I., & Sohag, K. (2018). "The effects of electricity consumption, economic growth, financial development and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions in Kuwait”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 2002–2010.
  • Sarıkaya, M. (2014), Sosyal Küreselleşme ve Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hatay.
  • Shahbaz, M., Bhattacharya, M., and Klaid. A. (2017). "CO2 emissions in Australia: economic and non-economic drivers in the long-run”. Applied Economics, 49(13), 1273-1286.
  • Shahbaz, M., Khan, S., Ali, A., and Bhattacharya, M. (2017). "The impact of globalization on CO2 emissions in China”. The Singapore Economic Review, 62(04), 929-957.
  • Shahbaz, M., Lahiani, A., Abosedra, S., & Hammoudeh, S. (2018). "The role of globalization in energy consumption: A quantile cointegrating regression approach”. Energy Economics, 71, 161–170.
  • Shahbaz, M., Mallick, H., Mahalik, M. K., and Loganathan, N. (2015). "Does globalization impede environmental quality in India?”. Ecological Indicators, 52, 379-393.
  • Shahbaz, M., Mallick, H., Mahalik, M. K., and Sadorsky, P. (2016). "The role of globalization on the recent evolution of energy demand in India: Implications for sustainable development”. Energy Economics, 55, 52-68.
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ahmed, K., and Hammoudeh, S. (2017). "Trade openness–carbon emissions nexus: the importance of turning points of trade openness for country panels”. Energy Economics, 61, 221-232.
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ling, C. H., and Sbia, R. (2014). " Causality between trade openness and energy consumption: What causes what in high, middle and low income countries”. Energy Policy, 70, 126-143.
  • Shahbaz, M., Ozturk, I., Afza, T., and Ali, A. (2013). "Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve in a global economy”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 494-502.
  • Shahbaz, M., Shahzad, S. J. H., and Alam, S. (2018). "Globalisation, economic growth and energy consumption in the BRICS region: The importance of asymmetries”. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 27(8), 985-1009.
  • Shahbaz, M., Shahzad, S. J. H., and Mahalik, M. K. (2017). "Does Globalisation Worsen Environmental Quality in Developed Economies?”. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 2(23), 141-156.
  • Shahbaz, M., Shahzad, S. J. H., and Mahalik, M. K. (2018). "Is globalization detrimental to CO 2 emissions in Japan? New threshold analysis”. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 23(5), 557-568.
  • Sweeney, J. L. (2000). “Economics of Energy”. Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 4(9), 1- 29.
  • Teusch, U. (2004). Was ist Globalisierung? ein Überblick (Vol.4). Darmstadt: Primus-Verlag.
  • Twerefou, D. K., Danso-Mensah, K., and Bokpin, G. A. (2017). "The environmental effects of economic growth and globalization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A panel general method of moments approach”. Research in International Business and Finance, 42, 939-949.
  • Ulucak, R., and Apergis, N. (2018). " Does convergence really matter for the environment? An application based on club convergence and on the ecological wfootprint concept for the EU countries”. Environmental Science & Policy, 80, 21-27.
  • Ulucak, R., and Bilgili, F. (2018). "A reinvestigation of EKC model byecological foot print measurement for high, middle and low income countries”. Journal of cleaner production, 188, 144-157.
  • Ulucak, R., and Lin, D. (2017). " Persistence of policy shocks to Ecological Footprint of the USA”. Ecological Indicators, 80, 337-343.
  • Ulucak, R., & Erdem, E. (2013). İktisat Politikası Olarak Çevre Politikaları ve Araç Seçimi. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 34, 1-16.
  • Wackernagel, M., & Rees, W. (1996). Our ecological footprint: reducing human impact on the earth (Vol. 9). Canada: New Society Publishers.
  • You, W., & Lv, Z. (2018). "Spillover effects of economic globalization on CO2 emissions: A spatial panel approach”. Energy Economics, 73, 248–257.

Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Küreselleşmenin Çevre Üzerine Etkileri

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 452 - 465, 27.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.790690

Öz

Bu çalışma küreselleşmenin çevre üzerindeki etkisini analiz etmektedir. Bunun için küreselleşme ile kontrol edilen bir çevresel Kuznets eğrisi modeli takip edilmektedir. Analizde Türkiye, Çin, Endonezya, Güney Afrika, Brezilya, Şili, Mısır, Tayland, Kolombiya, Meksika, Filipinler, Peru, Malezya, Polonya, Hindistan olmak üzere 15 gelişmekte olan ülkenin 1970-2016 dönemine ait yıllık verileri kullanılmıştır. Analizde panel birim kök testleri, panel eşbütünleşme testleri ve panel eşbütünleşme tahmincileri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada literatürden faklı olarak çevresel tahribatların en kapsamlı göstergesi, ekolojik ayak izi, bağımlı değişken olarak tercih edilmektedir. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi tespit etmek için öncelikle birim kök testleri, eşbütünleşme testleri uygulanmıştır ve daha sonra uzun dönem katsayıları tahmin edilmiştir. Ekonometrik uygulamaların sonucunda kişi başı gayri safi yurtiçi hasıla (GSYİH) ve kişi başı gayri safi yurtiçi hasılanın karesinin (GSYİH) ekolojik ayak izini arttırdığı, küreselleşmenin ise ekolojik ayak izini azalttığı sonuçları elde edilmiştir. Buna ekolojik ayak izi açısından çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerli olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Ahad, M., and Khan, W. (2016). "Does globalization impede environmental quality in Bangladesh? The role of real economic activities and energy use, ". Bulletin of Energy Economics ,4, 258-279.
  • Aksu, C. (2011). "Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Çevre, Güney Ege Kalkınma Ajansı". İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi ,4, 275-294.
  • Antweiler, W., Copeland, B. R., and Taylor, M. S. (2001). "Is free trade good for the environment?". American economic review, 91(4), 877-908.
  • Baek J.H; Y.S. Cho ve W.W. Koo, (2009), “The environmental consequences of globalization: A country-specific time-series analysis”. Ecological Economics, 68, 2255-2264.
  • Baltagi, B., (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, Third Edition, England: John Wiley & Sons LTD.
  • Baltagi, Badi H. (2011) Econometrics, Fifth Edition, NewYork: Springer.
  • Bayraç, H. N. (2010). "Enerji Kullanımının Küresel Isınmaya Etkisi ve Önleyici Politikalar". Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 229-259.
  • Beck, U. (1997). Was ist Globalisierung? (Vol. 2). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
  • Bilgili, F., Ulucak, R., Koçak, E., ve İlkay, S. Ç. (2019). “Does globalization matter for environmental sustainability? Empirical investigation for Turkey by Markov regime switching models”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 34,1-14.
  • Copeland, B.R., and Taylor, M.S., (2004). "Trade, growth, and the environment.". Journal of Economic literature 42(1), 7-71.
  • Costanza, R. (2000). "The dynamics of the ecological footprint concept". Ecological economics, 32(3), 341-345.
  • Destek, M. A. (2019). "Investigation on the role of economic, social, and political globalization on environment: evidence from CEECs”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1–14.
  • Destek, M. A., Ulucak, R., ve Dogan, E. (2018). "Analyzing the environmental Kuznets curve for the EU countries: the role of ecological footprint”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(29), 29387-29396.
  • Doğan, M., Seçme, D., ve Akten, M. (2017). “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Çerçevesinde Çevre Ekonomisi ve Çevre Etiği İlişkisi”. Akademia Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(3), 109-117.
  • Dreher, A. (2006). “Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization”. Applied economics, 38(10), 1091-1110.
  • Dritsaki, C., & Dritsaki, M. (2014). “Causal relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions: A dynamic panel data approach”. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(2), 125-136.
  • Eickelpasch, R., (2013). Globalisierung, pp.9-17. In: Spiel ohne Grenzen?: Ambivalenzen der Globalisierung (Eds. C., Rademacher, M., Schroer, P. Wiechens). Springer-Verlag.
  • Figge, L., Oebels, K., and Offermans, A. (2017). “The effects of globalization on Ecological Footprints: an empirical analysis”. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19(3), 863-876.
  • Frankel, J. A. (2000). Globalization of the Economy. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper No. w7858.
  • Frankel, J. A. (2003). The environment and globalization. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. w10090.
  • Gill, A. R., Viswanathan, K. K., and Hassan, S. (2018). "The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and the environmental problem of the day". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 1636-1642.
  • Grossman, G. M., and Krueger, A. B. (1993, 1995). " Economic growth and the environment”. The quarterly journal of economics, 110(2), 353-377.
  • Hamm, R. B. (2011). Rückkehr ausgeschlossen: eine Studie zur Integration von Binnenwanderern in Deutschland. Berlin: Epubli Verlag
  • Hao, F. (2016). “A Panel Regression Study on Multiple Predictors of Environmental Concern for 82 Countries Across Seven Years”. Social Science Quarterly, 97(5), 991–1004.
  • Hedrich, K. J., Klaiber, K. P., Köhler, V., Krklau, C., Laschet, A., Link, W., & Polenz, R. (1996). Globalisierung und Politik. St. Augustin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.
  • Houghton, J. (2009). Global warming: the complete briefing (3th Edition). New York: Cambridge university press.
  • IPCC SR15 (2018)1,5 Degree Global Warming Report, http://www.ipcc.ch/report/sr15/ (Erişim Tarihi:12.11.2018)
  • Jayadevappa, R., and Chhatre, S. (2000). "International trade and environmental quality: a survey". Ecological Economics, 32(2), 175-194.
  • Karabıçak, M., & Armağan, R. (2004). "Çevre sorunlarının ortaya çıkış süreci, çevre yönetiminin temelleri ve ekonomik etkileri". Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 203-228.
  • Khalid, A. & Long, W. (2013). “An empirical analysis of CO2 emission in Pakistan using EKC hypothesis”. Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, 12(2), 188-200.
  • Khan, D., & Ullah, A. (2019). “Testing the relationship between globalization and carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan: does environmental Kuznets curve exist?”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1–15.
  • Koch, E. (2016). Globalisierung: wirtschaft und politik (Vol.5). München: Gabler. Leitão, N. C. (2013). "The environmental Kuznets curve and globalization: the empirical evidence for Portugal, Spain,
  • Greece and Ireland". Energy Economics Letters, 1(1), 15-23.
  • Martens, P., and Raza, M. (2010). "Is globalisation sustainable? ". Sustainability, 2(1), 280-293.
  • Martens, P., Caselli, M., and De Lombaerde, P. (2015). "New directions in globalization indices". Globalizations, 12(2), 217-228.
  • McDonald, G. W., & Patterson, M. G. (2004). " Ecological footprints and interdependencies of New Zealand regions". Ecological Economics, 50(1-2), 49-67.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). " Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors". Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 61(S1), 653-670.
  • Pedroni, P. (2001). "Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels". Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(4), 727-731.
  • Pekarskiene, I., and Susniene, R. (2014). "The Assessment of the Manifestation of Economic Globalization: The International Trade Factor". Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156, 392–397.
  • Pflüger, M. (2013). Konfliktfeld Globalisierung: Verteilungs-und Umweltprobleme der weltwirtschaftlichen Integration (Vol. 18).Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  • Rahman, S. M., and Miah, M. D. (2017). "The impact of sources of energy production on globalization: Evidence from panel data analysis". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 110-115.
  • Rudolph, A., & Figge, L. (2017). "Determinants of Ecological Footprints: What is the role of globalization?”. Ecological Indicators, 81, 348-361.
  • Salahodjaev, R. (2016). "Does Intelligence Improve Environmental Sustainability? An Empirical Test”. Sustainable Development, 24(1), 32–40.
  • Salahuddin, M., Alam, K., Ozturk, I., & Sohag, K. (2018). "The effects of electricity consumption, economic growth, financial development and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions in Kuwait”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 2002–2010.
  • Sarıkaya, M. (2014), Sosyal Küreselleşme ve Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hatay.
  • Shahbaz, M., Bhattacharya, M., and Klaid. A. (2017). "CO2 emissions in Australia: economic and non-economic drivers in the long-run”. Applied Economics, 49(13), 1273-1286.
  • Shahbaz, M., Khan, S., Ali, A., and Bhattacharya, M. (2017). "The impact of globalization on CO2 emissions in China”. The Singapore Economic Review, 62(04), 929-957.
  • Shahbaz, M., Lahiani, A., Abosedra, S., & Hammoudeh, S. (2018). "The role of globalization in energy consumption: A quantile cointegrating regression approach”. Energy Economics, 71, 161–170.
  • Shahbaz, M., Mallick, H., Mahalik, M. K., and Loganathan, N. (2015). "Does globalization impede environmental quality in India?”. Ecological Indicators, 52, 379-393.
  • Shahbaz, M., Mallick, H., Mahalik, M. K., and Sadorsky, P. (2016). "The role of globalization on the recent evolution of energy demand in India: Implications for sustainable development”. Energy Economics, 55, 52-68.
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ahmed, K., and Hammoudeh, S. (2017). "Trade openness–carbon emissions nexus: the importance of turning points of trade openness for country panels”. Energy Economics, 61, 221-232.
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ling, C. H., and Sbia, R. (2014). " Causality between trade openness and energy consumption: What causes what in high, middle and low income countries”. Energy Policy, 70, 126-143.
  • Shahbaz, M., Ozturk, I., Afza, T., and Ali, A. (2013). "Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve in a global economy”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 494-502.
  • Shahbaz, M., Shahzad, S. J. H., and Alam, S. (2018). "Globalisation, economic growth and energy consumption in the BRICS region: The importance of asymmetries”. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 27(8), 985-1009.
  • Shahbaz, M., Shahzad, S. J. H., and Mahalik, M. K. (2017). "Does Globalisation Worsen Environmental Quality in Developed Economies?”. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 2(23), 141-156.
  • Shahbaz, M., Shahzad, S. J. H., and Mahalik, M. K. (2018). "Is globalization detrimental to CO 2 emissions in Japan? New threshold analysis”. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 23(5), 557-568.
  • Sweeney, J. L. (2000). “Economics of Energy”. Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 4(9), 1- 29.
  • Teusch, U. (2004). Was ist Globalisierung? ein Überblick (Vol.4). Darmstadt: Primus-Verlag.
  • Twerefou, D. K., Danso-Mensah, K., and Bokpin, G. A. (2017). "The environmental effects of economic growth and globalization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A panel general method of moments approach”. Research in International Business and Finance, 42, 939-949.
  • Ulucak, R., and Apergis, N. (2018). " Does convergence really matter for the environment? An application based on club convergence and on the ecological wfootprint concept for the EU countries”. Environmental Science & Policy, 80, 21-27.
  • Ulucak, R., and Bilgili, F. (2018). "A reinvestigation of EKC model byecological foot print measurement for high, middle and low income countries”. Journal of cleaner production, 188, 144-157.
  • Ulucak, R., and Lin, D. (2017). " Persistence of policy shocks to Ecological Footprint of the USA”. Ecological Indicators, 80, 337-343.
  • Ulucak, R., & Erdem, E. (2013). İktisat Politikası Olarak Çevre Politikaları ve Araç Seçimi. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 34, 1-16.
  • Wackernagel, M., & Rees, W. (1996). Our ecological footprint: reducing human impact on the earth (Vol. 9). Canada: New Society Publishers.
  • You, W., & Lv, Z. (2018). "Spillover effects of economic globalization on CO2 emissions: A spatial panel approach”. Energy Economics, 73, 248–257.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm İktisat
Yazarlar

Neşe Tunçbilek 0000-0001-9938-0063

Recep Ulucak 0000-0001-9938-0063

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Nisan 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Eylül 2020
Kabul Tarihi 19 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tunçbilek, N., & Ulucak, R. (2021). Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Küreselleşmenin Çevre Üzerine Etkileri. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 20(2), 452-465. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.790690