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Repercussions of Social Credit System as an ICT-Based Management System on Tourism System

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 1078 - 1099, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1039000

Öz

Driven by the improvement of smart technologies, social credit system (SCS) as a planning and management tool is estimated to spread over the world in the near future. This study reveals basic components, functioning and the estimated impact of SCS on stakeholders within tourism system and destinations. In this context, the resources regarding SCS and the relationship between SCS and tourism system were examined and critical assessment was made on this relationship. Later, cross-evaluation was made on information regarding SCS literature, studies on tourism planning and policy development. The social (panopticon norms, novel privacy perspective, social stratification, acculturation to the homogenous culture and uncivil behavior), economical (soft power, rising costs and leakage rate, decreasing investments and competition power, oligopoly market), and environmental (reducing wastage, rising pollution taxes) effects of SCS on the tourism system were projected and theoretical and practical implications were accordingly made.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, S. (2019). The Messy Truth About Social Credit. Logic. https://logicmag.io/china/the-messy-truth-about-social-credit/
  • Andrejevic, M., & Gates, K. (2014). Big Data Surveillance: Introduction. Surveillance and Society, 12(2), 185–196.
  • Bauman, Z., Bigo, D., Esteves, P., Guild, E., Jabri, V., Lyon, D., & Walker, R. B. J. (2014). After Snowden: Rethinking the Impact of Surveillance. International Political Sociology, 8(2), 121–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12048
  • Berno, T., & Ward, C. (2005). Innocence abroad: A pocket guide to psychological research on tourism. American Psychologist, 60(6), 593–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.6.593
  • Berry, J. W. (2008). Globalisation and acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(4), 328–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.04.001
  • Chen, Y., & Cheung, A. S. (2017). The Transparent Self under Big Data Profiling The Transparent Self under Big Data Profiling: Privacy and Chinese Legislation on the Social Credit System. SSRN Electronic Journal.
  • Chutel, L. (2018, Mart 25). Zimbabwe introducing a mass facial recognition project with Chinese AI company CloudWalk — Quartz Africa. https://qz.com/africa/1287675/china-is-exporting-facial-recognition-to-africa-ensuring-ai-dominance-through-diversity/
  • Cleveland, M., Laroche, M., & Hallab, R. (2013). Globalization, culture, religion, and values: Comparing consumption patterns of Lebanese Muslims and Christians. Journal of Business Research, 66(8), 958–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.12.018
  • Cohen, E. (1972). Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social Research, 164–182. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40970087.pdf
  • Cohen, E. (1988). Authenticity and commoditization in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(3), 371–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(88)90028-X
  • Council State, S. (2014). Notice of the State Council on Issuing the Outline of the Social Credit System Construction Plan (2014-2020)_Government Information Disclosure Column. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2014-06/27/content_8913.htm creditchina.gov.cn. (y.y.). Credit China. Tarihinde 02 Aralık 2020, adresinden erişildi https://www.creditchina.gov.cn/
  • Creemers, R. (2018). China’s Social Credit System: An Evolving Practice of Control. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3175792
  • Daily Sabah. (2020). Locals of Turkey’s popular resort town Bodrum worried about holidaymakers amid pandemic | Daily Sabah. Daily Sabah. https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/locals-of-turkeys-popular-resort-town-bodrum-worried-about-holidaymakers-amid-pandemic/news
  • Denyer, S. (2018, Ocak 7). In China, facial recognition is sharp end of big data drive for total surveillance - The Washington Post. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/world/wp/2018/01/07/feature/in-china-facial-recognition-is-sharp-end-of-a-drive-for-total-surveillance/
  • Doǧan, H. Z. (1989). Forms of adjustment. Sociocultural impacts of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 16(2), 216–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(89)90069-8
  • Engelmann, S., Chen, M., Fischer, F., Kao, C.-Y., & Grossklags, J. (2019). Clear Sanctions, Vague Rewards: How China’s Social Credit System Currently Defines “Good” and “Bad” Behavior. Fairness, Accountability and Transparency, 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1145/3287560.3287585
  • Foucault, M. (2007). Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the College De France, 1977 - 78 (M. Senellart (ed.)). Picador.
  • Fourcade, M., & Healy, K. (2007). Moral views of market society. Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 285–311. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131642
  • Galič, M., Timan, T., & Koops, B. J. (2017). Bentham, Deleuze and Beyond: An Overview of Surveillance Theories from the Panopticon to Participation. Philosophy and Technology, 30(1), 9–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-016-0219-1
  • Giddens, A. (1990). The consequences of modernity (First Edit). Polity Press. Hof, A., & Schmitt, T. (2011). Urban and tourist land use patterns and water consumption: Evidence from Mallorca, Balearic Islands. Land Use Policy, 28(4), 792–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.01.007
  • Hoffman, S. (2018). What’s the problem? https://www.aspi.org.au/report/social-credit Hugill, J. (2017). Government Nudging in the Age of Big Data. The Decision Lab. https://thedecisionlab.com/insights/policy/government-nudging-in-the-age-of-big-data/
  • Jia, L. (2020). Unpacking China’s social credit system: Informatization, regulatory framework, and market dynamics. Canadian Journal of Communication, 45(1), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2020v45n1a3483
  • Kim, J. (2017). Orwell’s Nightmare: China’s Social Credit SystemThe Asan Institute for Policy Studies | The Asan Institute for Policy Studies. https://en.asaninst.org/contents/orwells-nightmare-chinas-social-credit-system/
  • Kobie, N. (2019). The complicated truth about China’s social credit system. Wired. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/china-social-credit-system-explained
  • Kostka, G. (2019). China’s social credit systems and public opinion: Explaining high levels of approval. New Media & Society, 21(7), 1565–1593. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819826402
  • Kostka, G., & Antoine, L. (2020). Fostering Model Citizenship: Behavioral Responses to China’s Emerging Social Credit Systems. Policy & Internet, 12(3), 256–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.213
  • Kshetri, N. (2020). China’s Social Credit System: Data, Algorithms and Implications. IT Professional, 22(2), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITP.2019.2935662
  • Kuo, L. (2019, Mart 1). China bans 23m from buying travel tickets as part of “social credit” system | World news | The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/01/china-bans-23m-discredited-citizens-from-buying-travel-tickets-social-credit-system
  • Lee, C. S. (2019). Datafication, dataveillance, and the social credit system as China’s new normal. Online Information Review, 43(6), 952–970. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-08-2018-0231
  • Leibkuechler, P. (2020). Trust in the Digital Age—The Case of the Chinese Social Credit System. Içinde D. Feldner (Ed.), Redesigning organizations. Concepts for the connected society (ss. 279–289). Springer.
  • Liang, F., Das, V., Kostyuk, N., & Hussain, M. M. (2018). Constructing a Data-Driven Society: China’s Social Credit System as a State Surveillance Infrastructure. Policy & Internet, 10(4), 415–453. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.183
  • Liu, C. (2019). Multiple Social Credit Systems in China. Economic Sociology: The European Electronic Newsletter, 21(1), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/v9frs
  • Maasho, A. (2013, Ağustos 18). Ethiopia signs $800 million mobile network deal with China’s ZTE | Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-china-telecom/ethiopia-signs-800-million-mobile-network-deal-with-chinas-zte-idUSBRE97H0AZ20130818
  • Mac Síthigh, D., & Siems, M. (2019). The Chinese Social Credit System: A Model for Other Countries? The Modern Law Review, 82(6), 1034–1071. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12462
  • Mayer, M. (2020). China’s authoritarian Internet and Digital Orientalism. Içinde D. Feldner (Ed.), Redesigning organizations. Concepts for the connected society (ss. 177–193). Springer.
  • Meissner, M. (2017). China’s Social Credit System: A Big-Data Enabled Approach to Market Regulation with Broad Implications for Doing Business in China | ChinaFile. ChinaFile. https://www.chinafile.com/library/reports/chinas-social-credit-system-big-data-enabled-approach-market-regulation-broad
  • Meissner, M., & Wübbeke, J. (2016). IT-backed authoritarianism: Information technology enhances central authority and control capacity under Xi Jinping. https://www.almendron.com/tribuna/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/mpoc-chinascoreexecutive.pdf#page=52
  • Mistreanu, S. (2018, Nisan 3). Life Inside China’s Social Credit Laboratory – Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/04/03/life-inside-chinas-social-credit-laboratory/
  • Özekici, Y. K., & Ünlüönen, K. (2019). Bir Küresel Tüketim Kültürü Aracı: Turizm. Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 2(7), 508–524. https://doi.org/10.26677/TR1010.2019.196
  • Raghunath, N. (2020). A Sociological Review of China’s Social Credit Systems and Guanxi Opportunities for Social Mobility. Sociology Compass, 14(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12783
  • Small, M. (2019). China’s Social Credit System and Pro-Environmental Behaviour. Uppsala University.
  • Stevenson, A., & Mozur, P. (2019). China Scores Businesses, and Low Grades Could Be a Trade-War Weapon. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/22/business/china-social-credit-business.html
  • Stojkovski, B. (2019, Haziran 18). Big Brother Comes to Belgrade – Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/06/18/big-brother-comes-to-belgrade-huawei-china-facial-recognition-vucic/
  • Street, F. (2019, Ocak 8). How facial recognition is taking over airports | CNN Travel. https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/airports-facial-recognition/index.html
  • Turow, J., Hennessy, M., & Draper, N. A. (2015). The Tradeoff Fallacy - How Marketers Are Misrepresenting American Consumers and Opening Them up to Exploitation. Annenberg School for Communication. https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/521
  • van Dijck, J. (2014). Datafication, dataism and dataveillance: Big data between scientific paradigm and ideology. Surveillance and Society, 12(2), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v12i2.4776
  • Water Europa. (2019). How can Europe act? Water in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: World Water Assessment Programme United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
  • Wu, Y., Lau, T., Atkin, D. J., & Lin, C. A. (2011). A comparative study of online privacy regulations in the U.S. and China. Telecommunications Policy, 35(7), 603–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2011.05.002
  • Wurl, J. (2019). Competition for water: consumption of golf courses in the tourist corridor of Los Cabos, BCS, Mexico. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(24), 674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8689-y
  • Zhang, K., & Zhang, F. (2016). Report on the Construction of the Social Credit System in China’s Special Economic Zones. Içinde T. Yitao & L. Meng (Ed.), Annual Report on the Development of China’s Special Economic Zones. Springer, Singapore.
  • Zhao, D. (2009). The Mandate of Heaven and Performance Legitimation in Historical and Contemporary China. American Behavioral Scientist, 53(3), 416–433. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209338800

BİT Tabanlı Yönetim Sistemi Olarak Sosyal Kredi Sisteminin Turizm Sistemine Yansımaları

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 1078 - 1099, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1039000

Öz

Akıllı teknolojilerin gelişmesiyle hareket eden bir planlama ve yönetim aracı olan sosyal kredi sisteminin (SCS) yakın gelecekte tüm dünyaya yayılacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Bu çalışma, SCS'nin turizm sistemi ve destinasyonları içindeki paydaşlar üzerindeki temel bileşenlerini, işleyişini ve tahmini etkisini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu kapsamda SCS ile turizm sistemi arasındaki ilişki ve SCS ile ilgili kaynaklar incelenmiş ve bu ilişki üzerine eleştirel bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Daha sonra SCS literatürü, turizm planlaması ve politika geliştirme çalışmaları ile ilgili bilgiler üzerinde çapraz değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Sosyal (panoptikon normları, yeni mahremiyet perspektifi, sosyal tabakalaşma, homojen kültüre kültürlenme ve medeni olmayan davranış), ekonomik (yumuşak güç, artan maliyetler ve kaçak oranı, azalan yatırımlar ve rekabet gücü, oligopol piyasası) ve çevresel (israfın azaltılması, artan kirlilik vergileri) SCS'nin turizm sistemi üzerindeki etkileri projelendirilmiş ve buna göre teorik ve pratik çıkarımlar yapılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, S. (2019). The Messy Truth About Social Credit. Logic. https://logicmag.io/china/the-messy-truth-about-social-credit/
  • Andrejevic, M., & Gates, K. (2014). Big Data Surveillance: Introduction. Surveillance and Society, 12(2), 185–196.
  • Bauman, Z., Bigo, D., Esteves, P., Guild, E., Jabri, V., Lyon, D., & Walker, R. B. J. (2014). After Snowden: Rethinking the Impact of Surveillance. International Political Sociology, 8(2), 121–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12048
  • Berno, T., & Ward, C. (2005). Innocence abroad: A pocket guide to psychological research on tourism. American Psychologist, 60(6), 593–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.6.593
  • Berry, J. W. (2008). Globalisation and acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(4), 328–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.04.001
  • Chen, Y., & Cheung, A. S. (2017). The Transparent Self under Big Data Profiling The Transparent Self under Big Data Profiling: Privacy and Chinese Legislation on the Social Credit System. SSRN Electronic Journal.
  • Chutel, L. (2018, Mart 25). Zimbabwe introducing a mass facial recognition project with Chinese AI company CloudWalk — Quartz Africa. https://qz.com/africa/1287675/china-is-exporting-facial-recognition-to-africa-ensuring-ai-dominance-through-diversity/
  • Cleveland, M., Laroche, M., & Hallab, R. (2013). Globalization, culture, religion, and values: Comparing consumption patterns of Lebanese Muslims and Christians. Journal of Business Research, 66(8), 958–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.12.018
  • Cohen, E. (1972). Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social Research, 164–182. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40970087.pdf
  • Cohen, E. (1988). Authenticity and commoditization in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(3), 371–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(88)90028-X
  • Council State, S. (2014). Notice of the State Council on Issuing the Outline of the Social Credit System Construction Plan (2014-2020)_Government Information Disclosure Column. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2014-06/27/content_8913.htm creditchina.gov.cn. (y.y.). Credit China. Tarihinde 02 Aralık 2020, adresinden erişildi https://www.creditchina.gov.cn/
  • Creemers, R. (2018). China’s Social Credit System: An Evolving Practice of Control. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3175792
  • Daily Sabah. (2020). Locals of Turkey’s popular resort town Bodrum worried about holidaymakers amid pandemic | Daily Sabah. Daily Sabah. https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/locals-of-turkeys-popular-resort-town-bodrum-worried-about-holidaymakers-amid-pandemic/news
  • Denyer, S. (2018, Ocak 7). In China, facial recognition is sharp end of big data drive for total surveillance - The Washington Post. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/world/wp/2018/01/07/feature/in-china-facial-recognition-is-sharp-end-of-a-drive-for-total-surveillance/
  • Doǧan, H. Z. (1989). Forms of adjustment. Sociocultural impacts of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 16(2), 216–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(89)90069-8
  • Engelmann, S., Chen, M., Fischer, F., Kao, C.-Y., & Grossklags, J. (2019). Clear Sanctions, Vague Rewards: How China’s Social Credit System Currently Defines “Good” and “Bad” Behavior. Fairness, Accountability and Transparency, 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1145/3287560.3287585
  • Foucault, M. (2007). Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the College De France, 1977 - 78 (M. Senellart (ed.)). Picador.
  • Fourcade, M., & Healy, K. (2007). Moral views of market society. Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 285–311. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131642
  • Galič, M., Timan, T., & Koops, B. J. (2017). Bentham, Deleuze and Beyond: An Overview of Surveillance Theories from the Panopticon to Participation. Philosophy and Technology, 30(1), 9–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-016-0219-1
  • Giddens, A. (1990). The consequences of modernity (First Edit). Polity Press. Hof, A., & Schmitt, T. (2011). Urban and tourist land use patterns and water consumption: Evidence from Mallorca, Balearic Islands. Land Use Policy, 28(4), 792–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.01.007
  • Hoffman, S. (2018). What’s the problem? https://www.aspi.org.au/report/social-credit Hugill, J. (2017). Government Nudging in the Age of Big Data. The Decision Lab. https://thedecisionlab.com/insights/policy/government-nudging-in-the-age-of-big-data/
  • Jia, L. (2020). Unpacking China’s social credit system: Informatization, regulatory framework, and market dynamics. Canadian Journal of Communication, 45(1), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2020v45n1a3483
  • Kim, J. (2017). Orwell’s Nightmare: China’s Social Credit SystemThe Asan Institute for Policy Studies | The Asan Institute for Policy Studies. https://en.asaninst.org/contents/orwells-nightmare-chinas-social-credit-system/
  • Kobie, N. (2019). The complicated truth about China’s social credit system. Wired. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/china-social-credit-system-explained
  • Kostka, G. (2019). China’s social credit systems and public opinion: Explaining high levels of approval. New Media & Society, 21(7), 1565–1593. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819826402
  • Kostka, G., & Antoine, L. (2020). Fostering Model Citizenship: Behavioral Responses to China’s Emerging Social Credit Systems. Policy & Internet, 12(3), 256–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.213
  • Kshetri, N. (2020). China’s Social Credit System: Data, Algorithms and Implications. IT Professional, 22(2), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITP.2019.2935662
  • Kuo, L. (2019, Mart 1). China bans 23m from buying travel tickets as part of “social credit” system | World news | The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/01/china-bans-23m-discredited-citizens-from-buying-travel-tickets-social-credit-system
  • Lee, C. S. (2019). Datafication, dataveillance, and the social credit system as China’s new normal. Online Information Review, 43(6), 952–970. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-08-2018-0231
  • Leibkuechler, P. (2020). Trust in the Digital Age—The Case of the Chinese Social Credit System. Içinde D. Feldner (Ed.), Redesigning organizations. Concepts for the connected society (ss. 279–289). Springer.
  • Liang, F., Das, V., Kostyuk, N., & Hussain, M. M. (2018). Constructing a Data-Driven Society: China’s Social Credit System as a State Surveillance Infrastructure. Policy & Internet, 10(4), 415–453. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.183
  • Liu, C. (2019). Multiple Social Credit Systems in China. Economic Sociology: The European Electronic Newsletter, 21(1), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/v9frs
  • Maasho, A. (2013, Ağustos 18). Ethiopia signs $800 million mobile network deal with China’s ZTE | Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-china-telecom/ethiopia-signs-800-million-mobile-network-deal-with-chinas-zte-idUSBRE97H0AZ20130818
  • Mac Síthigh, D., & Siems, M. (2019). The Chinese Social Credit System: A Model for Other Countries? The Modern Law Review, 82(6), 1034–1071. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12462
  • Mayer, M. (2020). China’s authoritarian Internet and Digital Orientalism. Içinde D. Feldner (Ed.), Redesigning organizations. Concepts for the connected society (ss. 177–193). Springer.
  • Meissner, M. (2017). China’s Social Credit System: A Big-Data Enabled Approach to Market Regulation with Broad Implications for Doing Business in China | ChinaFile. ChinaFile. https://www.chinafile.com/library/reports/chinas-social-credit-system-big-data-enabled-approach-market-regulation-broad
  • Meissner, M., & Wübbeke, J. (2016). IT-backed authoritarianism: Information technology enhances central authority and control capacity under Xi Jinping. https://www.almendron.com/tribuna/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/mpoc-chinascoreexecutive.pdf#page=52
  • Mistreanu, S. (2018, Nisan 3). Life Inside China’s Social Credit Laboratory – Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/04/03/life-inside-chinas-social-credit-laboratory/
  • Özekici, Y. K., & Ünlüönen, K. (2019). Bir Küresel Tüketim Kültürü Aracı: Turizm. Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 2(7), 508–524. https://doi.org/10.26677/TR1010.2019.196
  • Raghunath, N. (2020). A Sociological Review of China’s Social Credit Systems and Guanxi Opportunities for Social Mobility. Sociology Compass, 14(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12783
  • Small, M. (2019). China’s Social Credit System and Pro-Environmental Behaviour. Uppsala University.
  • Stevenson, A., & Mozur, P. (2019). China Scores Businesses, and Low Grades Could Be a Trade-War Weapon. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/22/business/china-social-credit-business.html
  • Stojkovski, B. (2019, Haziran 18). Big Brother Comes to Belgrade – Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/06/18/big-brother-comes-to-belgrade-huawei-china-facial-recognition-vucic/
  • Street, F. (2019, Ocak 8). How facial recognition is taking over airports | CNN Travel. https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/airports-facial-recognition/index.html
  • Turow, J., Hennessy, M., & Draper, N. A. (2015). The Tradeoff Fallacy - How Marketers Are Misrepresenting American Consumers and Opening Them up to Exploitation. Annenberg School for Communication. https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/521
  • van Dijck, J. (2014). Datafication, dataism and dataveillance: Big data between scientific paradigm and ideology. Surveillance and Society, 12(2), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v12i2.4776
  • Water Europa. (2019). How can Europe act? Water in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: World Water Assessment Programme United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
  • Wu, Y., Lau, T., Atkin, D. J., & Lin, C. A. (2011). A comparative study of online privacy regulations in the U.S. and China. Telecommunications Policy, 35(7), 603–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2011.05.002
  • Wurl, J. (2019). Competition for water: consumption of golf courses in the tourist corridor of Los Cabos, BCS, Mexico. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(24), 674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8689-y
  • Zhang, K., & Zhang, F. (2016). Report on the Construction of the Social Credit System in China’s Special Economic Zones. Içinde T. Yitao & L. Meng (Ed.), Annual Report on the Development of China’s Special Economic Zones. Springer, Singapore.
  • Zhao, D. (2009). The Mandate of Heaven and Performance Legitimation in Historical and Contemporary China. American Behavioral Scientist, 53(3), 416–433. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209338800
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Turizm (Diğer)
Bölüm Turizm, Otelcilik, Konaklama ve Spor
Yazarlar

Y. Kemal Özekici 0000-0003-2482-7355

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Aralık 2021
Kabul Tarihi 11 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Özekici, Y. K. (2022). Repercussions of Social Credit System as an ICT-Based Management System on Tourism System. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 21(2), 1078-1099. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1039000

Cited By

Çin’in Sosyal Kredi Sistemi: Nedir, Ne Değildir?
Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.52791/aksarayiibd.1382662