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Dayanıklılık Kavramına Alternatif olarak Çevresel Adalet: Hindistan Örneği

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4, 2354 - 2370, 19.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1089292

Öz

Dayanıklılık kavramı, iklim göçünü de içeren kalkınma tartışmalarının çeşitli alanlarında- çok da eleştirilmeden- giderek daha sık kullanılmaktadır. Fakat kavram, genellikle göz ardı edilen birçok sorunu içermektedir: İçeriği değişken, belirsiz ve şeffaf olmayan bir kavramdır. İklim değişikliğine uyum riskini ve sorumluluğunu devletten bireylerin omuzlarına yükler. Ayrıca mevcut adaletsizlikleri arttırır. Böylece kavram, statükonun devamına yol açar ve sosyo-ekonomik ve çevresel sorunların yapısal nedenlerini görmezlikten gelir. Bu makale, dayanıklılık kavramının çevresel sorunları çözmek için sınırlı bir kavram olduğunu ve bu sorunların dayanıklılık kavramından daha kapsayıcı ve adil bir sosyo-ekolojik mercek olan çevresel adalet kavramı ile ele alınıp çözülmesi gerektiğini savlamaktadır. Makalede Hindistan’daki iklim göçü örneği irdelenerek neden dayanıklılık kavramı yerine çevresel adalet kavramının kullanılmasının gerektiği tartışılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Allen, A., L. Griffin & C. Jonhson (2017). Environmental justice and urban resilience in the Global South. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Biermann, M., Hillmer-Pegram, K., Noel, K. C. & Hum, R. E. (2015). Approaching a critical turn? A content analysis of the politics of resilience in key bodies of resilience literature. Resilience, 3(3), 173-182.
  • Boas, I. (2014). Where is the South in the security discourse on climate change? An analysis of India. Critical Studies on Security, 2(2), 148- 161.
  • Boas, I., Rothe, D. (2016). From conflict to resilience? Explaining recent changes in climate security discourse and practice. Environmental Politics, 25(4), 613–632.
  • Bourbeau, P. (2018). On resilience. Genealogy, logics, and world politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bourbeau, P. (2013). Resiliencism: premises and promises in securitisation research. Resilience. 1-1, 3-17.
  • Camponeschi, C. (2021). Narratives of vulnerability and resilience: An investigation of the climate action plans of New York City and Copenhagen. Geoforum, 123, 78-88.
  • Chandler, D. (2019). Resilience and the end(s) of the politics of adaptation. Resilience. 7-3, 304–313.
  • Chandler, D. (2014). Beyond neoliberalism: resilience, the new art of governing Complexity. Resilience, 2-1, 47-63.
  • Corry, O. (2014). From defense to resilience: environmental security beyond neo-liberalism International Political Sociology. 8, 256–274.
  • Da Costa, D. (2013). The ‘rule of experts’ in making a dynamic micro-insurance industry in India. Journal of Peasant Studies, 40-5, 845-865.
  • Dalmann, I. & Millock, K. (2017). Climate variability and inter-state migration in India. CESinfo Economic Studies, 63-4, 560-594.
  • Detraz, N. & Betsill, M. M. (2009). Climate change and environmental security: for whom the security shifts. International Studies Perspectives, 10, 303- 320.
  • Faber, D. & Schlegel, C. (2017). Give me shelter from the storm: framing the climate refugee crisis in the context of neoliberal capitalism. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, 28-3, 1- 17.
  • Fearon, J. D. (1991). Counterfactuals and hypothesis testing in political science. World Politics, 43-2, 169-195.
  • Ferguson, P. (2019). Discourses of resilience in the climate security debate. Global Environmental Politics, 19-2, 104-126.
  • Gaillard, J. C. (2010). Vulnerability, capacity and resilience: perspectives for climate and development policy. Journal of International Development, 22-2, 218–232.
  • Gillard, R. (2016). Questioning the diffusion of resilience discourses in pursuit of transformational change. Global Environmental Politics, 16-1, 13–20.
  • GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT (2014). Gujarat State action plan on climate change. http://moef.gov.in/division/environment-divisions/climate-changecc-2/state-action-plan-on-climate-change/ (Accessed 24 April 2020).
  • GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (2018). Second biennial update report to United Nations Framework on Climate Change. New Delhi. http://moef.gov.in/division/environment-divisions/climate-changecc-2/natcom/ (Accessed 24 April 2020).
  • Harvey, D. (2009). Social justice and the city. Georgia, The University of Georgia Press.
  • Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1–23.
  • Hornborg, A. (2013). Revelations of resilience: from the ideological disarmament of disaster to the revolutionary implications of (p)anarchy. Resilience, 1-2, 116-129.
  • Humbert, C. & Joseph, J. (2019). Introduction: the politics of resilience: problematising current approaches, Resilience, 7-3, 215-223.
  • IPCC (2001). Climate Change 2001: synthesis report, Cambridge.
  • IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: synthesis report. Geneva.
  • IIED (2021). Connecting the dots: climate change, migration, and social protection. London.
  • Joseph, J. (2013). Resilience as embedded neoliberalism: a governmentality approach. Resilience, 1-1, 38-52.
  • Julich, S. (2011). Drought triggered temporary migration in an east Indian village. International Migration, 49, e189- e199.
  • Krishnan, S. (2017). Building community resilience to recurrent flooding: field experience from the 2012 Assam Floods, India. In A. Allen, et al. (Ed), Environmental justice and urban resilience in the Global South. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 195-214.
  • Lambert, R. & Allen, A. (2017). Mapping the contradictions: an examination of the relationship between resilience and environmental justice. In A. Allen, et al. (Ed), Environmental justice and urban resilience in the global south. New York: P. MacMillan, 195-214.
  • Mackinnon, D. & Derickson, K. D. (2013). From resilience to resourcefulness. Progress in Human Geography, 37-2, 253–270.
  • Martinez-Alier, J., Temper, L., Del Bene, D., and Scheidel, A. (2016). Is there a global environmental justice movement?. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 43-3, 731–755.
  • Methmann, C., Oels, A. (2015). From ‘fearing’ to ‘empowering’ climate refugees: governing climate-induced migration in the name of resilience. Security Dialogue, 46-1, 51-68.
  • Ministry of Urban Development of India (2010). National mission on sustainable habitat. Government of India. New Delhi.
  • Mosse, D., Gupta, S., Mehta, M., Shah, V., Rees, J., KRIBP Project Team (2002). Brokered livelihoods: debt, labour migration and development in tribal Western India. The Journal of Development Studies, 38-5, 59-88.
  • Narayanan, S. (2015). The productivity of agricultural credit in India. Mumbai, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research.
  • Nelson, S. H. (2014). Resilience and the neoliberal counter-revolution: from ecologies of control to production of the common. Resilience, 2-1, 1-17.
  • Oxfam (2019). Oxfam Media Briefing: Forced from home: climate fueled displacement. https://policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/forced-from-home-climate-fuelled-displacement-620914/ (Accessed 14 March 2022).
  • Pandey, K. (2019). “India world's 13th most water-stressed country: WRI”, Down to Earth, https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/water/india-world-s-13th-most-water-stressed-country-wri-66066 (Accessed 22 April 2020).
  • Page, E. (2006). Climate change, justice, and future generations. Cheltenham, E. Elgar.
  • Pellow, D. N. (2002), Garbage wars: The struggle for environmental justice in Chicago. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Pike, A., Dawleya, S. & Tomaneya, J. (2010). Resilience, adaptation and adaptability. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3, 59–70.
  • Ramprasad, V. (2019). Debt and vulnerability: indebtedness, institutions and smallholder agriculture in South India. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 46-6, 1286-1307.
  • Saad, A. (2017). Toward a justice framework for understanding and responding to climate migration and displacement. Environmental Justice, 10-4, 98–101.
  • Samaddar, R. (2015). The post-colonial burden of resilient life, Resilience, 3-2, 141-144.
  • Sedova, B. & Kalkuhl, M. (2020). Who are the climate migrants and where do they go? Evidence from rural India. World Development, 129. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104848.
  • Sengupta, S. & Jha, M. K. (2021). Risks and resilience: covid-19 response and disaster management policies in India. India Review, 20-2, 121-141.
  • Shue, H. (2014). Climate justice: Vulnerability and protection. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Sikor, T. & Newell, P. (2014). Globalizing environmental justice?. Geoforum, 54, 151-157.
  • Srinavasan, V. (2019). Climate adaptation in the water sector in India. In Navroz K. Dubash (Ed). India in a warming world: integrating climate change and development. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 498-518.
  • Stojanov, R., Boas, I., Kelman, I., and Duzi, B. (2017). Local expert experiences and perceptions of environmentally induced migration from Bangladesh to India. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 58-3, 347-361.
  • Turhan, E. & Armiero, M. (2019). Of (not) being neighbors: cities, citizens and climate change in an age of migrations. Mobilities, 14-3, 363-374.
  • Udmale, P., Ichikawa, Y., Manandhar, S., Ishidaira, H., and Kiem, A. S. (2014). Farmers' perception of drought impacts, local adaptation and administrative mitigation measures in Maharashtra State, India. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 10, 250-269.
  • UNSC, 6587th Meeting, UN Doc S/PV.6587 (20 July 2011).
  • UNSC, 8451st Meeting, UN Doc S/PV.8451 (25 January 2019).
  • Viswanathan, B., and Kumar, K. S. K. (2015). Weather, agriculture and rural migration: evidence from state and district level migration in India. Environment and Development Economics, 20-4, 469-492.
  • Walsh-Dilley, M., Woldford, W. (2015). (Un)Defining Resilience: Subjective Understandings of ‘Resilience’ from the Field. Resilience, 3-3, 173-182.
  • WORLD BANK (2001). Green resilient and inclusive development. Washington DC.
  • WORLD BANK (2013). Building resilience: integrating climate and disaster risk into development. Washington, DC.
  • WORLD BANK (2018). Groundswell: Preparing for internal climate migration. Washington, DC.
  • WORLD BANK (2021). Resilience rating system. Washington DC.
  • WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE (2008). Roots of resilience: growing the wealth of the poor. Washington, DC.

Environmental Justice as an Alternative to Resilience: India as an Example

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4, 2354 - 2370, 19.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1089292

Öz

The notion of resilience is being increasingly used, without much criticism, in various areas of the development debate, involving climate migration. Nevertheless, the concept incorporates several weaknesses which are often ignored: it is a vague and non-transparent concept with shifting meanings, transfers the risk and responsibility of adaptation from the state onto the shoulders of individuals, and duplicates existing injustices. Thus, it promotes the continuation of the status quo and overlooks the structural causes of socio-economic and environmental problems. This paper argues that resilience is a limited framework to deal with environmental harms and that environmental degradation should be dealt with in a framework of environmental justice because it provides a more comprehensive and just socio-ecological lens for the critical assessment and solution of environmental problems. The paper studies the phenomenon of climate migration in India and investigates why an environmental justice framework should be employed for analyzing and proposing solutions to environmental damage instead of resilience.

Kaynakça

  • Allen, A., L. Griffin & C. Jonhson (2017). Environmental justice and urban resilience in the Global South. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Biermann, M., Hillmer-Pegram, K., Noel, K. C. & Hum, R. E. (2015). Approaching a critical turn? A content analysis of the politics of resilience in key bodies of resilience literature. Resilience, 3(3), 173-182.
  • Boas, I. (2014). Where is the South in the security discourse on climate change? An analysis of India. Critical Studies on Security, 2(2), 148- 161.
  • Boas, I., Rothe, D. (2016). From conflict to resilience? Explaining recent changes in climate security discourse and practice. Environmental Politics, 25(4), 613–632.
  • Bourbeau, P. (2018). On resilience. Genealogy, logics, and world politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bourbeau, P. (2013). Resiliencism: premises and promises in securitisation research. Resilience. 1-1, 3-17.
  • Camponeschi, C. (2021). Narratives of vulnerability and resilience: An investigation of the climate action plans of New York City and Copenhagen. Geoforum, 123, 78-88.
  • Chandler, D. (2019). Resilience and the end(s) of the politics of adaptation. Resilience. 7-3, 304–313.
  • Chandler, D. (2014). Beyond neoliberalism: resilience, the new art of governing Complexity. Resilience, 2-1, 47-63.
  • Corry, O. (2014). From defense to resilience: environmental security beyond neo-liberalism International Political Sociology. 8, 256–274.
  • Da Costa, D. (2013). The ‘rule of experts’ in making a dynamic micro-insurance industry in India. Journal of Peasant Studies, 40-5, 845-865.
  • Dalmann, I. & Millock, K. (2017). Climate variability and inter-state migration in India. CESinfo Economic Studies, 63-4, 560-594.
  • Detraz, N. & Betsill, M. M. (2009). Climate change and environmental security: for whom the security shifts. International Studies Perspectives, 10, 303- 320.
  • Faber, D. & Schlegel, C. (2017). Give me shelter from the storm: framing the climate refugee crisis in the context of neoliberal capitalism. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, 28-3, 1- 17.
  • Fearon, J. D. (1991). Counterfactuals and hypothesis testing in political science. World Politics, 43-2, 169-195.
  • Ferguson, P. (2019). Discourses of resilience in the climate security debate. Global Environmental Politics, 19-2, 104-126.
  • Gaillard, J. C. (2010). Vulnerability, capacity and resilience: perspectives for climate and development policy. Journal of International Development, 22-2, 218–232.
  • Gillard, R. (2016). Questioning the diffusion of resilience discourses in pursuit of transformational change. Global Environmental Politics, 16-1, 13–20.
  • GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT (2014). Gujarat State action plan on climate change. http://moef.gov.in/division/environment-divisions/climate-changecc-2/state-action-plan-on-climate-change/ (Accessed 24 April 2020).
  • GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (2018). Second biennial update report to United Nations Framework on Climate Change. New Delhi. http://moef.gov.in/division/environment-divisions/climate-changecc-2/natcom/ (Accessed 24 April 2020).
  • Harvey, D. (2009). Social justice and the city. Georgia, The University of Georgia Press.
  • Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1–23.
  • Hornborg, A. (2013). Revelations of resilience: from the ideological disarmament of disaster to the revolutionary implications of (p)anarchy. Resilience, 1-2, 116-129.
  • Humbert, C. & Joseph, J. (2019). Introduction: the politics of resilience: problematising current approaches, Resilience, 7-3, 215-223.
  • IPCC (2001). Climate Change 2001: synthesis report, Cambridge.
  • IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: synthesis report. Geneva.
  • IIED (2021). Connecting the dots: climate change, migration, and social protection. London.
  • Joseph, J. (2013). Resilience as embedded neoliberalism: a governmentality approach. Resilience, 1-1, 38-52.
  • Julich, S. (2011). Drought triggered temporary migration in an east Indian village. International Migration, 49, e189- e199.
  • Krishnan, S. (2017). Building community resilience to recurrent flooding: field experience from the 2012 Assam Floods, India. In A. Allen, et al. (Ed), Environmental justice and urban resilience in the Global South. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 195-214.
  • Lambert, R. & Allen, A. (2017). Mapping the contradictions: an examination of the relationship between resilience and environmental justice. In A. Allen, et al. (Ed), Environmental justice and urban resilience in the global south. New York: P. MacMillan, 195-214.
  • Mackinnon, D. & Derickson, K. D. (2013). From resilience to resourcefulness. Progress in Human Geography, 37-2, 253–270.
  • Martinez-Alier, J., Temper, L., Del Bene, D., and Scheidel, A. (2016). Is there a global environmental justice movement?. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 43-3, 731–755.
  • Methmann, C., Oels, A. (2015). From ‘fearing’ to ‘empowering’ climate refugees: governing climate-induced migration in the name of resilience. Security Dialogue, 46-1, 51-68.
  • Ministry of Urban Development of India (2010). National mission on sustainable habitat. Government of India. New Delhi.
  • Mosse, D., Gupta, S., Mehta, M., Shah, V., Rees, J., KRIBP Project Team (2002). Brokered livelihoods: debt, labour migration and development in tribal Western India. The Journal of Development Studies, 38-5, 59-88.
  • Narayanan, S. (2015). The productivity of agricultural credit in India. Mumbai, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research.
  • Nelson, S. H. (2014). Resilience and the neoliberal counter-revolution: from ecologies of control to production of the common. Resilience, 2-1, 1-17.
  • Oxfam (2019). Oxfam Media Briefing: Forced from home: climate fueled displacement. https://policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/forced-from-home-climate-fuelled-displacement-620914/ (Accessed 14 March 2022).
  • Pandey, K. (2019). “India world's 13th most water-stressed country: WRI”, Down to Earth, https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/water/india-world-s-13th-most-water-stressed-country-wri-66066 (Accessed 22 April 2020).
  • Page, E. (2006). Climate change, justice, and future generations. Cheltenham, E. Elgar.
  • Pellow, D. N. (2002), Garbage wars: The struggle for environmental justice in Chicago. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Pike, A., Dawleya, S. & Tomaneya, J. (2010). Resilience, adaptation and adaptability. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3, 59–70.
  • Ramprasad, V. (2019). Debt and vulnerability: indebtedness, institutions and smallholder agriculture in South India. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 46-6, 1286-1307.
  • Saad, A. (2017). Toward a justice framework for understanding and responding to climate migration and displacement. Environmental Justice, 10-4, 98–101.
  • Samaddar, R. (2015). The post-colonial burden of resilient life, Resilience, 3-2, 141-144.
  • Sedova, B. & Kalkuhl, M. (2020). Who are the climate migrants and where do they go? Evidence from rural India. World Development, 129. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104848.
  • Sengupta, S. & Jha, M. K. (2021). Risks and resilience: covid-19 response and disaster management policies in India. India Review, 20-2, 121-141.
  • Shue, H. (2014). Climate justice: Vulnerability and protection. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Sikor, T. & Newell, P. (2014). Globalizing environmental justice?. Geoforum, 54, 151-157.
  • Srinavasan, V. (2019). Climate adaptation in the water sector in India. In Navroz K. Dubash (Ed). India in a warming world: integrating climate change and development. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 498-518.
  • Stojanov, R., Boas, I., Kelman, I., and Duzi, B. (2017). Local expert experiences and perceptions of environmentally induced migration from Bangladesh to India. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 58-3, 347-361.
  • Turhan, E. & Armiero, M. (2019). Of (not) being neighbors: cities, citizens and climate change in an age of migrations. Mobilities, 14-3, 363-374.
  • Udmale, P., Ichikawa, Y., Manandhar, S., Ishidaira, H., and Kiem, A. S. (2014). Farmers' perception of drought impacts, local adaptation and administrative mitigation measures in Maharashtra State, India. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 10, 250-269.
  • UNSC, 6587th Meeting, UN Doc S/PV.6587 (20 July 2011).
  • UNSC, 8451st Meeting, UN Doc S/PV.8451 (25 January 2019).
  • Viswanathan, B., and Kumar, K. S. K. (2015). Weather, agriculture and rural migration: evidence from state and district level migration in India. Environment and Development Economics, 20-4, 469-492.
  • Walsh-Dilley, M., Woldford, W. (2015). (Un)Defining Resilience: Subjective Understandings of ‘Resilience’ from the Field. Resilience, 3-3, 173-182.
  • WORLD BANK (2001). Green resilient and inclusive development. Washington DC.
  • WORLD BANK (2013). Building resilience: integrating climate and disaster risk into development. Washington, DC.
  • WORLD BANK (2018). Groundswell: Preparing for internal climate migration. Washington, DC.
  • WORLD BANK (2021). Resilience rating system. Washington DC.
  • WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE (2008). Roots of resilience: growing the wealth of the poor. Washington, DC.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler
Yazarlar

Elif Çetin 0000-0002-9182-1992

Defne Gönenç 0000-0002-5084-2447

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Ekim 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Mart 2022
Kabul Tarihi 3 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Çetin, E., & Gönenç, D. (2022). Environmental Justice as an Alternative to Resilience: India as an Example. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 21(4), 2354-2370. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1089292