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The Paston Letters: The Increasing Prominence of the Paston Women in the Medieval Household

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4, 2154 - 2165, 19.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1104823

Öz

Considering highly developed communication mediums of the twenty-first century, it is a peculiar task to go back to the Middle Ages and to witness the importance attached to letter-writing as a cultural, social, and literary activity that unearths the changing dynamics of the age. Not surprisingly, the standards applied to medieval letters were quite different from their modern counterparts because unlike the feeling of intimacy and privacy inherent in the epistolary style, medieval letters were communal pieces intended to be read by more than one person. It is also important to note that, contrary to the general tendency to regard letter-writing as a solitary activity, in the Middle Ages it was a part of the oral tradition since medieval letters were usually dictated to the scribes, and they were read aloud. Moreover, together with the increasing value of the written documents, almost every wealthy family started their own archive in medieval England. Still, only some have been able to reach us from the fifteenth century, and of these the best known are the Paston Letters. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to analyse the development of fifteenth-century vernacular letters by primarily focusing on the Paston women and to examine the circulation of information in and out of the family members. The variety proposed by these letters mostly stems from the number of their women writers who – as real figures in history – tried to express their anxieties, fears, aspirations and hopes that each one of us may feel familiar with today. In this respect, growing authority and visibility of the female figures in the Paston family underline the early stages of the dissolution of the idealized prescriptions of medieval women who were projected as passive and docile beings. Exchanging the ideal with the real, therefore, the letters of the Paston women illustrate the attempt of medieval women to find a voice and space of their own.

Kaynakça

  • Barber, R. (Ed.). (2004). Introduction. In The Pastons: A family in the Wars of the Roses (pp. 5-7). Woodbridge: First Person Singular.
  • Bennett, H. S. (1990). The Pastons and their England. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
  • Clayton, M. J. (2020). A Study of the Letters and Wills of the Lesser-known Paston Women. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. University of Surrey, Surrey. Retrieved 5 March 2022 from: https://openresearch.surrey.ac.uk/esploro/outputs/doctoral/A-Study-of-the-Letters-and/99581023502346
  • Davis, N. (Ed.). (2008). Introduction. In The Paston Letters (pp. iii-xxxii). London: Oxford UP.
  • Dossena, M., & G. D. L. Camiciotti. (Eds.). (2012). Letter writing in late modern Europe. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Douglas, J. (2009). ‘Kepe wysyl youre wrytyngys’: Margaret Paston’s fifteenth-century letters. Libraries & the Cultural Record, 44(1), 29-49.
  • Finke, L. A. (1999). Women’s writing in English: Medieval England. London: Longman.
  • Gies, F., & Gies J. (1998). A medieval family: The Pastons of fifteenth-century England. New York: Harper Collins.
  • Harding, W. (2004). Mapping Masculine and Feminine Domains in the Paston Letters. In D’Arcens L. & Ruys, J. F. (Eds.), Maistresse of My Wit: Medieval Women, Modern Scholars (pp. 47-74). Turnhout: Brepols Publishers.
  • Haskell, A. (1973). The Paston Women on Marriage in fifteenth-century England. Viator, 4, 459-471.
  • McAvoy, L. H., & Watt, D. (Eds.). (2012). The History of British Women’s Writing, 700-1500 (Vol. 1). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Morris, M. M. (2010). The Paston women and gentry culture: The development of individual and social identity in fifteenth-century England. Unpublished Master Thesis. California State University, California. Retrieved 5 May 2019 from: http://csufresno-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.3/118814/MelissaMORRIS.pdf?sequence=1
  • Pekşen Yakar, A. (2021). May as a Figure of Resistance in the Merchant’s Tale. Hacettepe University Journal of Faculty of Letters, 38(2), 548-561.
  • Shahar, S. (1983). The Fourth Estate: A history of women in the Middle Ages (C. Galai, Trans.). New York: Routledge.
  • The Paston Letters. (2008). N. Davis (Ed.). New York: Oxford UP.
  • Tolstoy, L. (2016). Anna Karenina. New York: Oxford UP.
  • Warrington, J. (Ed.). (1956). Introduction. In The Paston Letters (pp. v-xxi). London: Everyman’s Library.
  • Watt, D. (2004). The Paston Women: Selected Letters. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.
  • ——. (2020). The Paston Women and Chaucer: Reading Women and Canon Formation in the Fifteenth Century. Studies in the Age of Chaucer, 42, 337-350.
  • Yıldız, N. (2015). Hybridity in Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales: Reconstructing Estate Boundaries. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Hacettepe University, Ankara. Retrieved 15 March 2022 from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp

Paston Mektupları: Paston Kadınlarının Orta Çağ Hanesinde Artan Önemi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4, 2154 - 2165, 19.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1104823

Öz

Yirmi birinci yüzyılın gelişmiş iletişim araçları düşünüldüğünde, Orta Çağ’da kültürel, sosyal ve edebi bir aktivite olarak dönemin değişen dinamiklerine ışık tutan mektup yazımına atfedilen öneme şahit olmak tuhaf bir vazife gibi görülebilir. Beklendiği üzere, Orta Çağ’a özgü mektuplara uygulanan ölçütler bu mektupların modern benzerlerinden oldukça farklıdır, çünkü mektup üslubuna özgü samimiyet ve mahremiyet hissinin aksine, Orta Çağ’da mektuplar birden fazla kişi tarafından okunması muhtemel olan toplumsal bir belge niteliği taşımaktadır. Ayrıca şunu da belirtmek gerekir ki, mektup yazımını tek başına yapılan bir eylem olarak görmeye yatkın genel görüşe karşılık, Orta Çağ’da mektuplar genellikle kâtiplere dikte edildiği ve de yüksek sesle okunduğu için aynı zamanda sözlü geleneğin de birer parçasını oluşturmaktadır. Dahası, yazılı belgelerin daha da önem kazanması ile hemen hemen her varlıklı aile bu dönemde kendi özel arşivlerini tutmaya başlamıştır. Ancak, bu belgelerden sadece bazıları on beşinci yüzyıldan günümüze ulaşmayı başarabilmiştir ve bunlar arasında en çok bilineni Paston mektuplarıdır. Dolayısıyla, bu makalenin amacı öncelikle Paston kadınlarına odaklanarak on beşinci yüzyılda ortak dille yazılan mektupların gelişim sürecini analiz etmek ve aile üyeleri arasındaki bilgi dolaşımını kapsamlı bir şekilde incelemektir. Mektupların çeşitliliği onları yazan kadınların – tarihte yaşamış figürler olarak – günümüzde bizim de hissedebileceğimiz endişe, korku, istek ve umutlarını ifade etmekteki kendilerine has üsluplarından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu açıdan, Paston ailesindeki kadınların artan otoritesi ve daha görünür hale gelmeleri, pasif ve uysal olarak temsil edilen Orta Çağ kadınları ile ilişkilendirilmiş ideal imgelerin çözülüşünün ilk evresini oluşturmaktadır. Tüm bunlardan hareketle, ideal olanı gerçek olanla değiş tokuş eden Paston kadınlarının mektupları, Orta Çağ kadınlarının kendilerine has bir ses ve mekân bulma çabasını temsil etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Barber, R. (Ed.). (2004). Introduction. In The Pastons: A family in the Wars of the Roses (pp. 5-7). Woodbridge: First Person Singular.
  • Bennett, H. S. (1990). The Pastons and their England. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
  • Clayton, M. J. (2020). A Study of the Letters and Wills of the Lesser-known Paston Women. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. University of Surrey, Surrey. Retrieved 5 March 2022 from: https://openresearch.surrey.ac.uk/esploro/outputs/doctoral/A-Study-of-the-Letters-and/99581023502346
  • Davis, N. (Ed.). (2008). Introduction. In The Paston Letters (pp. iii-xxxii). London: Oxford UP.
  • Dossena, M., & G. D. L. Camiciotti. (Eds.). (2012). Letter writing in late modern Europe. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Douglas, J. (2009). ‘Kepe wysyl youre wrytyngys’: Margaret Paston’s fifteenth-century letters. Libraries & the Cultural Record, 44(1), 29-49.
  • Finke, L. A. (1999). Women’s writing in English: Medieval England. London: Longman.
  • Gies, F., & Gies J. (1998). A medieval family: The Pastons of fifteenth-century England. New York: Harper Collins.
  • Harding, W. (2004). Mapping Masculine and Feminine Domains in the Paston Letters. In D’Arcens L. & Ruys, J. F. (Eds.), Maistresse of My Wit: Medieval Women, Modern Scholars (pp. 47-74). Turnhout: Brepols Publishers.
  • Haskell, A. (1973). The Paston Women on Marriage in fifteenth-century England. Viator, 4, 459-471.
  • McAvoy, L. H., & Watt, D. (Eds.). (2012). The History of British Women’s Writing, 700-1500 (Vol. 1). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Morris, M. M. (2010). The Paston women and gentry culture: The development of individual and social identity in fifteenth-century England. Unpublished Master Thesis. California State University, California. Retrieved 5 May 2019 from: http://csufresno-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.3/118814/MelissaMORRIS.pdf?sequence=1
  • Pekşen Yakar, A. (2021). May as a Figure of Resistance in the Merchant’s Tale. Hacettepe University Journal of Faculty of Letters, 38(2), 548-561.
  • Shahar, S. (1983). The Fourth Estate: A history of women in the Middle Ages (C. Galai, Trans.). New York: Routledge.
  • The Paston Letters. (2008). N. Davis (Ed.). New York: Oxford UP.
  • Tolstoy, L. (2016). Anna Karenina. New York: Oxford UP.
  • Warrington, J. (Ed.). (1956). Introduction. In The Paston Letters (pp. v-xxi). London: Everyman’s Library.
  • Watt, D. (2004). The Paston Women: Selected Letters. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.
  • ——. (2020). The Paston Women and Chaucer: Reading Women and Canon Formation in the Fifteenth Century. Studies in the Age of Chaucer, 42, 337-350.
  • Yıldız, N. (2015). Hybridity in Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales: Reconstructing Estate Boundaries. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Hacettepe University, Ankara. Retrieved 15 March 2022 from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp
Toplam 20 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sanat ve Edebiyat
Bölüm İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı
Yazarlar

Seçil Erkoç Iqbal 0000-0003-0934-331X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Ekim 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Nisan 2022
Kabul Tarihi 18 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Erkoç Iqbal, S. (2022). The Paston Letters: The Increasing Prominence of the Paston Women in the Medieval Household. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 21(4), 2154-2165. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1104823