Psikolojik Becerilerin Sportif Performansa Etkisinin Antrenör Gözünden Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Sportif performansta fizyolojik, teknik ve taktik özellikler öne çıkarken, psikolojik özellikler dikkate alınmamaktadır. Bu araştırma voleybol antrenörleri gözünden psikolojik becerilerin sportif performansa etkisini değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma, nitel araştırma modellerinden olgu bilim (fenomenoloji) deseni kullanılarak; veri toplama yöntemlerinden görüşme (mülakat) yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcılar amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden ölçüt örnekleme ve kolayda örnekleme yöntemleri ile belirlenmiş olup 1-30 Ocak 2022 tarihlerinde AXA Sigorta Efeler Ligi, Misli.com Sultanlar Ligi ve Sigorta Shop Kadınlar 1. Liginde yer alan baş antrenörler ve yardımcı antrenörlerden oluşan 12 voleybol antrenörü ile görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Veriler içerik analizi tekniği kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda psikolojik becerilerin sportif performansa etkisi, antrenör görüşleri doğrultusunda “Spor Başarısına Etki Eden Etmenler”, “Psikolojik Beceriler ve Spor Performansı”, “Psikolojik Beceri Antrenmanı” ve “Spor Psikolojisi Uzmanlarına Bakış Açısı” temaları içerisinde analiz edilmiştir. Psikolojik becerilerin sportif performansa etkisi antrenör gözünden değerlendirildiğinde, antrenörlerin sporcuların performansını etkileyen parametreler arasında psikolojinin de etkisi vurgulanmaktadır. Psikolojik becerilerin sportif performans üzerindeki etkisinin antrenörler tarafından kabul edildiği görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sportif Performans
• Psikolojik Beceri
• Voleybol Antrenörü

Evaluation of the Effect of Psychological Skills on Sports Performance from Trainer's Perspective

Öz

In sportive performance, while physiological, technical and tactical features are given importance, psychological characteristics are not taken into account. The aim of this research is to measure the effect of psychological skills on sports performance from the perspective of volleyball coaches. The research was conducted by using the phenomenology design from qualitative research models; interview method from data collection methods. Criterion sampling and convenience sampling methods were employed among the sampling methods for the participants, and interviews were held with 12 volleyball coaches consisting of head coaches and assistant coaches in AXA Sigorta Efeler League, Misli.com Sultans League and Sigorta Shop Women's 1st League on January 1-30, 2022. The interviews were conducted with 12 volleyball coaches, consisting of head coaches, and assistant coaches in the league. The data were analyzed using the content analysis technique. As a result of the research, Coaches' Opinions on the Effect of Psychological Skills on Sports Performance were analyzed under the themes of "Factors Affecting Sports Success", "Psychological Skills and Sports Performance", "Psychological Skills Education" and " Perspective on Sports Psychology Experts". When the effect of psychological skills on sporting performance is evaluated from the coach's point of view, the effect of psychology is emphasized among the parameters that affect the performance of athletes. It has been seen that the effect of psychological skills on sporting performance is accepted by coaches.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sporting Performance
• Psychological Skill
• Volleyball Coach

Kaynakça

1. Ajilchi, B., Amini, H. R., Ardakani, Z. P., Zadeh, M. M., & Kisely, S. (2019). Applying mindfulness training to enhance the mental toughness and emotional intelligence of amateur basketball players. Australasian Psychiatry, 27(3), 291-296. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856219828119
2. Altıntaş, A., ve Akalan, C. (2008). Zihinsel antrenman ve yüksek performans. Spormetre, 6(1), 39-43. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000131
3. Aslan, M., ve Doğan, S. (2020). Dışsal motivasyon, içsel motivasyon ve performans etkileşimine kuramsal bir bakış. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 11(26), 291-301. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.638479
4. Bahramizade, H., & Besharat, M. A. (2010). The impact of styles of coping with stress on sport achievement. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 764-769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.181
5. Baker, J., Horton, S., Robertson-Wilson, J., & Wall, M. (2003). Nurturing sport expertise: Factors influencing the development of elite athletes. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2(1), 1-9.
6. Baltacı, A. (2018). Nitel araştırmalarda örnekleme yöntemleri ve örnek hacmi sorunsalı üzerine kavramsal bir inceleme. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(1), 231-274.
7. Barker, J. B., Slater, M. J., Pugh, G., Mellalieu, S. D., McCarthy, P. J., Jones, M. V., & Moran, A. (2020). The effectiveness of psychological skills training and behavioral interventions in sport using single-case designs: A meta regression analysis of the peer-reviewed studies. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 51(2020), 1-13. 101746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101746
8. Birrer, D., & Morgan, G. (2010). Psychological skills training as a way to enhance an athlete's performance in high-intensity sports. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2(2), 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01188.x

9. Bloom, G. (1997). Characteristics, knowledge, and strategies of expert team sport coaches. Doctoral dissertation. Ottawa, Ontario: University of Ottawa.
10. Bloom, G., & Loughead, T. (2011). Current developments in North American sport and exercise psychology: Team building in sport. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicologia del Ejercicio y del Deporte, 6(2), 37-249.
11. Bruner, M. W., Eys, M. A., Wilson, K. S., & Côté, J. (2014). Group cohesion and positive youth development in team sport athletes. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 3(4), 219-227. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000017
12. Callow, N., Hardy, L., & Hall, C. (2001). The effects of a motivational general- mastery imagery intervention on sport confidence of high-level badminton players. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72, 389-400. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2001.10608975
13. Carlson, R. (1988). The socialisation of elite tennis players in Sweden: an analysis of the players’ backgrounds and development. Society of Sport Journal, 5, 241–256. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.5.3.241
14. Carron, A. V., Colman, M. M., Wheeler, J., & Stevens, D. (2002). Cohesion and performance in sport: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport ve Exercise Psychology, 24, 168-188. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.2.168
15. Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104
16. Cosma, G., Chiracu, A., Stepan, R., Cosma, A., Nanu, C., & Pǎunescu, C. (2020). Impact of coping strategies on sport performance. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(3), 1380-1385. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.03190
17. Côte, J. (1999). The influence of the family in the development of talent in sport. The Sports Psychologist, 13, 395–417. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.4.395
18. Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry ve research design choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
19. Çakaloğlu, E., Akyüz, O., Sulu, B., ve Bayar, P. (2019). Profesyonel futbolcularda hedef yöneliminin motivasyonel yönelim üzerine etkisi. Spormetre, 17(4), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.637261
20. Durdubaş, D., Kelecek, S., ve Koruç, Z. (2020). Türk antrenörlerin spor psikolojisine ilişkin bilgi düzeyleri ve tutumları. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(4), 146-157. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.551298
21. Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw Hill.
22. Gökçe-Onağ, Z., Güzel, P., ve Özbey, S. (2013). Futbol antrenörlerinin görüşlerine göre, takım başarısını etkileyen faktörler: Nitel bir araştırma. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 4(2), 125-145.
23. Gould, D. (1987). Handbook for youth sport coaches. In V. Seefeldt (Ed.), Your role as a youth sport coach. American Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, Waldorf.
24. Gould, D., Guinan, D., Greenleaf, C., Medberry, R., & Peterson, K. (1999). Factors affecting Olympic performance: Perceptions of athletes and coaches from more and less successful teams. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 371-394. https://doi.org/10.1123/TSP.13.4.371
25. Gould, R., Diffenbach, K., & Moffet A. (2002). Psychological talent and its development in Olympic Champions. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2002; 14:177–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103482
26. Guszkowska, M., & Wojcik, K. (2021). Effect of mental toughness on sporting performance: Review of studies. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 13(7), 1-12 https://doi.org/10.29359/BJHPA.2021.Suppl.2.01
27. Haslam, I. R. (2004). Psychological skills training: A qualitative study of Singapore coaches. Journal of Physical Education ve Recreation, 10, 37-47. https://doi.org/10.24112/ajper.101294
28. Holland, J. G., Woodcock, C., Cumming, J., & Duda, J. L. (2010). Mental qualities and employed mental techniques of young elite team sport athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4, 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.4.1.19
29. Holt, N. L., & Dunn, J. G. (2004). Toward a grounded theory of the psychosocial competencies and environmental conditions associated with soccer success. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16(3), 199-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200490437949
30. Krippendorff, K. (2004). Reliability in content analysis: Some common misconceptions and recommendations. Human Communication Research, 30(3), 411-433. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/30.3.411
31. Lazarus, R. S. (2000). How emotions influence performance in competitive sports. The sport psychologist, 14(3), 229-252. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.14.3.229
32. Liamputtong, P. (2013). Qualitative Research Methods (4. baskı). Oxford University.
33. Loehr, J. E. (1986). Mental toughness training for sports: achieving athletic excellence. Lexington: Stephen Greene Press.
34. Mamassis, G., & Doganis, G. (2004). The effects of a mental training on juniors pre-competitive anxiety, self-confidence, and tennis performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 118-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200490437903
35. Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. (3. baskı). Sage.
36. Nicholls, A. R., & Polman, R. C. (2007). Coping in sport: A systematic review. Journal of sports sciences, 25(1), 11-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410600630654
37. Orlick, T. (2000). In pursuit of excellence: How to win in sport and life through mental training (3. baskı). Human Kinetics.
38. Paquette, K., & Sullivan, P. (2012). Canadian curling coaches’ use of psychological skills training. Sport Psychol, 26, 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.26.1.29
39. Paskevich, D. M., Estabrooks, P. A., Brawley, L. R., & Carron, A. V. (2001). Handbook of sport psychology. In R. N. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas & C. M. Janelle (Eds.), Group cohesion in sport and exercise. Wiley.
40. Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research ve evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice (4. Baskı). Sage.
41. Portenga, S. T., Aoyagi, M. W., & Cohen, A. B. (2017). Helping to build a profession: A working definition of sport and performance psychology, Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 8(1), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2016.1227413
42. Röthlin, P., Birrer, D., Horvath, S., & Holtforth, M. G. (2016). Psychological skills training and a mindfulness-based intervention to enhance functional athletic performance: Design of a randomized controlled trial using ambulatory assessment. BMC Psychol 4, 39, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-016-0147-y
43. Sabin, S. I., & Marcel, P. (2014). Group cohesion important factor in sport performance. European Scientific Journal, 10(26), 163-174. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4593.4165
44. Sheard, M. (2013). Mental toughness. The mindset behind sporting achievement. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203103548
45. Short, S., Bruggeman, J., Engel, S., Marback, T., Wang, L., Willadsen, A., & Short, M. (2002). The effect of imagery function and imagery direction on self-efficacy and performance on a golf-putting task. The Sport Psychologist, 16, 48-67. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.16.1.48
46. Speed, H. D., Andersen, M. B., & Simons, J. (2005). Sport psychology in practice. In M. B. Andersen (Ed.), The selling or the telling of sport psychology; presenting services to coaches (1-16). Human Kinetics.
47. Storm, L. K., Henriksen, K., & Larsen, C. H. (2014). Influential relationships as contexts of learning and becoming elite: athletes’ retrospective interpretations. Int J Sport Sci Coach, 9(6),1341–1356. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.9.6.1341
48. Ulukan, H. (2012). İletişim becerilerinin takım ve bireysel sporculara olan etkisi. Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Öğretmenliği Anabilim Dalı, Karaman.
49. Unruh, S., Unruh, N., Moorman, M., & Seshadri, S. (2005). Collegiate student-athletes' satisfaction with athletic trainers. J Athl Train, 40(1), 52-55.
50. Van Manen, M. (1990). Researching lived experience. SUNY Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315421056
51. Vealey, R. S. (1988). Future directions in psychological skills training. Sport Psychologist, 2, 318–336. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2.4.318
52. Vealey, S. R. (2007). Handbook of sport psychology. In G. Tenenbaum, R. Eklund & R. Singer (Eds.), Mental Skills Training in Sport. Wiley.
53. Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2010). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Human Kinetics.
54. Wright, B. J., O'Halloran, P. D., & Stukas, A. A. (2016). Enhancing self-efficacy and performance: An experimental comparison of psychological techniques. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 87(1), 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2015.1093072
55. Zakrajsek, R. A., & Zizzi, S. J. (2007). Factors influencing track and swimming coaches’ intentions to use sport psychology services. Athletic Insight: Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 9, 1-21.
56. Zakrajsek, R. A., & Zizzi, S. J. (2008). How do coaches' attitudes change when exposed to a sport psychology workshop? The Journal of Coaching Education, 1, 66-83. https://doi.org/10.1123/jce.1.1.66