The Effect of Gymnastics and Taekwondo Trainings on Balance, Flexibility and Jumping Parameters in Primary School Students

Öz

This study was conducted to examine the effects of 8-week gymnastics and taekwondo training applied to 8-10 year old primary school students on balance, flexibility and jump parameters. A total of 30 students participated in the study, and the students were randomly assigned to the gymnastics group (GG=10, X̄age=8.70±0.48), the taekwondo group (TG=10, X̄age=8.20±0.42) and the control group (CG=10, X̄age=9.50±0.52). GG and TG performed their branch-specific training at 48-hour intervals, 2 days a week, for a total of 8 weeks. CG did not participate in any sports activities for 8 weeks. In order to evaluate their performance, Y dynamic balance test, flexibility test and vertical jump test were applied to the participants before and after 8 weeks. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality distribution of the data. Due to the normal distribution of the data, Paired Sample T Test was used to determine the difference within the group, and the Independent Sample T Test was used to determine the difference between the groups. As a result of the study, significant differences were found in the flexibility and jump pre-test results of GG and TG within the group (p<0.05), but no significant difference was found in CG. Although there were significant differences in favor of CG in the lower and upper extremity dynamic balance in-group comparison results of the groups, only the right leg anterior value of TG was significantly different (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in CG. As a result of the comparison between the groups, a significant difference was found in favor of GG in the lower extremity left leg composite variable (p<0.05), while there was no statistical difference in all other variables. It was concluded that gymnastics training had a higher positive effect on balance, flexibility and vertical jump parameters compared to taekwondo training.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gymnastics
• Taekwondo
• Y Dynamic Balance
• Flexibility
• Vertical Jump

İlkokul Öğrencilerine Uygulanan Cimnastik ve Taekwondo Antrenmanlarının Denge, Esneklik ve Sıçrama Parametrelerine Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışma 8-10 yaş aralığındaki ilkokul öğrencilerine uygulanan 8 haftalık cimnastik ve taekwondo antrenmanlarının denge, esneklik ve sıçrama parametrelerine etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya toplamda 30 öğrenci katıldı ve öğrenciler rastgele yöntemle cimnastik grubu (CG=10, X̄yaş=8.70±0,48), taekwondo grubu (TG=10, X̄yaş=8,20±0,42) ve kontrol grubu (KG=10, X̄yaş=9,50±0,52) olarak ayrıldı. CG ve TG 48 saat aralıklarla haftada 2 gün ve toplamda 8 hafta boyunca branşa özgü antrenmanlarını gerçekleştirdi. KG ise 8 hafta boyunca herhangi bir sportif aktiviteye katılmadı. Performansların değerlendirilmesi için katılımcılara Y dinamik denge testi, esneklik testi ve dikey sıçrama testi 8 haftanın öncesinde ve sonrasında uygulandı. Verilerin normallik dağılımını belirlemek için Shapiro-Wilk testi uygulandı. Verilerin normal dağılım göstermesi üzerine grup içi farkı belirlemek için Paired Sample T Test, gruplar arasındaki farkın belirlenebilmesi için ise Independent Sample T Test kullanıldı. Çalışma sonucunda CG ve TG’nin grup içi esneklik ve sıçrama ön ve test sonuçlarında anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilirken (p<0,05), KG’de ise anlamlı fark bulunmadı. Grupların alt ve üst ekstremite dinamik denge grup içi karşılaştırma sonuçlarında CG lehine anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmasına karşın, TG’nin sadece sağ bacak anterior değerinde anlamlı farklılık tespit edildi (p<0,05). KG’de ise herhangi bir anlamlı farklılık bulunmadı. Gruplar arası karşılaştırma sonucunda alt ekstremite sol bacak composite değişkeninde CG lehine anlamlı bir fark tespit edilirken (p<0,05), diğer bütün değişkenlerde istatistiksel açıdan bir fark bulunmadı. Cimnastik antrenmanlarının taekwondo antrenmanlarına kıyasla denge, esneklik ve dikey sıçrama parametreleri üzerinde olumlu etkisinin daha yüksek olduğu sonucuna varıldı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cimnastik
• Taekwondo
• Y Dinamik Denge
• Esneklik
• Dikey sıçrama

Kaynakça

1. Alpkaya, U. (2013). The effects of basic gymnastics training integrated with physical education courses on selected motor performance variables. Educational Research and Reviews, 8(7), 317-321. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2012.250
2. Arkaev, L.I. & Suchilin, N.G. (2004). How to create champions. The theory and methodology of training top-class gymnasts. Meyer and meyer sport.
3. Asseman, F. B., Caron, O., & Crémieux, J. (2008). Are there specific conditions for which expertise in gymnastics could have an effect on postural control and performance? Gait & Posture, 27(1), 76-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2007.01.004
4. Aydin, T., Yildiz, Y., Yildiz, C., Atesalp, S., & Kalyon, T. A. (2002). Proprioception of the ankle: a comparison between female teenaged gymnasts and controls. Foot & Ankle International, 23(2), 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110070202300208
5. Bayraktar, L. (2005). 11-12 yaş grubu yüzme, cimnastik ve atletizm sporları yapan bayan sporcuların fiziksel ve motorsal gelişim özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması (Doktora tezi, Marmara Universitesi). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
6. Behm, D.G., & Chaouachi, A. (2011). A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(11), 2633-2651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-1879-2
7. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çokluk, Ö., ve Köklü, N. (2019). Sosyal bilimler için istatistik. Pegem akademi.
8. Chang, I.S. (2014). Effects of Taekwondo training program on physical fitness and body composition in elementary school students (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kunsan National University.

9. Choo, Y.W. (2011). Effects of 8-week Taekwondo training program on body composition and fitness in elementary school students (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kunsan National University.
10. Cook, G. (2010). Movement: Functional movement systems: Screening, assessment, corrective strategies. Lotus Publishing.
11. Çoknaz, H., Yildirim, N. Ü., ve Özengin, N. (2008). Artistik cimnastikçilerde farklı germe sürelerinin performansa etkisi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 151-157. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000100
12. Davlin, C. D. (2004). Dynamic balance in high level athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 98(3_suppl), 1171-1176. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.98.3c.1171-1176
13. Delač, S., Babin, J., & Katić, R. (2007). Effects of biomotor structures on performance of competitive gymnastics elements in elementary school female sixth-graders. Collegium Antropologicum, 31(4), 979-985.
14. Demirel, N., Şirinkan, A., ve Şirinkan, Ş. Ö. (2016). Pre-school students investigation of physical improvement with Eurofit tests studying gymnastics at the summer school (Erzurum sample). International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 2(2), 688-694. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.279077
15. Di Cagno, A., Baldari, C., Battaglia, C., Monteiro, M.D., Pappalardo, A., Piazza, M., & Guidetti, L. (2009). Factors influencing performance of competitive and amateur rhythmic gymnastics—Gender differences. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12(3), 411- 416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2008.01.006
16. Durukan, H., Koyuncuoğlu, K., ve Şentürk, U. (2016). Okul öncesi çocuklarda temel cimnastik programının motor gelişim açısından incelenmesi. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 131-140.
17. Erkut, O., ve Pınar, S. (2000). Artistik jimnastik yas grupları gelişim programı. GSGM Eğitim Dairesi Yayınları.
18. Fallah, E., Nourbakhsh, P., & Bagherly, J. (2015). The effect of eight weeks of gymnastics exercises on the development of gross motor skills of five to six years old girls. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences: Proceedings, 4(1), 845-852.
19. Hrysomallis, C. (2007). Relationship between balance ability, training and sports injury risk. Sports Medicine, 37(6), 547-556. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737060-00007
20. Hazar, F., ve Taşmektepligil, Y. (2008). Puberte öncesi dönemde denge ve esnekliğin çeviklik üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 9-12. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000130
21. Heller, J., Peric, T., Dlouha, R., Kohlikova, E., Melichna, J., & Novakova, H. (1998). Physiological profiles of male and female Taekwon-do (ITF) black belts. Journal of Sports Sciences, 16(3), 243-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404198366768
22. Hindle, B.K., Whitcomb, J.T., Briggs, O.W., & Hong, J. (2012). Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF): Its mechanisms and effects on range of motion and muscular function. Journal of Human Kinetics, 31(2012),105-113.https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0011-y
23. Kesilmiş, İ. (2012). 4-6 yaş çocuklarda cimnastik antrenmanının büyüme ve biyomotor yetiler üzerine etkisi (Yüksek lisans tezi, Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
24. Kesilmiş, İ., ve Akın, M. (2018). Dynamic balance ability and hypermobility in pre-school children who participate gymnastic training. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 78-87. https://doi.org/10.31680/gaunjss.453979
25. Koh, Y. J. (2018). Effects of a 12-week taekwondo program focused on growth and cognitive function on physical fitness, growth factors, and cognitive function in elementary students (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kyunghee University.
26. Kordi, R., Maffulli, N., Wroble, R. R., & Wallace, W. A. (Eds.). (2009). Combat sports medicine. Springer Science & Business Media.
27. Marsh, D. W., Richard, L. A., Williams, L. A., & Linch, K. J. (2004). The relationship between balance and pitching error in college baseball pitchers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(4), 441-456. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-13433.1
28. Mickle, K. J., Munro, B. J., & Steele, J. R. (2011). Gender and age affect balance performance in primary school-aged children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 14(3), 243-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2010.11.002
29. Mitchell, D., Davis, B., & Lopez, R. (2002). Teaching fundamental gymnastics skills. Human kinetics.
30. Park, J. K. (2005). The study on isokinetic muscle functin of thigh taekwondo players. Korean Journal of Sports Research, 16(2), 335-344
31. Park, S. W., Ryu, Y., & Kim, K. W. (2014). Correlation between balance ability, muscle strength, and muscle endurance, in taekwondo, soccer, and gymnastics athletes. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 24(1), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.5103/KJSB.2014.24.1.085
32. Perrin, P., Deviterne, D., Hugel, F., & Perrot, C. (2002). Judo, better than dance, develops sensorimotor adaptabilities involved in balance control. Gait & Posture, 15(2), 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00149-7
33. Pinar, S. (1991). Üst seviyedeki türk cimnastikçilerinde seri sonrası laktik asit miktarının ölçülmesi ve diğer parametrelerle (seri süresi, yorgunluğu, puanı) karşılaştırılması. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(5), 16-19.
34. Ross, S. E., & Guskiewicz, K. M. (2004). Examination of static and dynamic postural stability in individuals with functionally stable and unstable ankles. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 14(6), 332-338. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200411000-00002
35. Ross, S. E., Guskiewicz, K. M., & Yu, B. (2005). Single-leg jump landing stabilization times in subjects with functionally unstable ankles. Journal of Athlete Training, 40(4) 298-304.
36. Savucu, Y., Karataş, M., Eskiyecek, C. G., Yücel, A. S., ve Karadağ, M. (2018). 6-7 Yaş gurubu erkek çocuklarda 12 haftalık temel cimnastik eğitiminin fiziksel uygunluklarına etkisi. Turkish Journal of Educational Studies, 5(3), 53-65. https://doi.org/10.33907/turkjes.451340
37. Sevinc, D., Çolak, M., ve Yılmaz, V. (2015). A study on some motoric and anthropometric attributes of competitive and non-competitive taekwondo athletes between the age group 9-12 years. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 3(4), 112-122. https://doi.org/10.14486/IJSCS364
38. Sharma, H.B., Gandhi, S., Meitei, K.K., Dvivedi, J., & Dvivedi, S. (2017). Anthropometric basis of vertical jump performance: A study in young Indian national players. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 11(2), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/23497.9290
39. Shirley, F., & William, T. (2012). Relationship between the duration of taekwondo training and lower limb muscle strength in adolescents. Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal, 30(1), 25-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hkpj.2011.11.004
40. Thompson, W. R., & Vinueza, C. (1991). Physiologic profile of Tae Kwon Do black belts. Sports Medicine, Training, and Rehabilitation, 3(1), 49-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438629109511939
41. William, M., Luis, B., & Gerardo, M. (2012). Basic principles regarding strength, flexibility, and stability exercises. The American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 4(11), 805-811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.09.583