İzometrik Squat ve Bench Press Egzersizlerinde Kuvvet Üretimi ile Alt ve Üst Vücut Anaerobik Güç Parametreleri Arasındaki İlişki

Öz

Bu çalışmanın öncelikli amacı, alt ve üst ektremiteye ait kassal izometrik bench press, skuat ve Wingate Anaerobik Test (WanT) parametreleri arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. İkincil amacı ise, WanT ve patlayıcı isometric kuvvet arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya kuvvet egzersizlerinde en az iki yıllık deneyime sahip ve gönüllü katılım gösteren 18 sağlıklı erkek sporcu (yaş: 23,37 ± 1,65 y, boy: 178,37 ± 5,67 cm, vücut kütlesi; 76,69 ± 3,73 kg) katılmıştır. İki test seansı olarak gerçekleştirilen ölçümler sırasında, 1 tekrar maksimum (1-TM), izometrik squat ve izometrik bench press testleri ile alt ve üst ekstremiteye yönelik Wingate anaerobik güç testleri uygulandı. Çalışmanın sonuçları, izometrik skuat (Squatiso) ile alt ekstremite Zirve Gücü ve Ortalama Güç arasında yüksek derecede korelasyon bulunduğunu göstermekteydi (sırasıyla, r (14) = 0,766, p < 0,001 ve r (14) = 0,690, p < 0,003). Fakat hiçbir Squatiso ile Yorgunluk İndeksi değeri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamaktaydı (p >0,05). Bununla birlikte izometrik bench press’te, üst vücut zirve gücü ile ortalama güç arasında da yüksek düzeyde bir korelasyon bulunmaktaydı (sırasıyla r (14) = 0,620, p < 0,01 ve r (14) = 0,749, p < 0,001). Bu veriler, sporcuların güç kapasitelerini sınıflandırmada ve antrenman amaçlarına ulaşmada kullanılacak antrenman yüklerinin belirlenmesinde faydalı olabilir. Buna ek olarak, spor branşının özelliklerine göre saha testleri ve laboratuvar test bataryaları ile sporcuların maksimum güç ve kuvvet performanslarının periyodik olarak ölçülmesi de antrenörlere ve araştırmacılara önemli katkılar sağlayabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Patlayıcı güç
• Zirve güç
• Ortalama güç
• Yorgunluk indeksi
• Atletik performans

The Relationship Between the Force Production in the Isometric Squat and Bench Press Exercises and the Lower and Upper Body Anaerobic Power Parameters

Öz

The primary aim of this study was to investigate relationships between the muscular force in the isometric bench press and squat movements and the Wingate anaerobic test (WanT) results for the upper and lower body. Secondary purpose was to investigate possible correlations between the WanT and the explosive isometric force. Eighteen healthy male volunteer athletes (age: 23.37 ± 1.65, height: 178.37 ± 5.67, body mass; 76.69 ± 3.73) with at least 2 years of strength training participated in the study. During the two test sessions, one-repetition maximum (1-RM), isometric squat and isometric bench press tests and anaerobic power tests with Wingate anaerobic power and arm ergometer were performed. Results of the study showed a high degree of correlation between isometric squat (Squatiso) and lower body Peak Power and Average Power (r (14) = 0.766, p < 0.001 and r (14) = 0.690, p < 0.003 respectively). However, there was no significant relationship between Squatiso and Fatigue Index (FI) (p > 0.05). In isometric bench press, there was also a high level of correlation between upper body peak power and average power (r (14) = 0.620, p < 0.01 and r (14) = 0.749, p < 0.001 respectively). These data can be used to classify the power capabilities of the athletes and determining the training loads to be used in achieving the training goals. In addition, periodic measurements of the maximum power and strength performances of the athletes with field tests and laboratory test batteries according to the characteristics of the sports branch can also provide significant contributions to the coaches and researchers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Explosive strength
• Peak power
• Average power
• Fatigue index
• Athletic performance

Kaynakça

1. Acevedo, E.O., & Goldfarb, A.H. (1989). Increased training intensity effects on plasma lactate, ventilatory threshold, and endurance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 21(5), 563-568.
2. Albracht, K., & Arampatzis, A. (2013). Exercise-induced changes in triceps surae tendon stiffness and muscle strength affect running economy in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(6), 1605-1615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2585-4
3. Arslan, C. (2005). Relationship between the 30-second Wingate test and characteristics of isometric and explosive leg strength in young subjects. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(3), 658-666. https://doi.org/10.1519/14533.1
4. Bar-Or, O. (1987). The Wingate anaerobic test. An update on methodology, reliability and validity. Sports Medicine, 4(6), 381-394. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198704060-00001
5. Bazyler, C.D., Beckham, G.K., & Sato, K. (2015). The use of the isometric squat as a measure of strength and explosiveness. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(5), 1386-1392. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000751
6. Beckham, G., Mizuguchi, S., Carter C., Sato, K., Ramsey, M., Lamont, H., Hornsby, G., Haff, G., & Stone, M. (2013). Relationships of isometric mid-thigh pull variables to weightlifting performance. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 53(5), 573-581.
7. Beneke, R., Pollmann, C., Bleif, I., Leithäuser, R., & Hütler, M. (2002). How anaerobic is the Wingate Anaerobic Test for humans? European Journal of Applied Physiology, 87(4), 388-392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-002-0622-4
8. Beretić, I., Đurović, M., Okičić, T., & Dopsaj, M. (2013). Relations between lower body isometric muscle force characteristics and start performance in elite male sprint swimmers. The Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 12(4), 639-645.

9. Blazevich, A.J., Gill, N. & Newton, R.U. (2002). Reliability and validity of two isometric squat tests. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16(2), 298-304.
10. Bradley, P.S., Di Mascio, M., Peart, D., Olsen, P., & Sheldon, B. (2010). High-intensity activity profiles of elite soccer players at different performance levels. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(9), 2343-2351. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181aeb1b3
11. Brady, C.J., Harrison, A.J., & Comyns, T.M. (2018). A review of the reliability of biomechanical variables produced during the isometric mid-thigh pull and isometric squat and the reporting of normative data. Sports Biomechanics, 19(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2018.1452968
12. Cantrell, G.S., Schilling, B.K., Paquette, M.R., & Murlasits, Z. (2014). Maximal strength, power, and aerobic endurance adaptations to concurrent strength and sprint interval training. European Journal of Applied Physiology,114(4), 763-771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2811-8
13. Downey, R.J., Deprez, D.A., & Chilibeck, P.D. (2022). Effects of Postactivation Potentiation on Maximal Vertical Jump Performance After a Conditioning Contraction in Upper-Body and Lower-Body Muscle Groups. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36(1), 259-261. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004171
14. Drake, D., Kennedy, R., & Wallace, E. (2018). Familiarization, validity and smallest detectable difference of the isometric squat test in evaluating maximal strength. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(18), 2087-2095. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1436857
15. Fox, E.L. (1984). Sports physiology. Saunders College Publication.
16. Franklin, B.A. (1985). Exercise testing, training and arm ergometry. Sports Medicine, 2(2), 100-119. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198502020-00003
17. Girard, O., Mendez-Villanueva, A., & Bishop, D. (2011). Repeated-sprint ability-Part I. Sports Medicine,41(8), 673-694. https://doi.org/10.2165/11590550-000000000-00000
18. Häkkinen, K., Komi, P., & Kauhanen, H. (1986). Electromyographic and force production characteristics of leg extensor muscles of elite weight lifters during isometric, concentric, and various stretch-shortening cycle exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 7(3), 144-151. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1025752
19. Harris, N.K., Cronin, J.B., Hopkins, W.G., & Hansen, K.T. (2008). Squat jump training at maximal power loads vs. heavy loads: effect on sprint ability. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(6), 1742-1749. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318187458a
20. Hartmann, H., Bob, A., Wirth, K., & Schmidtbleicher, D. (2009). Effects of different periodization models on rate of force development and power ability of the upper extremity. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(7), 1921-1932. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b73c69
21. Iaia, F.M., Rampinini, E., & Bangsbo, J. (2009). High-intensity training in football. International Journal of Sports Physiology, Perform. 4(3), 291-306. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.4.3.291
22. Ignjatović, A., Stanković, R., Herodek, K., & Radovanović, D. (2009). Investigation of the relationship between different muscle strength assessments in bench press action. Facta Universitatis-Series, Physical Education and Sport, 7(1), 17-25
23. Inbar, O., & Bar-Or, O. (1986). Anaerobic characteristics in male children and adolescents. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 18(3), 264-269. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198606000-00002
24. Issurin, V.B., & Tenenbaum, G. (1999). Acute and residual effects of vibratory stimulation on explosive strength in elite and amateur athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(3), 177-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404199366073
25. Jones, A.M., & Carter, H. (2000). The effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness. Sports Medicine, 29(6), 373-386. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200029060-00001
26. Kawamori, N., Rossi, S.J., Justice, B.D., Haff, E.E., Pistilli, E.E., O'bryant, H.S., Stone, M.H., & Haff G.G. (2006). Peak force and rate of force development during isometric and dynamic mid-thigh, clean pulls performed at various intensities. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(3), 483-491. https://doi.org/10.1519/18025.1
27. Komi, P.V., & Gollhofer, A. (1997). Stretch reflexes can have an important role in force enhancement during SSC exercise. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 13(4), 451-460. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.13.4.451
28. Kordi, M., Folland, J.P., Goodall, S., Menzies, C., Patel, T.S., Evans, M., Thomas K., & Howatson G. (2020). Cycling‐specific isometric resistance training improves peak power output in elite sprint cyclists. The Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 30(9), 1594-1604. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13742
29. Lum, D., Barbosa, T.M., Joseph, R., & Balasekaran, G. (2021). Effects of two isometric strength training methods on jump and sprint performances: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, 3(2), 115-124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-020-00095-w
30. Manning, J.M., Dooly-Manning, C., & Perrin, D.H. (1988). Factor analysis of various anaerobic power tests. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 28(2), 138-144.
31. McGuigan M.R., & Winchester, J.B. (2008). The relationship between isometric and dynamic strength in college football players. The Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 7(1), 101-105.
32. Murphy, A.J., & Wilson, G.J. (1996). Poor correlations between isometric tests and dynamic performance: relationship to muscle activation. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 73(3), 353-357. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02425498
33. Newton, R.U., Hakkinen, K., Hakkinen, A., McCormick, M., Volek, J., & Kraemer, W.J. (2002). Mixed-methods resistance training increases power and strength of young and older men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(8), 1367-1375. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200208000-00020
34. Ozbay, S., & Ulupınar, S. (2022). Strength-power tests are more effective when performed after exhaustive exercise in discrimination between top-elite and elite wrestlers. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36(2), 448-454. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003456
35. Potteiger, J.A., Smith, D.L., Maie,r M.L., & Foster, T.S. (2010). Relationship between body composition, leg strength, anaerobic power, and on-ice skating performance in division I men's hockey athletes. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(7), 1755-1762. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e06cfb
36. Ratel, S., Bedu, M., Hennegrave, A., Dore, E., & Duche, P. (2002). Effects of age and recovery duration on peak power output during repeated cycling sprints. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 23(6), 397-402. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-33737
37. Reynolds, J.M., Gordon, T.J., & Robergs, R.A. (2006). Prediction of one repetition maximum strength from multiple repetition maximum testing and anthropometry. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(3), 584-592. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-15304.1
38. Sbriccoli, P., Bazzucchi, I., Di Mario, A., Marzattinocci, G., & Felici, F. (2007). Assessment of maximal cardiorespiratory performance and muscle power in the Italian Olympic judoka. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2007. 21(3), 738-744. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-20245.1
39. Shetty, A.B. (2002). Estimation of leg power: a two-variable model. Sports Biomechanics, 1(2), 147-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763140208522793
40. Stone, M.H., Sanborn, K., O'Bryant, H.S., Hartman, M., Stone, M.E., Proulx, C., Ward, B., & Hruby, J. (2003). Maximum strength-power-performance relationships in collegiate throwers. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17(4), 739-745. https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287
41. Stone, M.H., Sands, W.A., Carlock, J., Callan, S., Dickie, D., Daigle, K., Cotton, J., Smith, S.L., & Hartman, M. (2004). The importance of isometric maximum strength and peak rate-of-force development in sprint cycling. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(4), 878-884. https://doi.org/10.1519/14874.1
42. Suetta, C., Aagaard, P., Rosted, A., Jakobsen, A.K., Duus, B., Kjaer, M., & Magnusson, S.P. (2004). Training-induced changes in muscle CSA, muscle strength, EMG, and rate of force development in elderly subjects after long-term unilateral disuse. Journal of Applied Physiology, 97(5), 1954-1961. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01307.2003
43. Thomas, C., Comfort, P., Chiang, C.-Y., & Jones, P.A. (2015). Relationship between isometric mid-thigh pull variables and sprint and change of direction performance in collegiate athletes. Journal of Trainology, 4(1), 6-10. https://doi.org/10.17338/trainology.4.1_6
44. Tillin, N.A., Pain, M.T., & Folland, J. (2013a). Explosive force production during isometric squats correlates with athletic performance in rugby union players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(1), 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.720704
45. Tillin, N.A., Pain, M.T., & Folland, J. (2013b). Identification of contraction onset during explosive contractions. Response to Thompson et al." Consistency of rapid muscle force characteristics: Influence of muscle contraction onset detection methodology"[J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2012; 22 (6), 893-900]. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 23(4), 991-994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.04.015
46. West, D.J., Owen, N.J., Jones, M.R., Bracken, R.M., Cook, C.J., Cunningham, D.J., Shearer, D.A., Finn, C.V., Newton, R.U., & Crewther, B.T. (2011). Relationships between force–time characteristics of the isometric midthigh pull and dynamic performance in professional rugby league players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(11), 3070-3075. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318212dcd5
47. Wilson, G.J., Newton, R.U., Murphy, A.J., & Humphries, B.J. (1993). The optimal training load for the development of dynamic athletic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25(11), 1279-1286.
48. Wilson, G.J., & Murphy, A.J. (1996). The use of isometric tests of muscular function in athletic assessment. Sports Medicine, 22(1), 19-37. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199622010-00003
49. Wisløff, U., Castagna, C., Helgerud, J., Jones, R., & Hoff, J. (2004). Strong correlation of maximal squat strength with sprint performance and vertical jump height in elite soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(3), 285-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2002.002071
50. Young, K.P., Haff, G.G., Newton, R.U., & Sheppard, J.M. (2014). Reliability of a novel testing protocol to assess upper-body strength qualities in elite athletes. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(5), 871-875. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0332
51. Young, W.B., & Bilby, G.E. (1993). The effect of voluntary effort to influence speed of contraction on strength, muscular power, and hypertrophy development. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 7(3), 172-178.