Rekreasyonel İşletmelerde Psikolojik Sermaye, İş Tatmini ve Öznel Mutluluk İlişkisi

Öz

Günümüz dinamik iş ortamında, sürdürülebilir bir rekabet avantajı için büyük çaba harcanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla örgüt yöneticileri yüksek verim alabilmek ve iş performanslarını yükseltebilmek adına çalışanların psikolojik durumları ile daha yakından ilgilenmektedir. Örgütsel bağlamdaki önemi nedeniyle bu araştırmada psikolojik sermaye, iş tatmini ve öznel mutluluk arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada veriler rekreasyonel amaçlı özel spor hizmeti sunan işletmelerinde çalışan ve kolayda örneklem yöntemine göre belirlenen toplam 387 kişiden toplanmıştır. Katılımcılardan elde edilen veriler kovaryans yapı analizi (Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli: YEM) kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarında psikolojik sermayenin iş tatmini ve öznel mutluluk üzerinde doğrudan pozitif yönde bir etki yarattığı gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, iş tatminin öznel mutlu üzerindeki etkisinin de doğrudan anlamlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın kapsamında elde edilen son bulguda ise iş tatminin kısmi aracılık etkisi yaratarak psikolojik sermayenin öznel mutluluğu dolaylı ve olumlu bir şekilde etkiledi keşfedilmiştir. Sonuç olarak kişinin iş ortamında karşılaştığı zorluklara karşı ayakta durabilme, kendini fark edip iş karşı olan gücünü ve psikolojisini yöneltebilmesinin (psikolojik sermaye) rekreasyon hizmetlerinde çalışan personellerin yaşama karşı duydukları genel memnuniyettin oluşmasında oldukça önemli olduğu söylenebilir. Ayrıca, işten elde edilen memnuniyetteki bir artış, çalışanın öznel mutluluk düzeyini de artıracağı olduğu şeylinde yorumlanabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İş doyumu
• Öznel mutluluk
• Psikolojik sermaye
• Rekreasyonel işletme

The Relationship between Psychological Capital, Job Satisfaction and Subjective Happiness in Recreational Businesses

Abstract

In today's dynamic workplace environment, great efforts are made for a sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, organizational managers are more interested in the psychological state of the employees to get high efficiency and increase their job performance. By the reason of its importance in the organizational context, this study aimed to examine the relationship between subjective happiness, job satisfaction and psychological capital. The data in the study were collected from totally 387 people working in enterprises that provide recreational sports services and determined according to the convenience sampling method. The data were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis of covariance. Results demonstrated that psychological capital had a direct positive effect on job satisfaction and subjective happiness. In addition, job satisfaction influenced subjective happiness. Lastly, psychological capital indirectly and positively affected subjective happiness because of a partial mediating effect of job satisfaction. As a result, it can be said that being able to stand up to the difficulties encountered in the work environment, to realize oneself and to direct one's strength and psychology towards work (psychological capital) is very important in the formation of the general satisfaction of the personnel working in the recreation services towards life. Also, it could be interpreted that the more job satisfaction increases, the more the employee's subjective happiness level improve.

Keywords

• Job satisfaction
• Psychological capital
• Recreational business
• Subjective happiness

Kaynakça

1. Afzal, A., Malik, N.I., & Atta, M. (2014). The moderating role of positive and negative emotions in relationship between positive psychological capital and subjective well-being among adolescents. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 3(3), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsp.2014.687
2. Agustini, T., & Wulansari, N.A. (2020). Mediator role of subjective well-being and job satisfaction in relationship psychological capital on career commitment. Management Analysis Journal, 9(4), 442-450. https://doi.org/10.15294/MAJ.V9I4.41883
3. Avey, J.B., Luthans, F., Smith, R.M., & Palmer, N.F. (2010). Impact of positive psychological capital on employee well-being over time. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(1), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016998
4. Avey, J.B., Reichard, R.J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K.H. (2011). Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), 127– 152. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20070
5. Baerentzen, M.B. (2018). Development of a life satisfaction measure for persons with severe and persistent mental illness. Doctoral’s Thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago.
6. Başol, O., & Çömlekçi, M.F. (2020). İş tatmini ölçeğinin uyarlanmasi: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmasi. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 1(2), 17-31. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/klusbmyo/issue/59287/839121
7. Bayarçelik, E.B., Durmaz, B.V., & Gürler, N. (2019). İş stresi ve pozitif psikolojik sermayenin tükenmişlik üzerine etkisi: Bankacılık sektöründe bir araştırma. İnsan ve İnsan, 6(21), 493-523. https://doi.org/10.29224/insanveinsan.513475
8. Bergheim, K., Nielsen, M.B., Mearns, K., & Eid, J. (2015). The relationship between psychological capital, job satisfaction, and safety perceptions in the maritime industry. Safety Science, 74, 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2014.11.024

9. Bishop, S.L., Walling, D.P., Dott, S.G., Folkes, C.C., & Bucy, J. (1999). Refining quality of life: validating a multidimensional factor measure in the severe mentally ill. Quality of Life Research, 8(1-2), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026489331009
10. Chelladurai, P., & Kim, A.C.H. (2022). Human resource management in sport and recreation. Human Kinetics. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781492596271
11. Choi, Y., & Lee, D. (2014). Psychological capital, big five traits, and employee outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(2), 122-140. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-06-2012-0193
12. Cole, K., Daly, A., & Mak, A. (2009). Good for the soul: the relationship between work, wellbeing, and psychological capital. Journal of Socioeconomics, 38(3), 464-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2008.10.00
13. Culbertson, S.S., Fullagar, C.J., & Mills, M.J. (2010). Feeling good and doing great: The relationship between psychological capital and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(4), 421-433. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020720
14. Darvishmotevali, M., & Ali, F. (2020). Job insecurity, subjective well-being, and job performance: The moderating role of psychological capital. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 87, 102462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102462
15. Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31(2), 103-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_3
16. Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being. American Psychologist, 55,34-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
17. Diener, E., & Chan, M.Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology. Health and Well-Being, 3(1), 1-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x
18. Doğan, T., & Totan, T. (2013). Psychometric properties of Turkish version of the Subjective Happiness Scale. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 1(1), 23-31. http://psikiyatridizini.net/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=19578&tammetinvar=yes
19. Erikson, E. (1959). Identity and the life cycle. International Universities Press.
20. Esen, E., Besdil, G. E., & Erkmen, T. (2021). Moderating role of psychological well-being on the relationship between psychological capital and job satisfaction. Management Research & Practice, 13(4), 26-40. https://mrp.ase.ro/no134/f3.pdf
21. Etebarian, A., Tavakoli, S., & Abzari, M. (2012). The relationship between psychological capital and organizational commitment. African Journal of Business Management, 6(14), 5057. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajbm11.2844
22. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
23. Funk, D.C., Alexandris, K., & McDonald, H. (2016). Sport consumer behaviour: Marketing strategies. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315691909
24. González, M., Coenders, G., Saez, M., & Casas, F. (2009). Non-linearity, complexity, and limited measurement in the relationship between satisfaction with specific life domains and satisfaction with life as a whole. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(3), 335–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-009-9143-8
25. Idris, A.M., & Manganaro, M. (2017). Relationships between psychological capital, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment in the Saudi oil and petrochemical industries. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. 27(4), 251-269. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2017.1279098
26. Judge, T.A., & Watanabe, S. (1993). Another look at the job satisfaction-life satisfaction relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(6), 939-948. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.939
27. Judge, T.A., Weiss, H.M., Kammeyer-Mueller, J.D., & Hulin, C.L. (2017). Job attitudes, job satisfaction, and job affect: A century of continuity and of change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 356-374. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000181
28. Judge, T.A., & Huhlin, C.A. (1993). Job satisfaction as a reflection of disposition: A multiple source causal analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 56(3), 388-422. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1993.1061
29. Jung, H., & Yoon, H. (2015). The impact of employees’ positive psychological capital on job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviors in the hotel. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(6), 1135-1156. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-01-2014-0019
30. Kaplan, M., & Bickes, D.M. (2013). The relationship between psychological capital and job satisfaction: A study of hotel businesses in Nevşehir. Journal of Management & Economics, 20(2), 233-242. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11787/2430
31. Kong, F., Tsai, C.H., Tsai, F.S., Huang, W., & Cruz, S.M. (2018). Psychological capital research: A meta-analysis and implications for management sustainability. Sustainability, 10(10), 3457. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103457
32. Kosec, Z., Sekulic, S., Wilson-Gahan, S., Rostohar, K., Tusak, M., & Bon, M. (2022). Correlation between employee performance, well-being, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction in sedentary jobs in Slovenian enterprises. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 10427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610427
33. Kumar, S.P. (2022). Influence of university teachers’ job satisfaction on subjective well-being and job performance. Journal of Engineering Education Transformations, 35(1), 160-167. https://doi.org/10.16920/jeet/2022/v35is1/22023
34. Kwok, S.Y., Cheng, L., & Wong, D.F. (2015). Family emotional support, positive psychological capital, and job satisfaction among Chinese white-collar workers. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(3), 561-582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9522-7
35. Luthans, F., Avey, J.B., Avolio, B.J., & Peterson, S.J. (2010). The development and resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 21(1), 41–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20034
36. Luthans, F., Avolio, B.J., Avey, J.B., & Norman, S.M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541-572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x
37. Luthans, F., Luthans, B.C., & Luthans, K.W. (2021). Organizational behavior: An evidence-based approach. IAP.
38. Luthans, F., Youssef, C.M., & Avolio, B.J. (2015). Psychological capital and beyond. Oxford University Press.
39. Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803-855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
40. Mahapatro, B.B. (2022). Human resource management. PG Department of Business Management.
41. Maslow, A.H. (1954). Motivation and personality. Harper.
42. Nguyen, D.T., & Nguyen, T.M.T. (2012). Psychological capital, quality of work life, and quality of life of marketers: evidence from Vietnam. Journal of Macromarketing, 32(1), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146711422065
43. Oruç, E. (2018). Psikolojik sermaye ölçeği kisa formunun türkçe uyarlamasi: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalişmasi. Electronic Turkish Studies, 13(14), 141-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.13618
44. Kutanis, R.Ö., & Oruç, E. (2014). Pozitif örgütsel davranış ve pozitif psikolojik sermaye üzerine kavramsal bir inceleme. The Journal of Happiness and Well-Being, 2(2), 145-159. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/vizyoner/issue/23010/246077
45. Ryff, C.D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069– 1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
46. Ryff, C.D., & Singer, B. (2003). Flourishing under fire: Resilience as a prototype of challenged thriving, in Keyes, C.L.M. and Haidt, J. (Eds), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived, APA, Washington, DC, pp. 15-36. https://doi.org/10.1037/10594-001
47. Salgado, J.F., Blanco, S., & Moscoso, S. (2019). Subjective well-being and job performance: Testing of a suppressor effect. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 35(2), 93-102. https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2019a9
48. Seligman, M.E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2001). Positive psychology: An introduction: Reply. American Psychologist, 56(1), 89–90. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.1.89
49. Shahnawaz, M.G., & Jafri, M.D. (2009). Psychological capital as predictors of organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behaviour. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 35(Spec iss), 78-84. https://doi.org/10.25215/0204.069
50. Singhal, H., & Rastogi, R. (2018). Psychological capital and career commitment: the mediating effect of subjective well-being. Management Decision, 56(2), 458-473. https://doi.org/10.1108/md-06-2017-0579
51. Tabachnick B.G., & Fidell L.S. (2006). Using multivariate statistics. (5th ed.) Pearson Education Inc.
52. Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Harper and Row.
53. Tait, M., Padgett, M.Y., & Baldwin, T.T. (1989). Job satisfaction and life satisfaction: A reevaluation of the strength of the relationship and gender effects as a function of the date of the study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(3), 502-507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.3.502
54. Theodorakis, N.D., Howat, G., Ko, Y.J., & Avourdiadou, S. (2014). A comparison of service evaluation models in the context of sport and fitness centres in Greece. Managing Leisure, 19(1), 18-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2013.849505
55. Tsitskari, E., Antoniadis Ch., & Costa G. (2014), Investigating the relationship among service quality, customer satisfaction and psychological commitment in Cyprian fitness centers. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 14(4), 514-520. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2014.04079
56. Uysal, R., Sarıçam, H., & Akın, A. (2014). Öznel zindelik ölçeği Türkçe formunun psikometrik özellikleri. Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 33, 136-146. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/musbed/issue/23267/248350
57. Zisselman, M., & Cutillo-Schmitter, T.A. (1999). Life satisfaction in institutionalized centenarians. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 7, 63-64. https://doi.org/10.1097/00019442-199911001-00181
58. Warr, P. (1999). Well-being and the workplace. In D. Kahneman & E. Diener (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psycholosy (pp. 392-4 12). NY Sage. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610443258
59. Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D.F., & Summers, G.F. (1977). Assessing Reliability and Stability in Panel Models. Sociological Methodology, 8, 84. https://doi.org/10.2307/270754
60. Widawska-Stanisz, A. (2021). Internal customer in the management of sports and recreation company. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21(3), 1943-1949. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2021.s3247
61. Wozencroft, A.J., & Hardin, R. (2014). Students’ job satisfaction in a therapeutic recreation service learning project. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 15, 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2014.07.001
62. Wright, T.A., & Cropanzano, R. (2000). Psychological well-being and job satisfaction as predictors of job performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 84-94. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.84
63. Wrzesniewski, A., McCauley, C., Rozin, P., & Schwartz, B. (1997). Jobs, careers, and callings: People’s relations to their work. Journal of Research in Personality, 31(1), 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1997.2162 Youssef, C.M., & Luthans, F. (2007). Positive organizational behaviour in the workplace: the impact of hope, optimism, and resilience. Journal of Management, 33(5), 774-800. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307305562