The Effects of Static and Dynamic Stretching Exercises on Ankle Muscle Strength and Balance

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 27 - 34, 30.06.2020

Aydin Balcı , Mehmet Çelebi , Murat Zergeroğlu , Rüştü Güner

https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.673481

https://izlik.org/JA84KT42FU

Öz

Different types of stretching exercises are utilized prior to physical exercises as a part of warming-up. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the dynamic and static stretching exercises on ankle muscle strength and single-leg balance. Twenty healthy male participants, who were between 25 and 30 years old and did not have a previous ankle injury, were included in the study. This study is a cross-over designed study. Isokinetic ankle muscle strength tests and single-leg balance tests were applied to the participants after different intervention protocols (two intervention protocols and one control protocol) on 6 different days. With isokinetic testing, peak torque and average power were measured at 60/s and 120/s angular velocities. The tests were performed to the participants after static stretching, dynamic stretching and for a resting period without stretching. The order of stretching intervention was determined randomly. The Peak Torque results of the 120/s angular velocity isokinetic strength test after the dynamic stretching exercises were found significantly improved than those without stretching exercises (p<0.05). A significant difference was not determined in Average Power and Peak Torque at 60/s values (p>0.05). It was also shown that the dynamic stretching significantly enhanced the balance scores (p<0,05). In the current study, dynamic stretching exercises were found to have positive effects on isokinetic peak torque and balance scores. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Muscle Strength , Postural Balance , Static Stretching , Dynamic Stretching

Kaynakça

• Beedle, B., Rytter, S. J., Healy, R. C. & Ward, T. R. (2008). Pretesting static and dynamic stretching does not affect maximal strength. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(6), 1838-1843. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181821bc9.
• Beedle, B. B. & Mann, C. L. (2007). A Comparision of two warm-ups on joint range of motion. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(3), 776-779.
• Behm, D. G., Bambury, A., Cahill, F. & Power, K. (2004). Effect of acute static stretching on force, balance, reaction time, and movement time. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(8), 1397-1402. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000135788.23012.5F.
• Behm, D. G. & Chaouachi, A. (2011). A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(11), 2633-2651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-1879-2.
• Bradley, P. S., Olsen, P. D. & Portas, M. D. (2007). The effect of static, ballistic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on vertical jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(1), 223-226. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-21046.1.
• Chatzopoulos, D., Galazoulas, C., Patikas, D. & Kotzamanidis, C. (2014). Acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on balance, agility, reaction time and movement time. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 13(2), 403-409.
• Christensen, B. K. & Nordstrom, B. J. (2008). The effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and dynamic stretching techniques on vertical jump performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(6), 1826-1831. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31817ae316.
• Costa, P. B., Graves, B. S., Whitehurst, M. & Jacobs, P. L. (2009). The acute effects of different durations of static stretching on dynamic balance performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(1), 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818eb052.
• Cramer, J. T., Housh, T. J., Coburn, J. W., Beck, T. W. & Johnson, G. O. (2006). Acute effects of static stretching on maximal eccentric torque production in women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(2), 354-358.
• Cronin, J. & Sleivert, G. (2005). Challenges in understanding the influence of maximal power training on improving athletic performance. Sports Medicine, 35(3), 213-234.
• Di Giulio, I., Maganaris, C. N., Baltzopoulos, V. & Loram, I. D. (2009). The proprioceptive and agonist roles of gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis anterior muscles in maintaining human upright posture. The Journal of Physiology, 587(10), 2399-2416. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2009.168690.
• Fletcher, I. M. & Anness, R. (2007). The acute effects of combined static and dynamic stretch protocols on fifty-meter sprint performance in track-and-field athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(3), 784-787.
• Fletcher, I. M. & Jones, B. (2004). The effect of different warm-up stretching protocols on 20 meters sprint performance in trained rugby union players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 18(4), 885-888.
• Franco, B. L., Signorelli, G. R., Trajano, G. S. & de Oliveira, C. G. (2008). Acute effects of different stretching exercises on muscular endurance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(6), 1832-1837. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818218e1.
• Gelen, E. (2010). Acute effects of different warm-up methods on sprint, slalom dribbling, and penalty kick performance in soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(4), 950-956. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cb703f.
• Gribble, P. A., Tucker, W. S. & White, P. A. (2007). Time-of-day influences on static and dynamic postural control. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(1), 35-41.
• Handrakis, J. P., Southard, V. N., Abreu, J. M., Aloisa, M., Doyen, M. R., Echevarria, L. M. & Douris, P. C. (2010). Static stretching does not impair performance in active middle-aged adults. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(3), 825-830. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ad4f89.
• Herda, T., Cramer, J. T., Ryan, E. D., McHugh, M. P. & Stout, J. R. (2008). Acute effects of static versus dynamic stretching on isometric peak torque, electromyography, and mechanomyography of the biceps femoris muscle. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(3), 809-817. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816a82ec.
• Herda, T., Ryan, E., Costa, P., Walter, A., Hoge, K., Uribe, B. & Cramer, J. T. (2010). 4 Acute effects of passive stretching and vibration on the electromechanical delay and musculotendinous stiffness of the plantar flexors. Electromyography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 50(6), 277-288.
• Hough, P. A., Ross, E. Z. & Howatson, G. (2009). Effects of dynamic and static stretching on vertical jump performance and electromyographic activity. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(2), 507-512. https://doi.org/ 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818cc65d.
• Hrysomallis, C. (2011). Balance ability and athletic performance. Sports Medicine, 41(3), 221-232. https://doi.org/ 10.2165/11538560-000000000-00000.
• Jaggers, J. R., Swank, A. M., Frost, K. L. & Lee, C. D. (2008). The acute effects of dynamic and ballistic stretching on vertical jump height, force, and power. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(6), 1844-1849. https://doi.org/ 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181854a3d.
• Jeon, H.-S., Hwang, S. & Woo, Y.-K. (2013). The effect of ankle and knee immobilization on postural control during standing. The Knee, 20(6), 600-604. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.knee.2012.09.001.
• Manoel, M. E., Harris-Love, M. O., Danoff, J. V. & Miller, T. A. (2008). Acute effects of static, dynamic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on muscle power in women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1528-1534. https://doi.org/ 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31817b0433.
• Molacek, Z. D., Conley, D. S., Evetovich, T. K. & Hinnerichs, K. R. (2010). Effects of low-and high-volume stretching on bench press performance in collegiate football players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(3), 711-716. https://doi.org/ 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c7c242.
• Nagano, A., Yoshioka, S., Hay, D. C., Himeno, R. & Fukashiro, S. (2006). Influence of vision and static stretch of the calf muscles on postural sway during quiet standing. Human Movement Science, 25(3), 422-434.
• Sekir, U., Arabaci, R., Akova, B. & Kadagan, S. (2010). Acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on leg flexor and extensor isokinetic strength in elite women athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(2), 268-281. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00923.x
• Torres, E. M., Kraemer, W. J., Vingren, J. L., Volek, J. S., Hatfield, D. L., Spiering, B. A., . . . Anderson, J. M. (2008). Effects of stretching on upper-body muscular performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(4), 1279-1285. https://doi.org/ 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816eb501.
• Winke, M. R., Jones, N. B., Berger, C. G. & Yates, J. W. (2010). Moderate static stretching and torque production of the knee flexors. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(3), 706-710. https://doi.org/ 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c7c557.
• Yaggie, J. A. & McGregor, S. J. (2002). Effects of isokinetic ankle fatigue on the maintenance of balance and postural limits. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 83(2), 224-228.