Investigation of Leisure Motivations of Sports Participants During the Covid-19 Pandemic Process

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to examine the leisure motivations of individuals who participated in sports recreational during the Covid-19 pandemic and which sports they engaged to in this process. For this purpose, "Leisure Time Motivation Scale" developed by Pelletier et al. (1991), first adapted to Turkish by Mutlu (2008) and second by Güngörmüş (2012), was used as a data collection tool. 291 (138 women, 153 men) athletes selected by random sampling method participated in our study. Independent Samples t test and One-way Anova test were used to analyze the data. Post Hoc LSD test was used to reveal the difference between groups. According to the findings of the study, no statistically significant difference was found in terms of age, gender, athlete license and sports branch variables. The statistically significant result was found in the lack of motivation subscale in the educational status variable. As a result, it was concluded that undergraduate graduates have low motivation levels in leisure time activities. In addition, it was concluded that there was a tendency towards nature sports activities and individual sports.

Keywords

• Covid-19
• Leisure motivation
• Sports.

Covid-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Spor Yapan Bireylerin Serbest Zaman Motivasyonlarının İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde rekreatif olarak spor yapan bireylerin serbest zaman motivasyonları ve bu süreçte hangi sporlara yöneldiklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla Pelletier ve ark., (1991) tarafından geliştirilen, ilk kez Mutlu (2008) tarafından daha sonra Güngörmüş (2012) tarafından geçerlik güvenirlik çalışması yapılarak Türkçe’ye uyarlanan “Serbest Zaman Motivasyon Ölçeği” veri toplama aracı olarak kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada rastgele örneklem yöntemi ile seçilmiş 291 (138 kadın, 153 erkek) sporcu katılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Independent Samples t test ve Tek yönlü (One way) Anova testi kullanılmıştır. Gruplar arası farklılığı ortaya koymak için Post Hoc LSD testi yapılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre yaş, cinsiyet, sporcu lisansı ve yapılan spor branşı değişkenlerine göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır. Eğitim durumu değişkeninde motivasyonsuzluk alt boyutunda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir sonuca rastlanmıştır. Sonuçta lisans mezunlarının serbest zaman etkinliklerinde motivasyon seviyelerinin düşük olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca daha çok doğa sporu etkinliklerine ve bireysel sporlara yönelim olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Covid-19
• Serbest zaman motivasyonu
• Spor.

Kaynakça

1. Azevedo, M. R., Araújo, C. L. P., Reichert, F. F., Siqueira, F. V., da Silva, M. C. & Hallal, P. C. (2007). Gender differences in leisure-time physical activity. International Journal of Public Health, 52(1), 8-15. DOI 10.1007/s00038-006-5062-1
2. Bang, H. & Ross, S. D. (2009). Volunteer motivation and satisfaction. Journal of Venue and Event Management, 1(1), 61–77.
3. Bedford, T., Burningham, K., Cooper, G., Green, N. & Jackson, T.D. (2011). Sustainable leisure: Escalations, constraints and implications. Resolve Working Paper Series, 12-11, 1-39.
4. Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N. & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
5. Burton, N.W. & Turrell, G. (2000). Occupation, hours worked, and leisure-time physical activity. Prev Med., 31, 673–81. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2000.0763
6. Campbell, J. P. & Turner, J. E. (2018). Debunking the myth of exercise-induced immune suppression: redefining the impact of exercise on immunological health across the lifespan. Frontiers in immunology, 9, 648. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00648
7. Carriedo, A., Cecchini, J. A., Fernandez-Rio, J. & Méndez-Giménez, A. (2020). COVID-19, Psychological Well-being and Physical Activity Levels in Older Adults during the Nationwide Lockdown in Spain. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(11), 1146-1155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.007
8. Chelladurai, P. (2006). Human resource management in sport and recreation. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

9. Chen, Z. Y. (2001). The study of elementary teachers' leisure participation, experience in leisure benefits, and work satisfaction in Taipei County. National Taiwan Normal University.
10. Çuhadar, A., Yusuf, E. R., Demirel, M. ve Demirel, D. H. (2019). Bireyleri rekreasyonel amaçli egzersize motive eden faktörlerin incelenmesi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(3), 153-161. DOI: 10.33689/spormetre.562233
11. De Vries, S., VerheijA, R., Groenewegen, P.P. & Spreeuwenberg, P. (2003). Natural environments-healthy environments? An exploratory analysis of the relationship between green space and health. Environment and Planning, 35(10), 1717–1731. DOI:10.1068/a35111
12. Driver, B. L. (1990). The North American experience in measuring the benefits of leisure. In Proceedings National Workshop on Measurement of Recreation Benefits (pp. 1-57). Bandoora, Australia: Phillip Institute of Technology.
13. Ellis, G. A. & Witt, P. A. (1986). The leisure diagnostic battery: past, present, and future. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 20, 31-47.
14. Francken, D. A. & Van Raaij, W. F. (1981). Satisfaction with leisure time activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 13(4), 337-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1981.11969498
15. Gilat, R. & Cole, B. J. (2020). COVID-19, medicine, and sports. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation, 2(3), e175-e176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmr.2020.04.003
16. Godbey, G. (2009). Outdoor recreation, health, and wellness: Understanding and enhancing the relationship. Washington: Outdoor Resources Review Group. Retrieved from. Discussion Paper, 1-29.
17. Gomes, V.B., Siqueira, K.S. & Sichieri, R. (2001). Physical activity in a probabilistic sample in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Cad Saude Publica 17, 969–76. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2001000400031
18. Gökçe, H. (2008). Serbest zaman doyumunun yaşam doyumu ve sosyo-demografik değişkenlerle ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Denizli.
19. Güngörmüş, H.A. (2012). The Study of validity and reliability of Turkish version of leisure motivation scale. Energy Education Science and Technology Part B: Social and Educational Studies, 4(3), 1209-1216.
20. Gürer, B. (2015). The investigation of problem-solving skill of the mountaineers in terms of demographic variables. Educational Research and Reviews, 10(11), 1496-1504. DOI: 10.5897/ERR2015.2129
21. Gürer, B., Alıncak, F. ve Öcalan, M. (2016). Türkiye’deki dağcılık ve doğa sporları kulüpleri ile faaliyet alanlarının incelenmesi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(3), 987-1000.
22. Gürer, B. & Caymaz, E. (2019). Investigation of leisure perceptions of individuals in outdoor sports. International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure, 2(3), 255-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41978-018-0021-y
23. Gürer, B. ve Kılınç, Z. (2019). Doğa sporları yapanların temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarının zihinsel dayanıklılığa etkisi. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(2), 222-233. DOI:10.33459/cbubesbd.576242
24. Gürer, B. (2020). Oryantiring sporu yapan gençlerin serbest zaman motivasyonlarının incelenmesi. Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research, 7(62), 3373-3379. http://dx.doi.org/10.26450/jshsr.2200
25. Güzel, P., Yıldız, K., Esentaş, M. & Zerengök, D. (2020). “Know-How” to spend time in home isolation during COVID-19; restrictions and recreational activities. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 7(2), 122-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2020.02.011
26. Hammami, A., Harrabi, B., Mohr, M. & Krustrup, P. (2020). Physical activity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): specific recommendations for home-based physical training. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1757494
27. Hegde, S. M. & Solomon, S. D. (2015). Influence of physical activity on hypertension and cardiac structure and function. Current hypertension reports, 17(10), 1-8. DOI 10.1007/s11906-015-0588-3
28. Iso-Ahola, S.E. (1980). Social psychological perspective on leisure and recreation. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
29. Iso-Ahola, S. E. & Wessinger, E. (1984). Leisure and well-being: is there a connection? Parks and Recreation, 19, 40-44.
30. Kangalgil, M., Hünük, D. ve Demirhan, G. (2006). İlköğretim, lise ve üniversite öğrencilerinin beden eğitimi ve spora ilişkin tutumlarının karşılaştırılması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(2), 48-57.
31. Kao, C. H. (1995). A three-factor model of leisure benefits. Journal of outdoor recreation study, 8(1), 67-78.
32. Kim, E. (2018). A systematic review of motivation of sport event volunteers. World Leisure Journal, 60(4), 306-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2017.1373696
33. Kluge, H. H. P. (2020). Statement–Older people are at highest risk from COVID-19, but all must act to prevent community spread. Retrieved from World Health Organization website: http://www. euro. who. int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/statements/statement-older-people-are-at-highest-risk-from-covid-19,-but-all-must-act-to-prevent-community-spread.
34. McKenzie, M. D. (2000). How are adventure education program outcomes achieved?: A review of the literature. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 5(1), 19-27.
35. MacKenzie, S. H. & Goodnow, J. (2020). Adventure in the age of COVID-19: Embracing microadventures and locavism in a post-pandemic world. Leisure Sciences, 43,1-2, 62-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1773984
36. Moccia, F. D. (2000). Planning Time: An emergent european practice. European Planning Studies, 8(3), 367-376.
37. Monteiro, C.A., Conde, W.L., Matsudo, S.M., Matsudo, V.R., Bonsenor, I.M. & Lotufo, P.A. (2003). A descriptive epidemiology of leisure-time physical activity in Brazil, 1996–1997. Rev Panam Salud Publica 14, 246–54.
38. Mutlu, İ. (2008). Egzersiz yapan kişilerin boş zamanlarına yönelik tutumları üzerine bir araştırma (Kayseri İli Örneği). Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Niğde Üniversitesi, Niğde.
39. Paffenbarger Jr, R. S., Hyde, R., Wing, A. L. & Hsieh, C. C. (1986). Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. New England journal of medicine, 314(10), 605-613.
40. Pelletier, L.G., Vallerand, R.J., Blais, M.R. & Brière, N.M. (1991). Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS–28). http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r26710/LRCS/echelles _en.htm.
41. Sivan, A. (2020). Reflection on leisure during COVID-19. World Leisure Journal, 62(4), 296-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2020.1825260
42. Soyer, F., Yıldız, N. O., Harmandar Demirel, D., Serdar, E., Demirel, M., Ayhan, C. ve Demirhan, Ö. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin rekreatif etkinliklere katılımlarına engel teşkil eden faktörler ile katılımcıların yaşam doyumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(2), 2035-2046. doi:10.14687/jhs.v14i2.4647
43. Thomson, M.D., Spence, J.C., Raine, K. & Laing, L. (2008). The Association of television viewing with snacking behavior and body weight of young adults. American Journal of Health Promotion 22(5), 329–35.
44. Tsai, C. T. L. (2020). COVID-19 reflections. World Leisure Journal, 62(4), 336-338. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2020.1825253.
45. Türker, N., Ölçer, H. ve Aydın, A. (2016). Yerel Halkın serbest zaman değerlendirme alışkanlıkları: Safranbolu Örneği. Karabük Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(1), 49-62.
46. Woods, J., Hutchinson, N. T., Powers, S. K., Roberts, W. O., Gomez-Cabrera, M. C., Radak, Z., ... & Coelho-Júnior, H. J. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity. Sports Medicine and Health Science 2, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2020.05.006
47. World Health Organization. (2021). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Erişim tarihi: 08.04.2021 https://covid19.who.int/.