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Views of Turkish Football Super League (Süperlig) Fans on Fanaticism and Violence

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 140 - 154, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.614354

Öz

The objective of this research is to examine the violent and fanatical tendencies of Turkish Football Süperlig team supporters in Ankara, their attitudes towards preventing violence and their views on violence. This research uses the quantitative method and is based on the relational survey model. The research sample group comprises of 754 individuals. The "Football Supporter Fanaticism Scale" (FSFS) was used in the research to collect data in this research. A Significant difference was not established between football fans' views on fanaticism and violence on the basis of their gender. However, a significant difference was identified between the opinions of football fans on fanaticism and violence based on the variable that is the team they support, on the sub-scale of the tendency towards violent thoughts and actions. A significant difference was not found with respect to the sub-scale of institutional attachment. According to the fans, one of the primary subjects regarding violence in football that must be highlighted is the level of education of the fans. Additionally, it was identified that gender, as well as the economic level of the supporters, is also influential on the appearance of violence. As a result, it is evident that factors such as education, age, income status are impactful with respect to the violent actions of football fans. 

Kaynakça

  • Acet, M. (2001). Futbol Seyircisini fanatik ve saldırgan olmaya yönelten sosyal faktörler [Social factors which direct the football supporter towards being fanatic and aggressive], Doctoral thesis. Gazi University Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara (in Turkish).
  • Anderson, A.C. & Bushman, B.J. (2002). Human Aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 27-51.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press.
  • Bodin, D., & Robene, L. (2014). Sport and civilisation: Violence mastered. from the lack of a definition for violence to the illusory pacifying role of modern sports. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 31(16), 1935-1955. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2014.949687.
  • Brennan, W. (1998). Aggression and violence: Examining the theories. Nursing Standard, 12(27), 36-38.
  • Cusimano, M.C., Ilie, G., Mullen, J.S., Pauley, C.R., Stulberg, R.J., Vranic, T.J., & Zhang, S. (2016). Aggression, violence and injury in minor league ice hockey: Avenues for prevention of injury. Plos One, 11(6), 1-14. Doi: https://doi.org/10. 1371/journal.pone.0156683.
  • Dalpian, R.C., Zylbersztejn, S.V., Batistella, Z., & Rossi, V.A. (2014). Fanatical women and football: An Exploratory study. Football & Society, 15(4), 564-577. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2013.828598.
  • Dimmock, J.A., & Grove, R. (2005). Relationship of fan identification to determinants of aggression. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(1), 37-47. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200590907559.
  • Dwyer, B., LeCrom, C., Greenhalgh, P.G. (2016). Exploring and measuring spectator sport fanaticism. Communication & Sport, 6(1), 1-28. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479516679411.
  • Galtung, J. (1969). Violence and peace. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167-191. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336900600301.
  • Gregory, M. (2005). Sport, violence, and masculinity: Caught in a Web. Boston college the graduate school of arts and sciences department of sociology, Degree Master of Arts.
  • Guivernau, M., & Duda, J.L. (2002). Moral atmosphere and athletic aggressive tendencies in young soccer players. Journal of Moral Education, 31(1), 67-85. Doi: 10.1080/03057240120111445.
  • Güllü, S. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal beceri düzeylerinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [Examining of social skill levels of university students in terms of certain variables]. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences, 3(3),86-92. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.289093 (in Turkish).
  • Hunt, K., Bristol, T., & Bashaw, E. (1999). A conceptual approach to classifying sports fans. Journal of Services Marketing, 13(6), 439-452. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/08876049910298720.
  • Kalkstein, D.A., Kleiman, T., Wakslak, J.C., & Liberman, N. (2016). Social Learning Across Psychological Distance. Attitudes and Social Cognition, 110(1), 1-19. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000042.
  • Khalil, K., Ardoin, N.M., & Wojcik, D. (2016). Social learning within a community of practice: Investigating interactions about evaluation among zoo education professionals. Evaluation and Program Planning, 61(1), 45-54. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.12.001.
  • Koçer, M. (2012). Futbol derneklerine üye olan taraftarların şiddet ve holiganizm eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi: Kayseri Örneği [Mapping Violence and Hooliganism Tendencies of Football Fans who are Registered to Football Associations: The Sample of Kayseri]. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 32(1), 111-135. (in Turkish).
  • Kurtiç, N., & Yaman, M. (2006). Futbol taraftarını saldırganlığa iten psiko-sosyal nedenler [Psycho-Social Factors Leading to Violence Among Football Supporters]. Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (12), 45-54 (in Turkish).
  • Oojen, B. (2012). Violence in sport: What does the European Commission do?. Sport & EU Review, 4(2), 50-51.
  • Paksoy, E. (2014). Futbol fanatizmi, taraftar kimliği: beşiktaş çarşı taraftarlarının taraftarlıkla ilgili davranışlarının incelenmesi [Football fanaticism, supporter identify: Supporters of Beşi̇ktaş çarşi, examination of fan behaviours], Master thesis, Gaziantep University Institute of Health Sciences (in Turkish).
  • Poussard, J., & Çamuroğlu, M. (2015). Psikolojik taciz iş yaşamında gerilim [Psychological Abuse Tension in Business Life]. Ankara: Akılçelen Kitaplar (in Turkish).
  • Radman, A. (2014). Hooligans: nice guys or the last alpha males? A study of football supporters’ self-image. Football & Society, 15(4), 548-563. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2013.828597.
  • Rollins, G. (2014). The Development of a violence prevention program for parents, coaches, players, and referees in youth football organizations, Capella University, Degree Doctor of Psychology. Access: https:// search.proquest.com.
  • Scholz, P. (2016). Czech football hooligans´ behavior. Journal of Physical Education and Sport,16(2), 1089-1094. Doi: 10.7752/jpes.2016.s2174.
  • Şahin, M.H. (2003). Sporda şiddet ve saldırganlık [Violence and Aggression in Sports]. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım (in Turkish).
  • Şeker, R. (2011). Lise ve üniversite düzeyinde öğrenim gören gençlerin, sporda şiddet ve istenmeyen davranışlara karşı görüşlerinin incelenmesi [The investigation of attitudes of students, who study at level of high school and university, towards unwant behaviours and violence in sports], Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Institute of Health Sciences, Master thesis, (in Turkish).
  • Taşmektepligil, M.Y., Çankaya, S., & Tunç, T. (2009). Futbol taraftarı fanatiklik ölçeği [Fanaticism Scale for Football Fans]. Journal of Sports and Performance Researches, 6(1), 41-49.
  • Taştan, Ş. (2009). Futbol taraftarlığı ve şiddet olgusu farklı taraftar gruplarında şiddet eğilimleri üzerine karşılaştırmalı sosyolojik bir araştırma [A Comparative Sociological Research on the Trends of Violence in Different Fan Groups], Master thesis, Mersin University Institute of Health Science, (in Turkish).
  • Ural, A. & Kılıç, İ. (2006). Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci ve SPSS Analizi [Scientific Research Process and SPSS Analysis]. Ankara: Detay (in Turkish).
  • Var, L. (2008). Futbol seyircilerinin spor alanlarındaki saldırganlık davranışları hakkında betimsel bir çalışma (Kırşehir İli Örneği) [A descriptive study on the aggression behaviors of football spectators in sports fields (Example of Kırşehir province)], Master thesis, Gazi University Institute of Health Sciences, (in Turkish).
  • Yetim, A. (2008). Sosyoloji ve Spor [Sociology and Sports]. Ankara: Berikan Yayınevi (in Turkish).
  • Weinberg, R.S., & Gould, D. (2011). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. USA: Human Kinetics.
  • Zivanovic, N., & Randelovic, N. (2011). Registered Forms of Violence in Sport. APES, 1(2), 205-209.
  • Ziyagil, M.A., Bilir, P., Çekin, R., & Temur, S.C. (2014). Türkiye’de sporda saldırganlık, şiddet ve çözüm önerileri [Aggression and Violence in Sports and Solution Proposals in Turkey], CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 1-14. (in Turkish).

Views of Turkish Football Super League (Süperlig) Fans on Fanaticism and Violence

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 140 - 154, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.614354

Öz

The objective of this
research is to examine the violent and fanatical tendencies of Turkish Football
Süperlig team supporters in Ankara, their attitudes towards preventing violence
and their views on violence.
This research uses the quantitative method and is
based on the relational survey model. The research sample group comprises of
754 individuals. The "Football Supporter Fanaticism Scale" (FSFS) was
used in the research to collect data in this research. A Significant difference
was not established between football fans' views on fanaticism and violence on
the basis of their gender. However, a significant difference was identified
between the opinions of football fans on fanaticism and violence based on the
variable that is the team they support, on the sub-scale of the tendency
towards violent thoughts and actions. A significant difference was not found
with respect to the sub-scale of institutional attachment.
According to the fans, one
of the primary subjects regarding violence in football that must be highlighted
is the level of education of the fans. Additionally, it was identified that
gender, as well as the economic level of the supporters, is also influential on
the appearance of violence. As a result, it is evident that factors such as
education, age, income status are impactful with respect to the violent actions
of football fans. 

Kaynakça

  • Acet, M. (2001). Futbol Seyircisini fanatik ve saldırgan olmaya yönelten sosyal faktörler [Social factors which direct the football supporter towards being fanatic and aggressive], Doctoral thesis. Gazi University Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara (in Turkish).
  • Anderson, A.C. & Bushman, B.J. (2002). Human Aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 27-51.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press.
  • Bodin, D., & Robene, L. (2014). Sport and civilisation: Violence mastered. from the lack of a definition for violence to the illusory pacifying role of modern sports. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 31(16), 1935-1955. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2014.949687.
  • Brennan, W. (1998). Aggression and violence: Examining the theories. Nursing Standard, 12(27), 36-38.
  • Cusimano, M.C., Ilie, G., Mullen, J.S., Pauley, C.R., Stulberg, R.J., Vranic, T.J., & Zhang, S. (2016). Aggression, violence and injury in minor league ice hockey: Avenues for prevention of injury. Plos One, 11(6), 1-14. Doi: https://doi.org/10. 1371/journal.pone.0156683.
  • Dalpian, R.C., Zylbersztejn, S.V., Batistella, Z., & Rossi, V.A. (2014). Fanatical women and football: An Exploratory study. Football & Society, 15(4), 564-577. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2013.828598.
  • Dimmock, J.A., & Grove, R. (2005). Relationship of fan identification to determinants of aggression. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(1), 37-47. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200590907559.
  • Dwyer, B., LeCrom, C., Greenhalgh, P.G. (2016). Exploring and measuring spectator sport fanaticism. Communication & Sport, 6(1), 1-28. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479516679411.
  • Galtung, J. (1969). Violence and peace. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167-191. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336900600301.
  • Gregory, M. (2005). Sport, violence, and masculinity: Caught in a Web. Boston college the graduate school of arts and sciences department of sociology, Degree Master of Arts.
  • Guivernau, M., & Duda, J.L. (2002). Moral atmosphere and athletic aggressive tendencies in young soccer players. Journal of Moral Education, 31(1), 67-85. Doi: 10.1080/03057240120111445.
  • Güllü, S. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal beceri düzeylerinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [Examining of social skill levels of university students in terms of certain variables]. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences, 3(3),86-92. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.289093 (in Turkish).
  • Hunt, K., Bristol, T., & Bashaw, E. (1999). A conceptual approach to classifying sports fans. Journal of Services Marketing, 13(6), 439-452. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/08876049910298720.
  • Kalkstein, D.A., Kleiman, T., Wakslak, J.C., & Liberman, N. (2016). Social Learning Across Psychological Distance. Attitudes and Social Cognition, 110(1), 1-19. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000042.
  • Khalil, K., Ardoin, N.M., & Wojcik, D. (2016). Social learning within a community of practice: Investigating interactions about evaluation among zoo education professionals. Evaluation and Program Planning, 61(1), 45-54. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.12.001.
  • Koçer, M. (2012). Futbol derneklerine üye olan taraftarların şiddet ve holiganizm eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi: Kayseri Örneği [Mapping Violence and Hooliganism Tendencies of Football Fans who are Registered to Football Associations: The Sample of Kayseri]. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 32(1), 111-135. (in Turkish).
  • Kurtiç, N., & Yaman, M. (2006). Futbol taraftarını saldırganlığa iten psiko-sosyal nedenler [Psycho-Social Factors Leading to Violence Among Football Supporters]. Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (12), 45-54 (in Turkish).
  • Oojen, B. (2012). Violence in sport: What does the European Commission do?. Sport & EU Review, 4(2), 50-51.
  • Paksoy, E. (2014). Futbol fanatizmi, taraftar kimliği: beşiktaş çarşı taraftarlarının taraftarlıkla ilgili davranışlarının incelenmesi [Football fanaticism, supporter identify: Supporters of Beşi̇ktaş çarşi, examination of fan behaviours], Master thesis, Gaziantep University Institute of Health Sciences (in Turkish).
  • Poussard, J., & Çamuroğlu, M. (2015). Psikolojik taciz iş yaşamında gerilim [Psychological Abuse Tension in Business Life]. Ankara: Akılçelen Kitaplar (in Turkish).
  • Radman, A. (2014). Hooligans: nice guys or the last alpha males? A study of football supporters’ self-image. Football & Society, 15(4), 548-563. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2013.828597.
  • Rollins, G. (2014). The Development of a violence prevention program for parents, coaches, players, and referees in youth football organizations, Capella University, Degree Doctor of Psychology. Access: https:// search.proquest.com.
  • Scholz, P. (2016). Czech football hooligans´ behavior. Journal of Physical Education and Sport,16(2), 1089-1094. Doi: 10.7752/jpes.2016.s2174.
  • Şahin, M.H. (2003). Sporda şiddet ve saldırganlık [Violence and Aggression in Sports]. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım (in Turkish).
  • Şeker, R. (2011). Lise ve üniversite düzeyinde öğrenim gören gençlerin, sporda şiddet ve istenmeyen davranışlara karşı görüşlerinin incelenmesi [The investigation of attitudes of students, who study at level of high school and university, towards unwant behaviours and violence in sports], Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Institute of Health Sciences, Master thesis, (in Turkish).
  • Taşmektepligil, M.Y., Çankaya, S., & Tunç, T. (2009). Futbol taraftarı fanatiklik ölçeği [Fanaticism Scale for Football Fans]. Journal of Sports and Performance Researches, 6(1), 41-49.
  • Taştan, Ş. (2009). Futbol taraftarlığı ve şiddet olgusu farklı taraftar gruplarında şiddet eğilimleri üzerine karşılaştırmalı sosyolojik bir araştırma [A Comparative Sociological Research on the Trends of Violence in Different Fan Groups], Master thesis, Mersin University Institute of Health Science, (in Turkish).
  • Ural, A. & Kılıç, İ. (2006). Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci ve SPSS Analizi [Scientific Research Process and SPSS Analysis]. Ankara: Detay (in Turkish).
  • Var, L. (2008). Futbol seyircilerinin spor alanlarındaki saldırganlık davranışları hakkında betimsel bir çalışma (Kırşehir İli Örneği) [A descriptive study on the aggression behaviors of football spectators in sports fields (Example of Kırşehir province)], Master thesis, Gazi University Institute of Health Sciences, (in Turkish).
  • Yetim, A. (2008). Sosyoloji ve Spor [Sociology and Sports]. Ankara: Berikan Yayınevi (in Turkish).
  • Weinberg, R.S., & Gould, D. (2011). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. USA: Human Kinetics.
  • Zivanovic, N., & Randelovic, N. (2011). Registered Forms of Violence in Sport. APES, 1(2), 205-209.
  • Ziyagil, M.A., Bilir, P., Çekin, R., & Temur, S.C. (2014). Türkiye’de sporda saldırganlık, şiddet ve çözüm önerileri [Aggression and Violence in Sports and Solution Proposals in Turkey], CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 1-14. (in Turkish).
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Orijinal Makale
Yazarlar

Sercan Kural 0000-0002-2452-068X

Oğuz Özbek Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-2405-1622

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2019
Kabul Tarihi 25 Eylül 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kural, S., & Özbek, O. (2019). Views of Turkish Football Super League (Süperlig) Fans on Fanaticism and Violence. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 140-154. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.614354
AMA Kural S, Özbek O. Views of Turkish Football Super League (Süperlig) Fans on Fanaticism and Violence. JSSR. Aralık 2019;4(2):140-154. doi:10.25307/jssr.614354
Chicago Kural, Sercan, ve Oğuz Özbek. “Views of Turkish Football Super League (Süperlig) Fans on Fanaticism and Violence”. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 4, sy. 2 (Aralık 2019): 140-54. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.614354.
EndNote Kural S, Özbek O (01 Aralık 2019) Views of Turkish Football Super League (Süperlig) Fans on Fanaticism and Violence. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 4 2 140–154.
IEEE S. Kural ve O. Özbek, “Views of Turkish Football Super League (Süperlig) Fans on Fanaticism and Violence”, JSSR, c. 4, sy. 2, ss. 140–154, 2019, doi: 10.25307/jssr.614354.
ISNAD Kural, Sercan - Özbek, Oğuz. “Views of Turkish Football Super League (Süperlig) Fans on Fanaticism and Violence”. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 4/2 (Aralık 2019), 140-154. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.614354.
JAMA Kural S, Özbek O. Views of Turkish Football Super League (Süperlig) Fans on Fanaticism and Violence. JSSR. 2019;4:140–154.
MLA Kural, Sercan ve Oğuz Özbek. “Views of Turkish Football Super League (Süperlig) Fans on Fanaticism and Violence”. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 4, sy. 2, 2019, ss. 140-54, doi:10.25307/jssr.614354.
Vancouver Kural S, Özbek O. Views of Turkish Football Super League (Süperlig) Fans on Fanaticism and Violence. JSSR. 2019;4(2):140-54.

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