Does Mindfullness Affect Happiness?: The Relationship Between Mindfullness and Happiness in Sports

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 197 - 210, 30.06.2022

Tuğba Mutlu Bozkurt

https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1092487

Öz

In this study, it was aimed to examine the relationship between mindfulness in sports and the happiness levels of students receiving sports education. The research group consisted of 78 women (31.6%) and 169 men (68.4%) studying at Bitlis Eren University Bachelor program in Physical Education and Sports (114 people) and Bitlis Ziya Eren Sports High School (133 people). It consists of 247 athletes. Relational screening model was used in the research. “Personal Information Form”, “Athlete Mindfulness Scale” and “Happiness Scale” were used as data collection tools in the research. The analyses of the data in the research were made with the SPSS 22 statistical package program. The findings obtained from the research were analyzed according to the variables of gender, school type, sports branch and sporting success. In conclusion, it has been determined that the age of the athletes does not significantly predict happiness and athlete mindfullness and its sub-dimensions. In addition, a positive low level statistically significant relationship was found between the happiness scale of the athletes and the scores obtained from the "non-judgmental" dimension of the athlete mindfulness scale, and as the happiness levels of the athletes increase, the level of non-judgment also increases.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sports, Sports High School, Athlete Mindfulness, Happiness

Bilinçli Farkındalık Mutluluğa Etki Eder Mi?: Sporda Bilinçli Farkındalık ile Mutluluk İlişkisi

Öz

Bu çalışma da, spor eğitimi alan öğrencilerinin sporda bilinçli farkındalık ile mutluluk düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma grubunu Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu (114 kişi) ve Bitlis Ziya Eren Spor Lisesinde (133 kişi) öğrenim gören 78’i kadın (%31,6), 169’u erkek (%68,4) olmak üzere toplam 247 sporcudan oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırma da veri toplama aracı olarak, “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Sporcu Bilinçli Farkındalık Ölçeği” ve “Mutluluk Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Araştırma da verilerin analizi SPSS 22 istatistik paket programı ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular cinsiyet, okul türü, spor branşı ve sportif başarı değişkenlerine göre analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; sporcuların yaşlarının mutluluk ile sporcu bilinçli farkındalık ve alt boyutlarını anlamlı düzeyde yordamadığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca sporcuların mutluluk ölçeği ile sporcu bilinçli farkındalık ölçeğinin “yargılamama” boyutundan elde edilen puanlar arasında pozitif yönlü düşük düzeyde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki saptanmış olup, sporcuların mutluluk düzeyleri arttıkça yargılamama düzeyleri de artmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Spor, Spor Lisesi, Sporcu Bilinçli Farkındalığı, Mutluluk

Kaynakça

• Altıntaş, A., & Akalan, C. (2007). Mental training and high performance. Spormetre Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 1(1), 39-43. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000131
• Akduman, G., & Yüksekbilgili, Z. (2015). A New vision in human resources: Happiness management. Turkmen Bookstore.
• Arslan, İ., & Bektaş, H. (2020). The mediating role of self-esteem in the effect of mindfulness on subjective happiness: A study for university students. Marmara University Atatürk Education Faculty Journal of Educational Sciences, 51(51), 95-115. https://doi.org10.15285/maruaebd.579985
• Aytan, G. K. (2010). The effects of sports on the socialization of secondary school students. Unpublished Master's thesis, Gazi University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara.
• Bajaj, B., Gupta, R., & Sengupta, S. (2019). Emotional stability and self-esteem as mediators between mindfulness and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(7), 2211-2226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902.018.0046-4
• Bao, X., Xue, S., & Kong, F. (2015). Dispositional mindfulness and perceived stress: The role of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 78, 48-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.007.
• Bellin, Z. J. (2015). The meaning connection between mindfulness and happiness. The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 54(3), 221-235. https://doi.org/10.1002/johc.12013.
• Botwina, R. & Krawczynski, M. (2003). Application of visulation in training of young football players. XI. European Congress of Sport Psychology, (145), Copenhagen.
• Bühlmayer, L., Birrer, D., Röthlin, P., Faude, O., & Donath, L. (2017). Effects of mindfulness practice on performance-relevant parameters and performance outcomes in sports: A meta-analytical review. Sports Medicine, 47(11), 2309-2321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0752-9.
• Carpenter, J. K., Sanford, J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018). The effect of a brief mindfulness training on distress tolerance and stress reactivity. Behavior Therapy, 50(3), 630-645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2018.10.003.
• Crossman, B. F. (1992). The effect of three practice techniques on the accuracy of a soccer penalty kicks, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Middle Tennessee State University, United States of America.
• Demirci, İ. & Ekşi. H. (2018). Keep calm and be happy: A mixed method study from character strengths to well-being. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice 18(29), 303–354. http://dx.doi.org/10.12738/estp.2018.2.0799
• Doğan, B., & Eser, M. (2013). University students' methods of coping with stress: The example of Nazilli vocational school. Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges, 3(4), 29-39.
• Drake, L., Duncan, E., Sutherland, F., Abernethy, C., & Henry, C. (2008). Time perspective and correlates of wellbeing. Time & Society, 17(1), 47-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X07086304
• Eryılmaz, A. (2010). Developing subjective well-being ıncreasing strategies for adolescents. Turkish Journal of Guidance and Psychological Counseling, 4(33), 81-88.
• Forrest, D., & Mchale, I. (2009). Public policy, sport and happiness: An empirical study. Salford University.
• Germer, C. K. (2009). The mindful path to self-compassion: freeing yourself from destructive thoughts and emotions. Guilford Publications.
• Gülcan, A., & Nedim Bal, P. (2014). Examination of the effect of optimism on happiness and life satisfaction in young adults. Asian Journal of Teaching, 2(1), 41-52.
• Gülcan, A. (2014). Investigation of the effect of optimism on happiness and life satisfaction in young adults. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Fatih University, Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul.
• Gündüz, H. (2016). The relationship between mindfulness and emotion regulation in adults. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Nisantasi University, Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul.
• Güven, İ. (2008). Subjective well-being levels, general health patterns and psychological symptom types of science and general high school students according to gender and sociometric status. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Cukurova University, Adana.
• Hollis-Walker, L., & Colosimo, K. (2011). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and happiness in non-meditators: A theoretical and empirical examination. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 222-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.033
• Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life.Hyperion.
• Kangal, A. (2013). A conceptual evaluation of happiness and some results for turkish households. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 44, 215-229.
• Karagözoğlu, C. (2005). Psychological support in sports. Morpa Culture Publications.
• Karasar, N. (2007). Scientific research method, (Seventeenth Ed.). Nobel Publications.
• Kaufman, K. A., Glass, C. R., & Arnkoff, D. B. (2009). Evaluation of mindful sport performance enhancement (mspe): a new approach to promote flow in athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 3(4), 334-356. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.3.4.334.
• Khazaee‐pool, M., Sadeghi, R., Majlessi, F., & Rahimi Foroushani, A. (2015). Effects of physical exercise programme on happiness among older people. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 22(1), 47-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12168.
• Kılınçoğlu, B. (2020). Investigation of mindfulness and mental well-being in university students. Unpublished Master's thesis, Capital City University, Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara.
• Kong, F., Wang, X., & Zhao, J. (2014). Dispositional mindfulness and life satisfaction: The role of core self-evaluations. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 165-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.002
• Konter, E. (2003). Misconceptions and facts in sports psychology practice. (7, 31, 32, 37). Nine September Publications.
• Konter, E. (1999). Mental training in applied sports psychology. (6, 7, 11, 54, 56, 57. Nobel Publication Distribution.
• Moore, A., & Malinowski, P. (2009). Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(1), 176-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.12.008
• Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (2018). The scientific pursuit of happiness. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 218–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618765171
• Özdamar, L. (1999). A genetic algorithm approach to a general category project scheduling problem. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews), 29(1), 44-59. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/872415.
• Özyeşil, Z. (2011). Examining the self-compassion levels of university students in terms of mindfullness personality traits and some variables. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Selcuk University, Institute of Education Sciences, Konya.
• Pak, A.V., Ahmadian, H., & Rahimi, E. (2013). Efficacy of mindfulness training on enhancing happiness in women with pregnancy diabetes. Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(13), 4203-4208.
• Pepping, C. A., O’Donovan, A., & Davis, P. J. (2013). The positive effects of mindfulness on self-esteem. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(5), 376-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439.760.2013.807353
• Rascıute, S., & Downward, P. (2010). Health or happiness? What is the impact of physical activity on the individual? Kyklos, 63, 256-270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2010.00472.x.
• Schwanhausser, L. (2009). Application of the mindfulness-acceptance-commitment (MAC) protocol with an adolescent springboard diver. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 3(4), 377-395. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.3.4.377
• Siegel, R.D., Germer, C.K., & Olendzki, A. (2009). Mindfulness: what is it? where did it come from? In F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical handbook of mindfulness, (17-35). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6_2
• Sosovec, L.G. (2004). Internal visual imagery and its effect on penalty kicks in soccer. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, South Dakota State University.
• Tabachnic, B., & Fidell, L., (2013). Using multivariate statistics (Sixth Ed.) Pearson.
• Thienot, E., Jackson, B., Dimmock, J., Grove, J. R., Bernier, M., & Fournier, J. F. (2014). Development and preliminary validation of the mindfulness inventory for sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), 72-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.003
• Thompson, R. W., Kaufman, K. A., De Petrillo, L. A., Glass, C. R., & Arnkoff, D. B. (2011). One year follow-up of mindful sport performance enhancement (MSPE) with archers, golfers, and runners. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5(2), 99- 116. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.5.2.99.
• Tingaz, E. O. (2013). Comparison of physical education and sports teaching and emotional intelligence and happiness of some teacher candidates. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Gazi University, Institute of Educational Sciences. Ankara.
• Tingaz, E. O. (2020a). Examination of mindfulness in terms of some variables in athletic students at the faculty of sports sciences. Turkish Journal of Sport Sciences, 3(1), 21-28.
• Tingaz, E. O. (2020b). Athlete mindfulness scale: Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability study. SPORTMETRE Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 18(1), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.642682.
• Tozoğlu, E., & Dursun, M. (2020). Scientific research process in sports sciences. In Ö. Gökmen (Ed.), Sports and science, (7-23). Efe Academy Publishing House.