The Relationship between Coronavirus Phobia and Negative Emotion Status of Adults Doing Regular Physical Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic Process

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 454 - 471, 31.12.2022

Güner Çiçek Özkan Işık

https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1124156

Öz

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between coronavirus phobia and negative emotional states of adults who do regular physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic process. A total of 423 people, including women (n=202) and men (n=221) who do regular physical activity, voluntarily participated in this study. The number of people according to the sport type of the participants (Individual=208, Team Sport=97 and Fitness for Health=118) and the number of persons in the sports level of interest (Professional= 79, Amateur= 262, Recreational=82) were determined. As a data collection tool, the Personal Information Form for the demographic information of the participants, the COVID-19 Phobia scale (C19P-S), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress (DASS-42) Scale were applied online using a Google questionnaire. A statistically significant difference was found according to gender in the psychological, somatic, social subscale, and total scores of the COVID-19 phobia scales of the participants (p<,05). Similarly, a statistically significant difference was found in DAS scores and stress scores according to gender (p<,05). In the COVID-19 phobia scale total score, the mean score of team sports is higher than the mean score of fitness for health purposes in addition to depression and anxiety scores, the mean score of team sports was found to be significantly higher than the mean score of individual athletes. It was found that the anxiety scores of those who are recreationally involved in sports are significantly higher than those who do sports professionally, and it was determined that there was a moderately significant positive correlation between the COVID-19 phobia in all subscales and scale total scores and DAS scores of the participants (p< ,05). Women have a higher fear of COVID-19 than men. It was found that the depression and anxiety scores of those who do team sports were higher than those who do individual sports. It can be said that the negative mood symptoms of professional athletes are at a lower level than those who do sports for amateur and recreational purposes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Physical Activity, Sports, COVID-19 Phobia, Depression, Anxiety, Stress

COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Düzenli Fiziksel Aktivite Yapan Yetişkinlerin Koronavirüs Fobisi ve Negatif Duygu Durumları Arasındaki İlişki

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde düzenli fiziksel aktivite yapan yetişkin bireylerin koronavirüs fobisi ve negatif duygu durumları arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılmasıdır. Bu çalışmaya düzenli fiziksel aktivite yapan kadın (n=202) ve erkek (n=221) olmak üzere toplamda 423 kişi gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Katılımcıların spor türüne (Bireysel=208, Takım Sporu=97 ve Sağlık Amaçlı Fitness=118) ve ilgilenilen spor düzeylerine göre kişi sayıları (Profesyonel= 79, Amatör= 262, Rekreatif amaçlı=82) belirlenmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak, katılımcıların demografik bilgileri için kişisel bilgi formunun yanı sıra COVID-19 Fobisi ölçeği (C19P-S) ve Depresyon, Anksiyete ve Stres (DASS-42) ölçeği online anket yöntemi ile Google anket formu kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Katılımcıların psikolojik, psiko-somatik, sosyal alt boyutları ve COVID-19 fobi ölçek toplam puanlarında cinsiyete göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir (p< ,05). Benzer şekilde DAS puanlarında stres puanlarında da cinsiyete göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir (p< ,05). COVID-19 fobi ölçek toplam puanında takım sporunun puan ortalaması sağlık amaçlı fitness puan ortalamasından yüksek olduğu ayrıca depresyon ve anksiyete puanlarında ise takım sporunun puan ortalaması bireysel sporcuların puan ortalamasından anlamlı derecede yüksek olarak tespit edilmiştir. Rekreatif olarak sporla ilgilenenlerin anksiyete puanları profesyonel olarak spor yapanlardan anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu ve katılımcıların COVID-19 fobi tüm alt boyut ve ölçek toplam puanları ile DAS puanları arasında pozitif yönde orta düzeyde anlamlı ilişkiler olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p< ,05). Kadınların COVID-19 korkularının erkeklere göre daha yüksek olduğu, takım sporu yapanların depresyon ve anksiyete puanlarının bireysel spor yapanlara göre daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Profesyonel sporcuların negatif duygu durum semptomlarının amatör ve rekreatif amaçlı spor yapanlara göre daha düşük seviyede olduğu söylenebilir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fiziksel Aktivite, Spor, COVID-19 Fobi, Depresyon, Anksiyete, Stres

Kaynakça

• Alkhamees, A. A., Alrashed, S. A., Alzunaydi, A. A., Almohimeed, A. S., & Aljohani, M. S. (2020). The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the general population of Saudi Arabia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 102, 152192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152192
• Alnazly, E., Khraisat, O. M., Al-Bashaireh, A. M., & Bryant, C. L. (2021). Anxiety, depression, stress, fear and social support during COVID-19 pandemic among Jordanian healthcare workers. Plos one, 16(3), 1-22. Article e0247679. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247679
• Alsharji, K. E. (2020). Anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait: The importance of physical activity. Middle East Current Psychiatry,27(1),1-8.https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-020-00065-6
• Ammar, A., Trabelsi, K., Brach, M., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O., Masmoudi, L., & Batatia, H. (2021). Effects of home confinement on mental health and lifestyle behaviours during the COVID-19 outbreak: Insights from the ECLB-COVID19 multicentre study. Biology of Sport, 38(1),9-21. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020 ,05.04.20091017
• Arden, M. A., & Chilcot, J. (2020). Health psychology and the coronavirus (COVID‐19) global pandemic: A call for research. British Journal of Health Psychology, 25,231-232. https://doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12414
• Arora, A., Jha, A. K., Alat, P., & Das, S. S. (2020). Understanding coronaphobia. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 1-6. Article 102384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102384
• Arpacı, I., Karataş, K., & Baloğlu, M. (2020). The development and initial tests for the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110108
• Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International journal of mental health and addiction, 19(6), 2369-2382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
• Bäuerle, A., Teufel, M., Musche, V., Weismüller, B., Kohler, H., Hetkamp, M., & Skoda, E. M. (2020). Increased generalized anxiety, depression and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Germany. Journal of Public Health, 42(4), 672-678. https:// doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa106
• Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., & Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature human behaviour, 4(5), 460-471. P https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
• Bentlage, E., Ammar, A., How, D., Ahmed, M., Trabelsi, K., Chtourou, H., & Brach, M. (2020). Practical recommendations for maintaining active lifestyle during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic literature review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(17), 6265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176265
• Bilgel, N., & Bayram, N. (2010). Turkish version of the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-42): Psychometric properties. Archives of Neuropsychiatry/Noropsikiatri Arsivi, 47(2),118-126. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.5344
• Blom, V., Lönn, A., Ekblom, B., Kallings, L. V., Väisänen, D., Hemmingsson, E., ... & Ekblom-Bak, E. (2021). Lifestyle habits and mental health in light of the two COVID-19 pandemic waves in Sweden, 2020. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 1-19. Article 3313. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063313
• Brailovskaia, J., Cosci, F., Mansueto, G., Miragall, M., Herrero, R., Baños, R. M., & Margraf, J. (2021). The association between depression symptoms, psychological burden caused by COVID-19 and physical activity: An investigation in Germany, Italy, Russia, and Spain. Psychiatry Research, 295, 1-6. Article 113596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113596
• Brand, R., Timme, S., & Nosrat, S. (2020). When pandemic hits: Exercise frequency and subjective well-being during COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-10. Article 570567. https://doi.org/10. 3389/fpsyg.2020.570567.
• Cadigan, J. M., Lee, C. M., & Larimer, M. E. (2019). Young adult mental health: A prospective examination of service utilization, perceived unmet service needs, attitudes, and barriers to service use. Prevention Science, 20(3), 366-376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-018-0875-8
• Cihan, F. G., & Gökgöz Durmaz, F. (2021). Evaluation of COVID‐19 phobia and the feeling of loneliness in the geriatric age group. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 75(6), 1-8. Article e14089. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.14089
• Di Cagno, A., Buonsenso, A., Baralla, F., Grazioli, E., Di Martino, G., Lecce, E., & Fiorilli, G. (2020). Psychological impact of the quarantine-induced stress during the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak among Italian athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 1-13. Article 8867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238867
• Di Fronso, S., Costa, S., Montesano, C., Di Gruttola, F., Ciofi, E. G., Morgilli, L., & Bertollo, M. (2022). The effects of COVID-19 pandemic on perceived stress and psychobiosocial states in Italian athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20(1),79-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1802612
• Dominski, F. H., & Brandt, R. (2020). Do the benefits of exercise in indoor and outdoor environments during the COVID-19 pandemic outweigh the risks of infection?. Sport Sciences for Health, 16(3), 583-588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-020-00673-z
• Fernández, R. S., Crivelli, L., Guimet, N. M., Allegri, R. F., & Pedreira, M. E. (2020). Psychological distress associated with COVID-19 quarantine: Latent profile analysis, outcome prediction and mediation analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.133
• Fu, W., Wang, C., Zou, L., Guo, Y., Lu, Z., Yan, S., & Mao, J. (2020). Psychological health, sleep quality, and coping styles to stress facing the COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Translational Psychiatry, 10(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-00913-3
• George, D., & Mallery, P. (2001). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference 10.0 update. (3. Baskı). Allyn and Bacon.
• Güden, R.A. (2021). Pandemilerin toplumsal, psikolojik ve ekonomik etkilerinin incelenmesi: Aksaray İli COVID-19 örneği. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Halk Sağlığı Programı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
• Güzel, P., Yildiz, K., Esentaş, M., & Zerengök, D. (2020). “Know-how” to spend time in home isolation during COVID-19: Restrictions and recreational activities. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 7(2), 122-131. http://doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2020.02.011
• Hammami, A., Harrabi, B., Mohr, M., & Krustrup, P. (2022). Physical activity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Specific recommendations for home-based physical training. Managing Sport and Leisure, 27(1-2), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1757494
• Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R. D. (2021). Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(5), 1875-1888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5
• Horesh, D., Kapel Lev‐Ari, R., & Hasson‐Ohayon, I. (2020). Risk factors for psychological distress during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Israel: Loneliness, age, gender, and health status play an important role. British Journal of Health Psychology, 25(4), 925-933. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12455
• Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
• Ingram, J., Maciejewski, G., & Hand, C. J. (2020). Changes in diet, sleep, and physical activity are associated with differences in negative mood during COVID-19 lockdown. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 588604. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.588604
• Jacobson, N. C., & Newman, M. G. (2017). Anxiety and depression as bidirectional risk factors for one another: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 143(11), 1155-1200. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000111
• Karaca, Y., Selçuk, M. H., & Kalaycı, M. C. (2021). Beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin COVID-19 fobilerinin incelenmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(2), 292-301. https://doi.org/10.5336/sportsci.2020-80011
• Kaur, H., Singh, T., Arya, Y.K., & Mittal, S. (2020). Physical fitness and exercise during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative enquiry. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 590172. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590172
• Kontoangelos, K., Economou, M., & Papageorgiou, C. (2020). Mental health effects of COVID-19 pandemia: a review of clinical and psychological traits. Psychiatry Investigation, 17(6), 491-505. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0161
• Lee, S. A., Jobe, M. C., Mathis, A. A., & Gibbons, J. A. (2020). Incremental validity of coronaphobia: Coronavirus anxiety explains depression, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102268
• León-Zarceño, E., Moreno-Tenas, A., Boix Vilella, S., García-Naveira, A., & Serrano-Rosa, M. A. (2021). Habits and psychological factors associated with changes in physical activity due to COVID-19 confinement. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 620745. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.620745
• Levit, M., Weinstein, A., Weinstein, Y., Tzur-Bitan, D., & Weinstein, A. (2018). A study on the relationship between exercise addiction, abnormal eating attitudes, anxiety and depression among athletes in Israel. Journal of behavioral addictions, 7(3),800-805. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.83
• Li, X., Yu, H., & Yang, N. (2021). The mediating role of resilience in the effects of physical exercise on college students’ negative emotions during the COVID-19 epidemic. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04336-y
• Lim, G. Y., Tam, W. W., Lu, Y., Ho, C. S., Zhang, M. W., & Ho, R. C. (2018). Prevalence of depression in the community from 30 countries between 1994 and 2014. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21243-x
• Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
• Martin, A. M., Champ, F., & Franklin, Z. (2021). COVID-19: Assessing the impact of lockdown on recreational athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 56,101978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101978
• Maugeri, G., Castrogiovanni, P., Battaglia, G., Pippi, R., D'Agata, V., Palma, A., & Musumeci, G. (2020). The impact of physical activity on psychological health during COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Heliyon, 6(6), e04315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04315
• McGuine, T. A., Biese, K. M., Petrovska, L., Hetzel, S. J., Reardon, C., Kliethermes, S., & Watson, A. M. (2021). Mental health, physical activity, and quality of life of US adolescent athletes during COVID-19–related school closures and sport cancellations: A Study of 13000 athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 56(1), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0478.20
• Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, Şenel E, & Uçar ZZ. (2021). COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers: A cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks, 69(2), 207-216. https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810
• Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., Dosil Santamaría, M., & Picaza Gorrotxategi, M. (2020). Psychological symptoms during the two stages of lockdown in response to the COVID-19 outbreak: An investigation in a sample of citizens in Northern Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1491. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01491
• Özdin, S., & Bayrak Özdin, Ş. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5), 504-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927051
• Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.54127/WCIC8036
• Purcell, R., Gwyther, K., & Rice, S. M. (2019). Mental health in elite athletes: Increased awareness requires an early intervention framework to respond to athlete needs. Sports Medicine-open, 5(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0220-1
• Rahman, S. (2021). Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin COVID-19 fobi durumlarının değerlendirilmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Tıp Dergisi, 35(1), 68-73.
• Reigal, R. E., Páez-Maldonado, J. A., Pastrana-Brincones, J. L., Morillo-Baro, J. P., Hernández-Mendo, A., & Morales-Sánchez, V. (2021). Physical activity is related to mood states, anxiety state and self-rated health in COVID-19 lockdown. Sustainability, 13(10), 5444. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105444
• Rogowska, A. M., Kuśnierz, C., & Bokszczanin, A. (2020). Examining anxiety, life satisfaction, general health, stress and coping styles during COVID-19 pandemic in Polish sample of university students. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 797-811. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S266511
• Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S., Mohammadi, M., & Khaledi-Paveh, B. (2020). Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and Health, 16(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w
• Santabárbara, J., Lasheras, I., Lipnicki, D. M., Bueno-Notivol, J., Pérez-Moreno, M., López-Antón, R., ... & Gracia-García, P. (2021). Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: An updated meta-analysis of community-based studies. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 109, 110207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110207
• Satıcı, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M., & Satıcı, S. A. (2021). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), 1980-1988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
• Shanahan, L., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Murray, A. L., Nivette, A., Hepp, U., & Eisner, M. (2020). Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 52(5), 824-833. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172000241X
• Stanikova, D., Luck, T., Pabst, A., Bae, Y. J., Hinz, A., Glaesmer, H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2019). Associations between anxiety, body mass index, and sex hormones in women. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 479. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00479
• Stanton, R., To, Q. G., Khalesi, S., Williams, S. L., Alley, S. J., Thwaite, T. L., & Vandelanotte, C. (2020). Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: Associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114065
• Stubbs, B., Koyanagi, A., Hallgren, M., Firth, J., Richards, J., Schuch, F., & Vancampfort, D. (2017). Physical activity and anxiety: A perspective from the World Health Survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 208(2017), 545-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.028
• Suzuki, Y., Maeda, N., Hirado, D., Shirakawa, T., & Urabe, Y. (2020). Physical activity changes and its risk factors among community-dwelling Japanese older adults during the COVID-19 epidemic: Associations with subjective well-being and health-related quality of life. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186591
• Şenışık, S., Denerel, N., Köyağasıoğlu, O., & Tunç, S. (2021). The effect of isolation on athletes’ mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 49(2), 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2020.1807297
• Talapko, J., Perić, I., Vulić, P., Pustijanac, E., Jukić, M., Bekić, S., ... & Škrlec, I. (2021). Mental health and physical activity in health-related university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare, 9(7), 801. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070801
• Tasiemski, T., & Brewer, B. W. (2011). Athletic identity, sport participation, and psychological adjustment in people with spinal cord injury. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 28(3),233-250. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.28.3.233
• Terry, P. C., Parsons-Smith, R. L., & Terry, V. R. (2020). Mood responses associated with COVID-19 restrictions. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 589598. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.589598
• Uroh, C. C., & Adewunmi, C. M. (2021). Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on athletes. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 603415. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.603415
• Varshney, M., Parel, J. T., Raizada, N., & Sarin, S. K. (2020). Initial psychological impact of COVID-19 and its correlates in Indian Community: An online (FEEL-COVID) survey. Plos One, 15(5), e0233874. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233874
• Vitali, F., Bisagno, E., Coco, M., Cadamuro, A., Maldonato, N. M., & Di Corrado, D. (2022). A Moderated mediation analysis of the effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on well-being and sport readiness of Italian team sports players: The Role of perceived safety of the training environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 2764. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052764
• Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org /10.3390/ijerph17051729
• Wang, J., Wang, Z., Liu, X., Yang, X., Zheng, M., & Bai, X. (2021a). The impacts of a COVID-19 epidemic focus and general belief in a just world on individual emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110349
• Wang, Y., Di, Y., Ye, J., & Wei, W. (2021b). Study on the public psychological states and its related factors during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some regions of China. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(1), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1746817
• Weinstein, A. A., Koehmstedt, C., & Kop, W. J. (2017). Mental health consequences of exercise withdrawal: A systematic review. General Hospital Psychiatry, 49, 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.06.001
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Switzerland, Geneva. Erişim: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241599979
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2003). Health and development through physical activity and sport (No. WHO/NMH/NPH/PAH/03.2). World Health Organization. Erişim: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/67796/WHO?sequence=1
• Yıldırım, M., Çoban, O., Baykan, E., & Gürkan, O. (2021). The Analysis of athletes levels of coronavirus-19 phobia. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 9(1), 104-116. https://doi.org/10.14486/IntJSCS.2021.630