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An Exploratory Study on Athletic Identity of University Athletes in Selected Sports in Kenya

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 175 - 185, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1204389

Öz

Athletic identity is a precursor to numerous sport inclinations like participation, talent development and competition. This becomes more salient in educational institutions where student-athletes are required to play a dual role. The purpose of this study was to explore the athletic identity of university athletes in selected sports. It was postulated that athletic identity formation of the university athletes will vary based on selected variables of gender, age and year of study. Data was collected from athletes who were taking part in university sports championships using Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS). The sample comprised 183 (67.78%) males and 89 (32.22%) females. Most of the university athletes were in the 1st and 3rd years of study, and 60% of the players had two years of playing experience. The results revealed that the university athletes had high perceptions of self- identity, social identity and exclusivity and low perceptions on negative affectivity. It is concluded that athletic identity is mediated by situational factors such as age and gender. Consequently, sports psychologists and coaches need to assist athletes improve and sustain their athletic identities. Sport psychologists could train the athletes on how to enhance athletic identity and maximize their sports performance. Future research could address, athletic identity and sports performance as well as athletic identity and athletes in specific playing positions.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, C.B. (2004). Athletic identity and its relation to exercise behavior: Scale development and initial validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26, 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.26.1.39
  • Brewer, B.W., Van Raalte, J.L., & Linder, D.E. (1993). Athletic identity: Hercules Muscles or Achilles Heel? International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24(2), 237-254.
  • Brewer, B.W., & Cornelius, A.E. (2001). Norms and factorial invariance of the athletic identity measurement scale. Academic Athletic Journal, 15, 103-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2012.705518.
  • Brewer, B.W., Selby, C.L., Linders, D.E., & Petitpas, A.J. (1999). Distancing oneself from and poor season: divestment of athletic identity. Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss, 4, 149-162.
  • Brewer, B.N., Cornelius, A.E., Stephan, Y., & Van Raalte, J.L. (2010). Self-protection changes in athletic identity following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.09.005.
  • Burke, P.T., & Reitzes, D. (1981). The link between identity and role performance. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44(2), 83-92.
  • Callero, P.L. (1985). Role – identity salience. Social Psychology Quarterly, 48(3), 203- 215. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033681
  • Curry, T.J., & Weiss, O. (1989). Sport identity and motivation for sport participation. A comparison between American College athletes and Australian student sport club members. Sociology of Sport Journal, 6(3), 257 -268.
  • Chen, S., Snyder, S., & Magner, M. (2010). The effect of sports participation on student – athletes and non – athlete student’s social life and Identity. Journal of Social Issues in Intercollegiate Athletic, 3, 176-193.
  • Cox, A.E., & Whaley, D.E. (2004). The influence of task value, expectancies for success, and identity of athletes’ achievement behaviors. Journal of Applied Sports Psychology, 16(2), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200490437930
  • Fish, M.B., Grove, J.R. & Eklund, R.C. (1999). Changes in athletic identity following state team selection trials. Paper presented at the 10th world congress on sport sciences with the Annual Australian Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport, Sydney, Australia.
  • Fraser, L., Fogarty, G. & Albion, M. (2008). Is there a basis for the notion of athletic identity? In N. Vidouris & V. Mowrinski (Eds). Proceedings of the 2008 Conference of the Australian Psychological Society. Hobart, Australia 23-27 September, 2008.
  • Green, S.L., & Weinberg, R.S. (2001). Relationships among athletic identity, coping skills, social support and the psychological impact of injury in recreational participants. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(1), 40–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200109339003
  • Groff, D.G., & Zabriskie, R.B. (2006). An exploration study of athletic identity among elite alpine skiers with physical disabilities: Issues of measurement and design. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 29(2), 126-141.
  • Grove, J.R., Fish, M., & Eklund, R.C. (2004). Changes in athletic identity following team selection: Self-protection versus self-enhancement. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16(1), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200490260062
  • Hoiness, A.R., Weathington, B.L., & Cotrell, A.L. (2008). Perceptions of female athletes based on observer characteristics. Athletic Insight, 10, 43-54.
  • Houle, J.L.W., Brewer, B.W., & Kluck, A.S. (2010). Development trends in athletic identity: A two-part retrospective study. Journal of Sport Behavior, 33(2), 146-159.
  • Horton, R.S., & Mack, D.E. (2000). Athletic identity in marathon runners. Functional focus or dysfunctional commitment? Journal Sport Behavior, 23(2),101-119.
  • Karakas, T. (2017). Investigation of the relationship between perceived optimal performance emotional state and constant use of self-confidence and perception of athletic identity in athletes. Master Dissertation, Graduate School of Health Science, Mugla Sitki Koçman University, Mugla.
  • Lamout-Mills, A., & Christensen, S.A. (2006). Athletic identity and its relationship to sport participation levels. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9, 472 -478.
  • Martin, K.A., Forgorty, G.J., & Albion, M.J. (2014). Changes in Athletic identity and role satisfaction of elite athletes as a function of retirement status. Journal of Applied Sports Psychology, 26 (1), 96 -110.
  • Miller, P.S., & Kerr, G.A. (2003). The role experimentation of intercollegiate student athletes. Sport Psychologist, 17(2), 196-220.
  • Miller, K. (2009). Sport related identities and the “Toxic Jock”. Journal of Sport Behavior, 32, 69-91.
  • Miller, K.E., Melnick, M.J., Barnes, G.M., Farrell, M.P., & Sabo, D. (2005). Untangling the links among athletic involvement, gender, race and adolescent academic outcomes. Sociology of Sport Journal, 22(2),178-193. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.22.2.178.
  • Mitchell, T.O., Nesti, M., Richardson, D., Medley, A.W., Eubank, M., & Littlewoods, M. (2014). Exploring athletic identity in elite – level English Youth Football: a cross-sectional Approach. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(13), 1294- 1299. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.898855.
  • Murphy, G.M., Petitpas, A.J., & Brewer, B.W. (1996). Identity foreclosure, athletic identity and career maturity in intercollegiate athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 239- 246. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.10.3.239
  • Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2005). Masculinity, femininity and the Bem Sex role inventory in Turkey. Sex Roles, 52(1-2), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-1197-4
  • Padaki, A., Noticewala, M.S., Levina, W.N., Ahmad, C.S., Popkin, M.K., & Popkin, C.A. (2018). Prevalence of Post-Traumatic stress disorder symptoms among young athletes after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Orthopaedic Journal of Sport Medicine, 6(7), 1-5. Article 2325967118787159. https://doi.org/10.1177/235967118787159.
  • Proios, M.C. (2012). Athletic identity and achievement goals of Gymnastic athletes. Science of Gymnastics Journal, 4(3) 15-24.
  • Proios, M., Proios, M.C., Mavrovouniotis, F., & Theofanis, S. (2012). An exploratory study of athletic identity in university PE students. Graduate journal of Sports Exercise and Physical Education Research, 1, 98-107.
  • Reifsteck, E.J., Gill, D.L. & Brooks, D.L. (2013). The Relationship between Athletic Identity and Physical Activity among Former College Athletes. Athletic Insight, 5(3), 271-284.
  • Richard, S.S., & Aires, E. (1999). The Division III student athletes. Academic performance, campus involvement and growth. Journal of College Student Development, 40(3), 211-218.
  • Rotella, R.J., & Heyman, S.R. (1993). Stress, Injury and the Psychological Rehabilitation of Athletes. In J.M. Williams (Ed). Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance (2nd Ed. pp. 338 – 355). May Field.
  • Sarac, L., & Toprak, N. (2017). Examining the relationship between athletic identity and homophobia in a sample of sportsman university student athletes. SPORMETRE, Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 15(2),79-84. https://doi.org/10.1501/sport-0000000311.
  • Schrack-Waiters, A., Donnell, K.A., & Wardlow, D.K. (2009). Deconstructing the myths of the monolithic male athlete: A qualitative study of men’s participation in athletics. Sex Roles, 60(1-2) 81-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9499-y
  • Stainfeldt, M., & Stainfeldt, J.A. (2012). Athletic identity and conformity to masculine norms among college football players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24(2) 115-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2011.603405
  • Tasiemski, T., Kennedy, P., Gardner, B.P., & Blaikley, R.A. (2004). Athletic identity and sports participation in people with spinal injury. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 21, 364 -378. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.21.4.364
  • Thomas, J.R., Nelson, J.K., & Silverman, S.J. (2015). Research methods in physical activity (6th Ed.). Human Kinetics.
  • Tusak, M., Faganel, M., & Bednarik, J. (2005). Is Athletic identity an important motivation? International Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20, 473-480.
  • Van Raalte, N.S., & Cook, R.G. (1991). Gender specific situational influences in athletic identity. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical activity, Monterey, Canada.
  • Wiechman, S.A., & William, J. (1997). Relation of athletic identity to injury and mood disturbance. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 20(2), 199 -211.
  • Yanar, S., Kirandi, O., & Yusuf, C. (2017). Examining the differences between Tennis and badminton athletes perception of athletic identity and success motivation levels. Journal of Sports Education, 1(1), 51-58.

An Exploratory Study on Athletic Identity of University Athletes in Selected Sports in Kenya

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 175 - 185, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1204389

Öz

Athletic identity is a precursor to numerous sport inclinations like participation, talent development and competition. This becomes more salient in educational institutions where student-athletes are required to play a dual role. The purpose of this study was to explore the athletic identity of university athletes in selected sports. It was postulated that athletic identity formation of the university athletes will vary based on selected variables of gender, age and year of study. Data was collected from athletes who were taking part in university sports championships using Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS). The sample comprised 183 (67.78%) males and 89 (32.22%) females. Most of the university athletes were in the 1st and 3rd years of study, and 60% of the players had two years of playing experience. The results revealed that the university athletes had high perceptions of self- identity, social identity and exclusivity and low perceptions on negative affectivity. It is concluded that athletic identity is mediated by situational factors such as age and gender. Consequently, sports psychologists and coaches need to assist athletes improve and sustain their athletic identities. Sport psychologists could train the athletes on how to enhance athletic identity and maximize their sports performance. Future research could address, athletic identity and sports performance as well as athletic identity and athletes in specific playing positions.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, C.B. (2004). Athletic identity and its relation to exercise behavior: Scale development and initial validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26, 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.26.1.39
  • Brewer, B.W., Van Raalte, J.L., & Linder, D.E. (1993). Athletic identity: Hercules Muscles or Achilles Heel? International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24(2), 237-254.
  • Brewer, B.W., & Cornelius, A.E. (2001). Norms and factorial invariance of the athletic identity measurement scale. Academic Athletic Journal, 15, 103-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2012.705518.
  • Brewer, B.W., Selby, C.L., Linders, D.E., & Petitpas, A.J. (1999). Distancing oneself from and poor season: divestment of athletic identity. Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss, 4, 149-162.
  • Brewer, B.N., Cornelius, A.E., Stephan, Y., & Van Raalte, J.L. (2010). Self-protection changes in athletic identity following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.09.005.
  • Burke, P.T., & Reitzes, D. (1981). The link between identity and role performance. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44(2), 83-92.
  • Callero, P.L. (1985). Role – identity salience. Social Psychology Quarterly, 48(3), 203- 215. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033681
  • Curry, T.J., & Weiss, O. (1989). Sport identity and motivation for sport participation. A comparison between American College athletes and Australian student sport club members. Sociology of Sport Journal, 6(3), 257 -268.
  • Chen, S., Snyder, S., & Magner, M. (2010). The effect of sports participation on student – athletes and non – athlete student’s social life and Identity. Journal of Social Issues in Intercollegiate Athletic, 3, 176-193.
  • Cox, A.E., & Whaley, D.E. (2004). The influence of task value, expectancies for success, and identity of athletes’ achievement behaviors. Journal of Applied Sports Psychology, 16(2), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200490437930
  • Fish, M.B., Grove, J.R. & Eklund, R.C. (1999). Changes in athletic identity following state team selection trials. Paper presented at the 10th world congress on sport sciences with the Annual Australian Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport, Sydney, Australia.
  • Fraser, L., Fogarty, G. & Albion, M. (2008). Is there a basis for the notion of athletic identity? In N. Vidouris & V. Mowrinski (Eds). Proceedings of the 2008 Conference of the Australian Psychological Society. Hobart, Australia 23-27 September, 2008.
  • Green, S.L., & Weinberg, R.S. (2001). Relationships among athletic identity, coping skills, social support and the psychological impact of injury in recreational participants. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(1), 40–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200109339003
  • Groff, D.G., & Zabriskie, R.B. (2006). An exploration study of athletic identity among elite alpine skiers with physical disabilities: Issues of measurement and design. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 29(2), 126-141.
  • Grove, J.R., Fish, M., & Eklund, R.C. (2004). Changes in athletic identity following team selection: Self-protection versus self-enhancement. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16(1), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200490260062
  • Hoiness, A.R., Weathington, B.L., & Cotrell, A.L. (2008). Perceptions of female athletes based on observer characteristics. Athletic Insight, 10, 43-54.
  • Houle, J.L.W., Brewer, B.W., & Kluck, A.S. (2010). Development trends in athletic identity: A two-part retrospective study. Journal of Sport Behavior, 33(2), 146-159.
  • Horton, R.S., & Mack, D.E. (2000). Athletic identity in marathon runners. Functional focus or dysfunctional commitment? Journal Sport Behavior, 23(2),101-119.
  • Karakas, T. (2017). Investigation of the relationship between perceived optimal performance emotional state and constant use of self-confidence and perception of athletic identity in athletes. Master Dissertation, Graduate School of Health Science, Mugla Sitki Koçman University, Mugla.
  • Lamout-Mills, A., & Christensen, S.A. (2006). Athletic identity and its relationship to sport participation levels. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9, 472 -478.
  • Martin, K.A., Forgorty, G.J., & Albion, M.J. (2014). Changes in Athletic identity and role satisfaction of elite athletes as a function of retirement status. Journal of Applied Sports Psychology, 26 (1), 96 -110.
  • Miller, P.S., & Kerr, G.A. (2003). The role experimentation of intercollegiate student athletes. Sport Psychologist, 17(2), 196-220.
  • Miller, K. (2009). Sport related identities and the “Toxic Jock”. Journal of Sport Behavior, 32, 69-91.
  • Miller, K.E., Melnick, M.J., Barnes, G.M., Farrell, M.P., & Sabo, D. (2005). Untangling the links among athletic involvement, gender, race and adolescent academic outcomes. Sociology of Sport Journal, 22(2),178-193. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.22.2.178.
  • Mitchell, T.O., Nesti, M., Richardson, D., Medley, A.W., Eubank, M., & Littlewoods, M. (2014). Exploring athletic identity in elite – level English Youth Football: a cross-sectional Approach. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(13), 1294- 1299. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.898855.
  • Murphy, G.M., Petitpas, A.J., & Brewer, B.W. (1996). Identity foreclosure, athletic identity and career maturity in intercollegiate athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 239- 246. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.10.3.239
  • Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2005). Masculinity, femininity and the Bem Sex role inventory in Turkey. Sex Roles, 52(1-2), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-1197-4
  • Padaki, A., Noticewala, M.S., Levina, W.N., Ahmad, C.S., Popkin, M.K., & Popkin, C.A. (2018). Prevalence of Post-Traumatic stress disorder symptoms among young athletes after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Orthopaedic Journal of Sport Medicine, 6(7), 1-5. Article 2325967118787159. https://doi.org/10.1177/235967118787159.
  • Proios, M.C. (2012). Athletic identity and achievement goals of Gymnastic athletes. Science of Gymnastics Journal, 4(3) 15-24.
  • Proios, M., Proios, M.C., Mavrovouniotis, F., & Theofanis, S. (2012). An exploratory study of athletic identity in university PE students. Graduate journal of Sports Exercise and Physical Education Research, 1, 98-107.
  • Reifsteck, E.J., Gill, D.L. & Brooks, D.L. (2013). The Relationship between Athletic Identity and Physical Activity among Former College Athletes. Athletic Insight, 5(3), 271-284.
  • Richard, S.S., & Aires, E. (1999). The Division III student athletes. Academic performance, campus involvement and growth. Journal of College Student Development, 40(3), 211-218.
  • Rotella, R.J., & Heyman, S.R. (1993). Stress, Injury and the Psychological Rehabilitation of Athletes. In J.M. Williams (Ed). Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance (2nd Ed. pp. 338 – 355). May Field.
  • Sarac, L., & Toprak, N. (2017). Examining the relationship between athletic identity and homophobia in a sample of sportsman university student athletes. SPORMETRE, Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 15(2),79-84. https://doi.org/10.1501/sport-0000000311.
  • Schrack-Waiters, A., Donnell, K.A., & Wardlow, D.K. (2009). Deconstructing the myths of the monolithic male athlete: A qualitative study of men’s participation in athletics. Sex Roles, 60(1-2) 81-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9499-y
  • Stainfeldt, M., & Stainfeldt, J.A. (2012). Athletic identity and conformity to masculine norms among college football players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24(2) 115-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2011.603405
  • Tasiemski, T., Kennedy, P., Gardner, B.P., & Blaikley, R.A. (2004). Athletic identity and sports participation in people with spinal injury. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 21, 364 -378. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.21.4.364
  • Thomas, J.R., Nelson, J.K., & Silverman, S.J. (2015). Research methods in physical activity (6th Ed.). Human Kinetics.
  • Tusak, M., Faganel, M., & Bednarik, J. (2005). Is Athletic identity an important motivation? International Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20, 473-480.
  • Van Raalte, N.S., & Cook, R.G. (1991). Gender specific situational influences in athletic identity. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical activity, Monterey, Canada.
  • Wiechman, S.A., & William, J. (1997). Relation of athletic identity to injury and mood disturbance. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 20(2), 199 -211.
  • Yanar, S., Kirandi, O., & Yusuf, C. (2017). Examining the differences between Tennis and badminton athletes perception of athletic identity and success motivation levels. Journal of Sports Education, 1(1), 51-58.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Spor Hekimliği, Turizm (Diğer)
Bölüm Orijinal Makale
Yazarlar

Elıjah Rıntaugu 0000-0003-1241-5046

Muchiri Karega Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-0943-2742

Ishmael Kırui 0000-0003-0192-016X

Francis Mundia Mwangı 0000-0003-0147-9140

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Kabul Tarihi 26 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Rıntaugu, E., Karega, M., Kırui, I., Mwangı, F. M. (2023). An Exploratory Study on Athletic Identity of University Athletes in Selected Sports in Kenya. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 175-185. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1204389
AMA Rıntaugu E, Karega M, Kırui I, Mwangı FM. An Exploratory Study on Athletic Identity of University Athletes in Selected Sports in Kenya. JSSR. Haziran 2023;8(2):175-185. doi:10.25307/jssr.1204389
Chicago Rıntaugu, Elıjah, Muchiri Karega, Ishmael Kırui, ve Francis Mundia Mwangı. “An Exploratory Study on Athletic Identity of University Athletes in Selected Sports in Kenya”. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, sy. 2 (Haziran 2023): 175-85. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1204389.
EndNote Rıntaugu E, Karega M, Kırui I, Mwangı FM (01 Haziran 2023) An Exploratory Study on Athletic Identity of University Athletes in Selected Sports in Kenya. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 2 175–185.
IEEE E. Rıntaugu, M. Karega, I. Kırui, ve F. M. Mwangı, “An Exploratory Study on Athletic Identity of University Athletes in Selected Sports in Kenya”, JSSR, c. 8, sy. 2, ss. 175–185, 2023, doi: 10.25307/jssr.1204389.
ISNAD Rıntaugu, Elıjah vd. “An Exploratory Study on Athletic Identity of University Athletes in Selected Sports in Kenya”. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/2 (Haziran 2023), 175-185. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1204389.
JAMA Rıntaugu E, Karega M, Kırui I, Mwangı FM. An Exploratory Study on Athletic Identity of University Athletes in Selected Sports in Kenya. JSSR. 2023;8:175–185.
MLA Rıntaugu, Elıjah vd. “An Exploratory Study on Athletic Identity of University Athletes in Selected Sports in Kenya”. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 175-8, doi:10.25307/jssr.1204389.
Vancouver Rıntaugu E, Karega M, Kırui I, Mwangı FM. An Exploratory Study on Athletic Identity of University Athletes in Selected Sports in Kenya. JSSR. 2023;8(2):175-8.

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