Uzay Turizmi, Seyahat ve Yenilik

Öz

Uzay turizmi, 21.yüzyılda inovasyon ve dijitalleşme sayesinde hızla gelişen ve daha önce tatmadıkları çılgın bir maceraya hazır yüksek gelirli seyyahlara nefes kesen bir seyahat için yarışan turizm şeklidir. Bu yarışta, gelişmiş ülkelerin özel uzay turizmi şirketleri arasında kıyasıya bir rekabet vardır. 21.yüzyılın başlarında İngiliz milyarder Richard Branson ve ekibi Virgin Galactic uzay uçağı ile 2021 yılı Temmuz ayında ilk sivil özel uzay seyahatini gerçekleşmiştir. Ardından Jeff Bezos (Amazon kurucusu) Blue Origin isimli özel uzay uçuşu şirketi tarafından tasarlanan New Shepard isimli roketle yanındaki üç kişiyle yörünge altı seyahatini Branson’dan yaklaşık bir hafta sonra gerçekleştirmiştir. Ancak ilk uzay turisti unvanını alan kişi 2001 yılında yörüngedeki Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonuna giden Amerikalı Denis Tito isimli milyarderdir. Bununla beraber, Denis Tito, İngiliz Richard Branson ve ABD’li Jeff Bezos gibi kendi uzay şirketi tarafından geliştirilen bir uzay aracı ile değil Rus Soyuz roketi ile yörüngedeki Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu’na gitmiştir. Apollo 11’in 1969’da aya inmesiyle başlayan uzay yarışı, hızlanarak sürmektedir. Nasa’nın 2021’de açıkladığı Artemis isimli aya iniş programı için SpaceX firmasını görevlendirmesi ile gelen hamle, uzay yarışında özel girişimi, kamunun önüne geçirmiştir. Bu makale, geleneksel turizmden ayrı bir özel ilgi turizmi olarak değerlendirilebilecek uzay turizminin tarihini ve gelişim sürecini kısa bir şekilde gözden geçirirken, teknolojik yeniliklerin uzay seyahatlerine etkilerini, uzay yarışında özel girişimi, uzay turizmi ekonomisi ve gelecekteki beklentileri incelemektedir. Araştırma,uzay turizmi ile ilgili akademik araştırmalar, tezler, haberler, yayınlar taranarak ve Dünya Bankası, OECD, UNCTAD yayınları ile birleştirilerek ilişkilendirilmiştir. Böylelikle yörüngesel uzay seyahatlerinden yörünge altı uzay seyahatlerine doğru yönelişin genişleyen tekno endüstriyel dünya için önemi ve uzay turizminin gerçeğe dönüşmesindeki güçlükler ortaya konmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Uzay Turizmi
• Rekabet
• Seyahat
• Kalkınma
• Yenilik
• Çevre

Destekleyen Kurum

Kocaeli Üniversitesi

Space Tourism, Travel and Innovation

Öz

Space tourism is a rapidly developing form of tourism in the 21st century thanks to innovation and digitalization, and high-income travelers ready for a crazy adventure compete for a breathtaking journey they have never tasted in their lives. In this race, there is fierce competition between private space tourism companies from developed countries. At the beginning of the 21st century, British billionaire Richard Branson and his team made the first civilian private space travel in July 2021 with the Virgin Galactic space plane. Then, Jeff Bezos (Amazon founder) made a suborbital trip with three people next to him with the rocket named New Shepard, designed by the private spaceflight company Blue Origin, about a week after Branson. However, the first person to receive the title of space tourist is Denis Tito, an American billionaire who went to the orbiting International Space Station in 2001. However, Denis Tito went to the International Space Station with a Russian Soyuz rocket, not with a spacecraft developed by his own space company, such as British Richard Branson and US Jeff Bezos. This article, while briefly reviewing the history and development process of space tourism, which can be considered as special interest tourism separate from traditional tourism, examines the effects of technological innovations on space travel, a private initiative in the space race, space tourism economy, and future expectations. The research has been linked by scanning academic research, theses, news, and publications related to space tourism and combining them with World Bank, OECD, and UNCTAD publications. Thus, the importance of the shift from orbital space travel to suborbital space travel for the expanding techno-industrial world and the difficulties in making space tourism a reality are revealed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Space Tourism
• Fierce Competition
• Travel
• Development
• Innovation Environment
• Uzay Turizmi
• Rekabet
• Seyahat
• Kalkınma
• Yenilik
• Çevre

Kaynakça

1. Astronotlarda kas kaybı. Milliyet (2009). Erişim adresi: https://www.milliyet.com.tr/pembenar/astronotlarda-kas-kaybi-1083649. Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2022
2. Barrie, T. (2020). As early as 2022, you can experience five-star accommodation in space. Erişim adresi: https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/lifestyle/article/space-tourism-hotels-2022/amp Erişim tarihi: 23.01.2022
3. Bensoussan, D. (2010). Space tourism risks: A space insurance perspective. Acta Astronautica (66), 1633–1638.
4. Biber, AB (2021). Uzay turizminin geleceği heyecan verici, peki Dünya'nın geleceği? TRT Haber. Erişim adresi: https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/uzay-turizminin-gelecegi-heyecan-verici-peki-dunyanin-gelecegi-599176.html Erişim tarihi: 01.01.2022
5. Botlíková, M. ve Botlík, J. (2020). Local Extremes of Selected Industry 4.0 Indicators in the European Space—Structure for Autonomous Systems. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(1), 1-37.
6. Bulchand-Gidumal, J. (2020). Impact of Artificial Intelligence in Travel, Tourism, and Hospitality. In Z.Xiang, M. Fuchs, U.Gretzel, W. (Ed.) Handbook of e-Tourism. 1-21, Springer, New York
7. Cadogan, D.P.(2015). The Past and Future Space Suit. American Scientist, 103(5), 338-347
8. Chang, Y-W. (2015). The first decade of commercial space tourism. Acta Astronautica 108, 79–91

9. Civelek, M ve Türkay, O. (2019). Uzay Turizmine İlişkin Uluslararası Turizm Karikatürlerinin Göstergebilimsel Bir Analizi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(3), 960-980.
10. Cole, S. (2015). Space tourism: prospects, positioning, and planning. Journal of Tourısm Futures, 1(2), 131-140.
11. Collins, P. (2006). Space tourism: From Earth orbit to the Moon. Advances in Space Research 37, 116–122
12. Collins, P. ve Autino, A. (2009). What the growth of a space tourism industry could contribute to employment, economic growth, environmental protection, education, culture, and world peace. Acta Astronautica 66, 1553–1562.
13. Coming soon: Sub-orbital flights from New York to Beijing in just 2 hours for billionaires. (2017). Daily News. Erişim adresi: https://www.dailynews.com/2014/07/07/coming-soon-sub-orbital-flights-from-new-york-to-beijing-in-just-2-hours-for-billionaires/ Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2022
14. Compton, N.B. (2021). The next step in space tourism? A luxury training center for civilians. Erişim adresi: https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/2021/12/08/space-tourism-luxury-training/
15. COVID-19 impact on tourism could deal $4 trillion blow to the global economy: UN report. (2021). UN News. Erişim adresi: https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/06/1095052 Erişim tarihi: 02.02.2022
16. Craven, M. (2019). ‘Other Spaces’: Constructing the Legal Architecture of a Cold War Commons and the Scientific-Technical Imaginary of Outer Space. European Journal of International Law, 30(2), 547–572.
17. Designs revealed for incredible new space hotel. CNN (2019). Erişim adresi: https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/space-hotel-designs-von-braun-station-scn/index.html Erişim tarihi: 05.03.2022
18. Dietze G, Bartlett DT, Cool DA, et al. ICRP Publication 123: Assessment of Radiation Exposure of Astronauts in Space. Annals of the ICRP. 2013;42(4):1-339. doi:10.1016/j.icrp.2013.05.004
19. Digital Transformation. (2021). UNWTO, Erişim adresi: https://www.unwto.org/digital-transformationx Erişim tarihi: 02.03.2022
20. Dredge, D., Phi, G. Mahadevan, R. Meehan, E. ve Popescu, E.S. (2018). Digitalisation in Tourism. In-depth analysis of challenges and opportunities. In Low-Value procedure GRO-SME-17-C-091-A for Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME) Virtual Tourism Observatory. Aalborg University, Copenhagen: Denmark.
21. Dünya manzaralı konaklama Uzay turizmi başlıyor. (2019). NTV. Erişim adresi: https://www.ntv.com.tr/galeri/seyahat/dunya-manzarali-konaklama-uzay-turizmi-basliyor,1Y_zz997h06GRCPnwEi26g/R5Phm9yZbUay9bqMEcpaxw Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2021
22. Fawkes, S. (2007). Space tourism and sustainable development. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 60(11), 401-408
23. First space tourist Dennis Tito: 'It was the greatest moment of my life. CNN (2021). Erişim adresi: https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/space-tourism-20-year-anniversary-scn/index.html Erişim tarihi: 02.02.2022
24. Gibson, D.C. (2012). The Potential Significance of Space Tourism. In Commercial Space Tourism: Impediments to Industrial Development and Strategic Communication Solutions. 3-29, https://doi.org/10.2174/978160805239411201010003
25. Hobe, S. (2009). The legal regime for private space tourism activities—An overview. Acta Astronautica 66 (2010) 1593–1596.
26. Kiger, P. (2021). 10 Reasons Why Space Exploration Matters to You. Erişim adresi: https://science.howstuffworks.com/10-reasons-space-exploration-matters.htm Erişim tarihi: 05.03.2021
27. King, A.K. (2020). The Future of Space Tourism. Congressional Research Service Report, Erişim address: https://crsreport congress. gov/product/pdf/R/R46500 Erişim tarihi: 06.05.2022
28. Kiper, V.O., & Batman, O.. (2021). Uzay Turizmi: Olasılıklar, Uygulamalar, Kavramsal Bir Yaklaşım. Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 6(1), 265- 271.
29. Kumar, S. ve Asthana, S.(2020). Digitalization: A Strategic Approach for Development of Tourism Industry in India. Paradigm 24(1), 93-108.
30. Liang, R.(2015). Research of Sharing Platform of Tourism Teaching Resources Based on Internet Technology. In 2015 SSR International Conference on Social Sciences and Information, Processing Book, 11, 361-367.
31. Loomer PM. The Impact of Microgravity on Bone Metabolism in vitro and in vivo. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine. 2001;12(3):252-261. doi:10.1177/10454411010120030401
32. Mann, A. (2020). What's the difference between orbital and suborbital spaceflight? Erişim adresi: https://www.space.com/suborbital-orbital-flight.html Erişim tarihi: 12.12.2021
33. Nasa: Hologram doctors beamed live to International Space Station to visit astronauts. BBC (2022). Erişim adresi: https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/61223068 Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2022
34. Nearly Half the World’s Population Still Lacks Access to Modern Energy Cooking Services. (2020). The World Bank. Erişim adresi: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/09/24/nearly-half-the-worlds-population-still-lacks-access-to-modern-energy-cooking-services Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2022
35. Onhan, M.E., Yıldız, Z. ve Güneş, İ. (2018). Turizm Sektörünün Gelişimi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: İlk Çağdan 19. Yüzyıla. İlkçağlardan Modern Döneme Tarihten İzler kitabında, Berikan Yayınevi, Ankara
36. Padhy, A.K. ve Padhy, A.K.(2021). Legal conundrums of space tourism. Acta Astronautica, 184, 269–273.
37. Panagiota, C. (2017). Digital Transformation in the tourism sector. Master Thesis, International Hellenic University, School of Scıence & Technology. Thessaloniki, Greek.
38. Pekkanen, SM (2021). China, Japan, and the Governance of Space: prospects for competition and cooperation. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 21(1), 37–64.
39. Perumal, P. (2021). Explained | Why billionaires are going to space. The Hindu (23 Temmuz, 2021). Erişim adresi: https://www.thehindu.com/business/explained-why-billionaires-are-going-to-space/article35484292.ece Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2021
40. Prideaux, B. ve Singer, P. (2005). Space Tourism—A Future Dream or a Cyber tourism Reality? Tourism Recreation Research, 30(3), 27-35.
41. Rifai, T. (2017). Tourism and Job Creation – Advancing the 2030 Development Agenda. Erişim adresi: https://reports.weforum.org/travel-and-tourism-competitiveness-report-2017/tourism-and-job-creation-advancing-the-2030-development-agenda/ Erişim tarihi: 10.12.2021
42. Sheetz, M. (2020). How SpaceX, Virgin Galactic, Blue Origin, and others compete in the growing space tourism market. CNBC. Erişim adresi: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/26/space-tourism-how-spacex-virgin-galactic-blue-origin-axiom-compete.html Erişim tarihi: 10.12.2021
43. Sherwood, B. (2005). Lunar Architecture and Urbanism, 2 nd ed. SAE Transactions. Journal of Aerospace, 114(1), 354-361.
44. Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 312–321
45. Spector, S ve Cohen, E. (2020). Space tourism-past to future: a perspective article. Tourism Review, 75(1), 136-139
46. Stainton, H. (2022). Space tourism explained: What, why, and where. Erişim adresi: https://tourismteacher.com/space-tourism/
47. Sun, Q., Huang, X. ve Liu, Z. (2022). Tourists’ Digital Footprint: Prediction Method of Tourism Consumption Decision Preference. The Computer Journal, DOI:10.1093/coming/bxab210
48. Tascı, A. (2016). Opinion: Space Tourism. Erişim adresi: https://www.ucf.edu/pegasus/space-tourism/ Erişim tarihi: 13.12.2021
49. Tejokusumo, A. (2014). Entering “New Space”: Research on the global sub-orbital tourism industry. Thesis for: MBA International Business, Trinity Western University, Canada.
50. Tourism and Digitalization in the Decade of Action. (2020). UNCTAD. Erişim adresi: https://unctad.org/news/tourism-and-digitalization-decade-action Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2022
51. Tourism Trends and Policies 2020. (2020). OECD. Chapter 2. Preparing tourism businesses for the digital future. Erişim adresi: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/f528d444-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/f528d444-en Erişim tarihi: 20.12.2021
52. Uzaya Gitmek İstiyorum (2018). Jet Sosyete. Erişim adresi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLSlVUUkuuE Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2022
53. Uzaya yolculuk: Virgin Galactic'in kurucusu Richard Branson’un 15 yıllık zorlu yolculuğu (2021). BBC. https://t24.com.tr/haber/uzaya-yolculuk-virgin-galactic-in-kurucusu-richard-branson-un-15-yillik-zorlu-yolculugu,965506. Erişim Tarihi: 24.01.2022
54. Uzayda kalan astronotları bekleyen tehlike! CNN Türk (2015). Erişim: Uzayda kalan astronotları bekleyen tehlike! (cnnturk.com) Erişim Tarihi: 14.09.2022
55. Van Manen, H. Ve Bekkers, F. (2020). Space Satellites, Space Exploration, and the Netherlands’ National Security. Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, Space Satellites, Space Exploration, and the Netherlands - Ox - StuDocu
56. Vodeb, K. (2012). Competition in tourism in terms of changing environment. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences (44), 273-278.
57. Webber, D. (2013). Space tourism: Its history, future and importance. Acta Astronautica, 92(2), 138-143.
58. Wall, G. ve Towner, J.(1991). History and Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, (18), 71-84.
59. Weinzierl, M. (2018). Space, the Final Economic Frontier. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32(2), 173-192.
60. World Bank. (2018). Digital Platforms and the Future of Tourism. Erişim adresi: Digital Platforms and the Future of Tourism (worldbank.org) Erişim tarihi: 10.02.2021
61. World Economic Forum. (2020), COVID-19 is increasing multiple kinds of inequality. Here’s what we can do about it. Erişim adresi: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/10/covid-19-is-increasing-multiple-kinds-of-inequality-here-s-what-we-can-do-about-it/ Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2021