Zeus Kültündeki Greko-Pers Etkileşimler

Yıl 2019, , 269 - 287, 14.12.2019

Farzad Abedi

https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.626139

Öz

Zeus kültündeki Greko-Pers etkileşimler, arkeolojik kanıtlar ve antik edebî eserler ışığında ortaya çıkarılabilir. Zeus, antik bir Hint-Avrupalı kökene sahipti. Akhamenid İmparatorluğu’nun kurulmasıyla birlikte, uzun bir süre birbirlerinden uzak kalan Hint-Avrupalı kültler, yeniden bir araya gelmişlerdir. Zeus da bu olayın sonucunda yeni etkileşimlerle karşılaşmıştır. Hinduizm’de gökyüzünün ata tanrısı olan Dyaus-Pitar’dan türetilen Zeus, Antik İran pantheonundaki kötümser tanrılar olan Daevalar’la ilişkilendirilmektedir. Ancak, Akhamenid İmparatorluğu kurulduktan sonra, hem antik edebî eserlerde, hem de arkeolojik ve epigrafik kanıtlar ışığında, Zeus’un daha çok Persler’in baş tanrısı olan Ahuramazda ile özdeşleştirilmesinden bahsedilir. Kafkaslar’da “Şimşekli Armazd” adı verilen tanrı, bu ilişkiyi açık bir şekilde yansıtmaktadır. Akhamenid İmparatorluğu çöktükten sonra, Doğu Anadolu’da baş kaldıran Yarı Persli hânedanlar, Ahuramazda ile Zeus’un birleşmesini hızlandırmışardır. Kommagene’de ortaya çıkan Zeus-Oramasdes, bu birleşimin önemli noktasıdır.

Zeus kültündeki Greko-Pers etkileşimler konusunda, Ata-Kral-Tanrı kavramı da, yeni bir kavram olarak önem taşımaktadır. Arsakid sikkelerinde, Zeus biçiminde tasvir edilen kral ve kralın atası, bu konuyu kanıtlayan örneklerden sayılmaktadır. Bunun yanında, Yunan felsefî ve kültsel düşüncede, Kral-Tanrı kavramı, ilk defa Persli bir kral, yani I. Kserkses hakkında kullanılmıştır. Olympia’da keşfedilen Zeus ve Ganymedes terrakottası, söz edilen düşünceden kaynaklanmış olabilir. Sözü geçen Zeus, Pers etkili (?) bir sakal ve bıyığa sahip olduğu için, Ata-Kral-Tanrı kavramını temsil eden bir kanıt olarak kabul edilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Zeus, Kült, Mitoloji, Persli, Yunan

The Greco-Persian Interactions in the Cult of Zeus

Öz

The Greco-Persian interactions in the cult of Zeus can be revealed in the light of archaeological evidence and ancient literature. With the establishment of the Achaemenid Empire, Zeus, who had an ancient Indo-European origin, encountered with new interactions after the reunion of the Indo-European cults, which had remained far from each other for a long time. Zeus, who is Derived from Dyaus-Pitar, the god of the Sky in Hinduism identically, is associated with Daevas, the pessimistic gods in the ancient Persian pantheon. However, after the establishment of the Achaemenid Empire, both in ancient literature and in the light of archaeological and epigraphic evidence, Zeus is more likely to be associated with Ahuramazda, the chief god of the Persians. In the Caucasus, the god known as Lightning Armazd can clearly represent this relationship. After the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, the semi-Persian dynasties of Eastern Anatolia, which had their heads up, affected the unification of Ahuramazda and Zeus. Zeus-Oramasdes, which emerged in Commagene, is the focal point of this unification.

In the Greco-Persian interactions in the cult of Zeus, the concept of Father-King-God is also important as a new concept. The emergence of the picture of the king and king's ancestor, depicted in Zeus form, in the coins of Arsacid Kings  is considered as one of the examples that can prove this. Besides, in the Greek philosophical and religious thought, the King-God concept was first used for a Persian king, namely Xerxes I.. Some Zeus figures in Greece, which can be said to be Persian, are likely to originate from the same idea.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Zeus, Cult, Mythology, Persian, Greek

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