Araştırma Makalesi
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Klasik Yunan Dünyasında Pers-Severlik Oluşumu

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 72 - 93, 22.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.540297

Öz

Akhaemenid İmparatorluğu'nun M.Ö 6. yüzyılın en önemli olayı olan kuruluşu, antik dünyanın en önemli medeniyet merkezlerindeki tüm kültürel ve sosyal parametreleri değiştirdi. Antik zengin kültürünün tümü ile,Yunanistan, dünyanın bu yeni hükümetinden etkilenmiş ve bu etkiyi Yunan toplumlarının bütün kültürel ve sosyal oranlarında göstermiştir. I. Kserkses'in büyük yürüyüşünden sonra, Batı ile Doğu arasındaki iletişim yeni çok kültürlü toplumlar yaratmada yeni bir fırsat buldu ve Akhaemenid İmparatorluğu'nun lükslüğü bazı Yunan halklarını yeni bir yaşam tarzı, kültür ve hatta kült hâline getirecek şekilde etkiledi ve bu olay “Philo-Persianizm” (Pers Severlik) olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Başkentin kültürel politikaları ve yerel Pers vâlileri, Susa'nın Derikleri ve çok uluslu aileler bu süreci hızlandırdı. Kserkses’in büyük yürüyüşünden bu yana, bu sosyal kimlikler bazı Yunan kent-devletlerinde büyük bir problem hâline geldi. Philo-Persianizm süreci, bölgelerin sosyal ve kültürel durumuna göre farklıydı ve bazen mitolojik anlatılar, bazen birleşmiş kültler ve bazen de İmparatorluğun madeni paraları aracılığıyla gerçekleşti, ama bu yöntemlerin hepsi bazen Akhaemenid İmparatorluğu'nun beşinci uzantısı olarak oynayabilecek yeni, Pers sempatisi olan toplumları yarattı. Argos kent-devleti, Küçük Asya'nın çok uluslu aileleri ve Pers Sever dinî hânedanlar ve kültler, Klasik Dönemde,dünyadaki önemli siyasî olayların sonuçlarını değiştirebilecek Yunan dünyasının en önemli Pers Sevici toplumları olarak sayılabilir.

Kaynakça

  • [1] _____________ (1611). The King James Version Bible (KJV). The Church of England.
  • [2] Abedi, F. (2018). “The Religious Policies of Artaxerxes II and the Appearance of a New Goddess in Anatolia” (in Persian), in: Proceeding of International Congress of Young Archaeologists, pp. 719-750. Tehran: Bonyad Iranshenasi.
  • [3] Aelianus (1665). Various History. Translated by Thomas Stanely. London.
  • [4] Apollodorus (1921). The Library. Translated by Sir James George Frazer. Loeb Classical Library Volumes 121 & 122. Cambridge and MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd.
  • [5] Athenaeus (1854). The Deipnosophists, Or Banquet Of The Learned Of Athenaeus. London: Henry G. Bohn.
  • [6] Badi, A. M. (1969). Les Greces et les Barbares (L autre face de l’historie). Lausanne: Payot.
  • [7] Boffo, L. (1978). “La lettera di Dario a Gadata. I privilegi del tempio di Apollo a Magnesia sul Meandro”, in: BIDR, Terza Ser. XX, pp. 267-303.
  • [8] Briant, P. (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Translated by Peter T. Daniels. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
  • [9] Burkert, W. (2001). Savage Energies: Lessons of Myth and Ritual in Ancient Greece. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
  • [10] Burrell, B. (2004). Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Empirers. Boston: Brill.
  • [11] Carr, J. C. (2012). Sparta’s Kings. West Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Military.
  • [12] Casson, S. (1914). “The Persian Expedition to Delphi”, in: CR, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 145-151.
  • [13] Diodorus Siculus (1989). Diodorus of Sicily in Twelve Volumes, with an English Translation by C. H. Oldfather. Vol. 4-8. Cambridge and MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd.
  • [14] Dusinberre, E. R. M. (2003). Aspects of Empire in Achaemenid Sardis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • [15] Fehr, B. (1971). “Zur Geschichte des Apollonheiligtums von Didyma”, in: Marburger Winckelmann-Programm.1971-72, pp. 14-59.
  • [16] Gaber, S. E. (1986). Regional Styles in Cypriote Sculpture: The Sculpture from Idalion. New York: Garland. Gjerstad.
  • [17] Ghirshman, R. (1963). L‘Art de L‘Iran, Mede et Achemenide. Paris: Gallimard.
  • [18] Graf, D. F. (1984). “Medism: The Origin and Significance of the Term”, in: JHS, Vol. 104, pp. 15-30.
  • [19] Graf, F. (2009). Apollo. London and New York: Routledge.
  • [20] Hammond, N. G. L. (1998). “The Branchidae at Didyma and in Sogdiana”, in: CQ, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 339-344.
  • [21] Herodotus (1920). The Histories. Translated by A. D. Godley. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
  • [22] Hesiod (1914). The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White. Theogony. Cambridge and MA.:Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd.
  • [23] Jacobs, B. (2011). “Nemrud Dağı”, in: Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, 2016, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nemrud-dagi (accessed on 3 March 2018).
  • [24] Josephus (1895). The Works of Flavius Josephus. Translated by William Whiston, A.M. Auburn and Buffalo: John E. Beardsley.
  • [25] Lazenby, J. F. (1975). “Pausanias, Son of Kleombrotos”, in: Hermes, 103. Bd., H. 2, pp. 235-251.
  • [26] Liddell, H. G. and Scott, R. (1889). An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon.
  • [27] Pausanias (1918). Pausanias Description of Greece, with an English Translation by W. H. S. Jones, Litt. D. and H. A. Ormerod, M. A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge and MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd.
  • [28] Plato (1955). Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vol. 8. Translated by W.R.M. Lamb. Cambridge and MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd.
  • [29] Plutarch (1917). Plutarch's Lives. with an English Translation by Bernadotte Perrin. Cambridge and MA. :Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd.
  • [30] Pliny the Elder (1855). The Natural History. ed. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A.. London: Taylor and Francis.
  • [31] Rhodes, P. J. (1970). “Thucydides on Pausanias and Themistocles”, in: Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 19, H. 4, pp. 387-400.
  • [32] Robert, L. (1953). “Le Sanctuaire d'Artémis à Amyzon”, in: CRAI, 97e année, N. 4, pp. 403-415.
  • [33] Robert, L. and J. (1983). Fouilles d’Amyzon en Carie, I, Paris.
  • [34] Schmidt, E. (1953), Persepolis I, Structures, Reliefs, Inscriptions. Chicago.
  • [35] Schmitt, R. (1994). “Datis”, in: Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. VII, Fasc. 2, pp. 126-127.
  • [36] Schmitt, R. (2004). “Immortals”, in: Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. XIII, Fasc. 1, pp. 2-3.
  • [37] Sears, M. A. (2014). “Alexander and Ada Reconsidered”, in: CPh , Vol. 109, No. 3, pp. 211-221.
  • [38] Sekunda, N. (1988). “Achaemenid Settlement In Caria, Lycia And Greater Phrygia”, in: Achaemenid History Vol 6 (Asia Minor And Egypt: Old Clutures In A New Empire). Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, pp. 83-143.
  • [39] Strabo (1924). The Geography of Strabo. ed. H. L. Jones, Cambridge and MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd.
  • [40] Thucydides (1910). The Peloponnesian War. London: J. M. Dent; New York: E. P. Dutton.
  • [41] Tyrwhitt, R. E. (1868). Esther and Ahasuerus: An Identification of the Persons so Named, Half-Vol. II.. Oxford and London: James Parker and CO..
  • [42] Xenophon (1922). Xenophon in Seven Volumes, 3. ed. Carleton L. Brownson. Cambridge and MA: Harvard University Press, London: William Heinemann Ltd..

The Foundation of Philo-Persianism in Classical Greek World

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 72 - 93, 22.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.540297

Öz

The establishment of the Achaemenid Empire as the most important occurrence of the 6th century B.C. changed all of cultural and social parameters in the most important civilization centres of the ancient world. Greece, with all of its ancient rich culture has been effected by this new government of the world and has shown this effect in all of its cultural and social proportions of Hellenic societies. After the great march of Xerxes I the communications between West and East found a new opportunity for making new multi-cultural societies and the luxury of the Achaemenid Empire influenced some of Greek peoples to make a new style of life, culture and even cult, that is known as “Philo-Persianism”. The Cultural policies of the capital and the local satraps, the Darics of Susa, and the multi-national houses stepped up this process. Since the great march of Xerxes, these social identities became a great problem for some of Greek city-states. The process of Philo-Persianism was different according to the social and cultural situation of the regions. It happened sometimes by the mythological narrations, sometimes by the unified cults and sometimes by the coins of the Empire, but all of them made new Persian sympathy societies that sometimes could play as the fifth columns of the Achaemenid Empire. The city-state of Argos, the multi-national houses of Asia Minor and the Philo-Persian religious houses and cults could be count as the most important Philo-Persian societies of Greek world, that could change important results of the political events during the Classical period.

Kaynakça

  • [1] _____________ (1611). The King James Version Bible (KJV). The Church of England.
  • [2] Abedi, F. (2018). “The Religious Policies of Artaxerxes II and the Appearance of a New Goddess in Anatolia” (in Persian), in: Proceeding of International Congress of Young Archaeologists, pp. 719-750. Tehran: Bonyad Iranshenasi.
  • [3] Aelianus (1665). Various History. Translated by Thomas Stanely. London.
  • [4] Apollodorus (1921). The Library. Translated by Sir James George Frazer. Loeb Classical Library Volumes 121 & 122. Cambridge and MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd.
  • [5] Athenaeus (1854). The Deipnosophists, Or Banquet Of The Learned Of Athenaeus. London: Henry G. Bohn.
  • [6] Badi, A. M. (1969). Les Greces et les Barbares (L autre face de l’historie). Lausanne: Payot.
  • [7] Boffo, L. (1978). “La lettera di Dario a Gadata. I privilegi del tempio di Apollo a Magnesia sul Meandro”, in: BIDR, Terza Ser. XX, pp. 267-303.
  • [8] Briant, P. (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Translated by Peter T. Daniels. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
  • [9] Burkert, W. (2001). Savage Energies: Lessons of Myth and Ritual in Ancient Greece. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
  • [10] Burrell, B. (2004). Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Empirers. Boston: Brill.
  • [11] Carr, J. C. (2012). Sparta’s Kings. West Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Military.
  • [12] Casson, S. (1914). “The Persian Expedition to Delphi”, in: CR, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 145-151.
  • [13] Diodorus Siculus (1989). Diodorus of Sicily in Twelve Volumes, with an English Translation by C. H. Oldfather. Vol. 4-8. Cambridge and MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd.
  • [14] Dusinberre, E. R. M. (2003). Aspects of Empire in Achaemenid Sardis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • [15] Fehr, B. (1971). “Zur Geschichte des Apollonheiligtums von Didyma”, in: Marburger Winckelmann-Programm.1971-72, pp. 14-59.
  • [16] Gaber, S. E. (1986). Regional Styles in Cypriote Sculpture: The Sculpture from Idalion. New York: Garland. Gjerstad.
  • [17] Ghirshman, R. (1963). L‘Art de L‘Iran, Mede et Achemenide. Paris: Gallimard.
  • [18] Graf, D. F. (1984). “Medism: The Origin and Significance of the Term”, in: JHS, Vol. 104, pp. 15-30.
  • [19] Graf, F. (2009). Apollo. London and New York: Routledge.
  • [20] Hammond, N. G. L. (1998). “The Branchidae at Didyma and in Sogdiana”, in: CQ, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 339-344.
  • [21] Herodotus (1920). The Histories. Translated by A. D. Godley. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
  • [22] Hesiod (1914). The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White. Theogony. Cambridge and MA.:Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd.
  • [23] Jacobs, B. (2011). “Nemrud Dağı”, in: Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, 2016, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nemrud-dagi (accessed on 3 March 2018).
  • [24] Josephus (1895). The Works of Flavius Josephus. Translated by William Whiston, A.M. Auburn and Buffalo: John E. Beardsley.
  • [25] Lazenby, J. F. (1975). “Pausanias, Son of Kleombrotos”, in: Hermes, 103. Bd., H. 2, pp. 235-251.
  • [26] Liddell, H. G. and Scott, R. (1889). An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon.
  • [27] Pausanias (1918). Pausanias Description of Greece, with an English Translation by W. H. S. Jones, Litt. D. and H. A. Ormerod, M. A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge and MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd.
  • [28] Plato (1955). Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vol. 8. Translated by W.R.M. Lamb. Cambridge and MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd.
  • [29] Plutarch (1917). Plutarch's Lives. with an English Translation by Bernadotte Perrin. Cambridge and MA. :Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd.
  • [30] Pliny the Elder (1855). The Natural History. ed. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A.. London: Taylor and Francis.
  • [31] Rhodes, P. J. (1970). “Thucydides on Pausanias and Themistocles”, in: Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 19, H. 4, pp. 387-400.
  • [32] Robert, L. (1953). “Le Sanctuaire d'Artémis à Amyzon”, in: CRAI, 97e année, N. 4, pp. 403-415.
  • [33] Robert, L. and J. (1983). Fouilles d’Amyzon en Carie, I, Paris.
  • [34] Schmidt, E. (1953), Persepolis I, Structures, Reliefs, Inscriptions. Chicago.
  • [35] Schmitt, R. (1994). “Datis”, in: Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. VII, Fasc. 2, pp. 126-127.
  • [36] Schmitt, R. (2004). “Immortals”, in: Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. XIII, Fasc. 1, pp. 2-3.
  • [37] Sears, M. A. (2014). “Alexander and Ada Reconsidered”, in: CPh , Vol. 109, No. 3, pp. 211-221.
  • [38] Sekunda, N. (1988). “Achaemenid Settlement In Caria, Lycia And Greater Phrygia”, in: Achaemenid History Vol 6 (Asia Minor And Egypt: Old Clutures In A New Empire). Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, pp. 83-143.
  • [39] Strabo (1924). The Geography of Strabo. ed. H. L. Jones, Cambridge and MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd.
  • [40] Thucydides (1910). The Peloponnesian War. London: J. M. Dent; New York: E. P. Dutton.
  • [41] Tyrwhitt, R. E. (1868). Esther and Ahasuerus: An Identification of the Persons so Named, Half-Vol. II.. Oxford and London: James Parker and CO..
  • [42] Xenophon (1922). Xenophon in Seven Volumes, 3. ed. Carleton L. Brownson. Cambridge and MA: Harvard University Press, London: William Heinemann Ltd..
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Farzad Abedi 0000-0002-6397-2283

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Haziran 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Mart 2019
Kabul Tarihi 18 Nisan 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Abedi, F. (2019). The Foundation of Philo-Persianism in Classical Greek World. Journal of Universal History Studies, 2(1), 72-93. https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.540297

23283 Journal of Universal History Studies © 2018 by Sabit Dokuyan is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0                                     open access ile ilgili görsel sonucu             


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