Turizm araştırmalarında çocukların deneyimlerini üçgenleme yoluyla anlamak: gözlem defterleri, katılımcı fotoğrafçılığı ve uzman etnografik görüşme

Öz

Çocuk odaklı turizm araştırmaları, yetişkin kategorilerini, başkaları adına yapılan yorumları veya salt sözlü anlatımları dayatmadan çocukların deneyimlerini yansıtan yöntemler gerektirir. Bu metodolojik makale, Didim kentinde 35 ortaokul öğrencisiyle gerçekleştirilen bir miras turu sırasında çocukların kültürel turizm deneyimlerine ilişkin bir doktora çalışmasına dayanan, üçlü bir veri toplama yaklaşımı geliştirmektedir. Makale, üç tekniği ön plana çıkarır: gözlem defterleri, katılımcı fotoğrafçılığı ve uzman etnografik görüşme. Bu yöntemler bir araya geldiğinde, çocukların deneyimlerini belirlemeyi destekleyen çoklu iletişim yolları oluşturur: çocukların yazdığı anlatılar, görsel ve sözsüz ifadeler ile bağlamsal yorumlar. Makale, turizm ve ilgili araştırmalar için “ifade üçgenlemesi” ve çocuk merkezli bir üçgenleme modeli önermektedir. Çevrilmiş alıntılar, bu yaklaşımın öğrenme iddialarını, duyguları, estetik gözlemleri, somutlaşmış zorlukları, hizmet değerlendirmelerini ve güvenlik endişelerini nasıl ortaya çıkardığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• çocuk merkezli araştırma
• yöntemsel üçgenleme
• gözlem defterleri
• katılımcı fotoğrafçılık
• etnografik görüşme

Triangulating children's voices in tourism research: observation notebooks, participant photography, and expert ethnographic interview

Öz

Child-centred tourism research requires methods that capture children’s experiences without imposing adult categories, proxy interpretations, or purely verbal accounts. This methodological article develops a triangulated data-collection approach based on a doctoral study of children’s cultural tourism experiences during a heritage tour with 35 middle-school children in Didim, Turkey. It foregrounds three techniques: observation notebooks, participant photography, and an expert ethnographic interview. Together, these methods create multiple communicative routes: written child-authored narration, visual and non-verbal expression, and contextual interpretation that supports rather than replaces children’s voices. The article proposes “expressive triangulation” and a child-centred triangulation model for tourism and related research. Translated quotations illustrate how the approach elicited learning claims, emotions, aesthetic observations, embodied difficulties, service evaluations, and safety concerns.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• child-centered research
• triangulation
• observation notebooks
• participant photography
• ethnographic interview

Kaynakça

1. Backett-Milburn, K., and McKie, L. (1999). A critical appraisal of the draw and write technique. Health Education Research, 14(3), 387-398.
2. Barker, J., and Weller, S. (2003). Is it fun? Developing children centred methods. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 23(1/2), 33-58.
3. Boyden, J., and Ennew, J. (Eds.). (1997). Children in Focus: A Manual for Experiential Learning in Participatory Research with Children. Stockholm: Save the Children Sweden.
4. Crawshaw, C., and Urry, J. (1997). Tourism and the photographic eye. In C. Rojek and J. Urry (Eds.), Touring Cultures: Transformations of Travel and Theory (pp. 176-195). London: Routledge.
5. Echtner, C. M. (1999). The semiotic paradigm: Implications for tourism research. Tourism Management, 20(1), 47-57.
6. Gamradt, J. (1995). Jamaican children's representations of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), 735-762.
7. Guba, E. G., and Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp. 105-117). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
8. Jick, T. D. (1979). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), 602-611.

9. Krishnan, L. A., and Hoon, L. H. (2002). Diaries: Listening to voices from the multicultural classroom. ELT Journal, 56(3), 227-239.
10. Lincoln, Y. S., and Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
11. Miles, M. B., and Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
12. Moriarity, S. (2004). Visual semiotics theory. In K. Smith, S. Moriarity, G. Barbatsis, and K. Kenney (Eds.), Handbook of Visual Communication: Theory, Methods, and Media (pp. 227-242). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
13. Morrow, V. (2008). Ethical dilemmas in research with children and young people about their social environments. Children's Geographies, 6(1), 49-61.
14. Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
15. Pennington, J. W., and Thomsen, R. C. (2010). A semiotic model of destination representations applied to cultural and heritage tourism marketing. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 10(1), 33-53.
16. Poria, Y., and Timothy, D. J. (2014). Where are the children in tourism research? Annals of Tourism Research, 47, 93-95.
17. Prosser, J. (Ed.). (2005). Image-Based Research: A Sourcebook for Qualitative Researchers. London: RoutledgeFalmer.
18. Punch, S. (2002). Research with children: The same or different from research with adults? Childhood, 9(3), 321-341.
19. Rhoden, S., Hunter-Jones, P., and Miller, A. (2016). Tourism experiences through the eyes of a child. Annals of Leisure Research, 19(4), 424-443.
20. Small, J. (2008). The absence of childhood in tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 772-789. Snowden, M. (2015). Use of diaries in research. Nursing Standard, 29(44), 36-41.
21. Sterling, C. M., and Walco, G. A. (2003). Protection of children's rights to self-determination in research. Ethics and Behavior, 13(3), 237-247.
22. Tobin, G. A., and Begley, C. M. (2004). Methodological rigour within a qualitative framework. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(4), 388-396.
23. Urry, J. (1990). The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage.
24. Westman, J., Johansson, M., Olsson, L. E., Martensson, F., and Friman, M. (2013). Children's affective experience of every-day travel. Journal of Transport Geography, 29, 95-102.