Güney Afrika Federalizmi: Anayasa Yapım Süreci ve Federalizm Tartışmasının Güncelliğini Yitirmesi

Öz

Ulusal Barış Anlaşması’nın imzalandığı, siyasi yasakların kaldırıldığı, siyasi suçluların serbest bırakıldığı ve hepsinden önemlisi, ırk ayrımına dayanan rejimin (apartheid) ortadan kalktığı 1990’lı yıllar Güney Afrika siyasetinde tarihi bir dönemi müjdelemekteydi. Ülkedeki başlıca siyasi gruplar arasında gerçekleşen müzakereler sonucunda Çok-Partili Müzakere Konseyi tarafından 1993 geçici anayasası onaylanmış ve sonrasında da ülkenin ilk demokratik seçimleri olan 1994 seçimleri gerçekleşmiştir. Takip eden geçiş döneminde ise geçici anayasada belirtilen anayasal ilkeler çerçevesinde hala yürürlükte olan 1996 anayasası hazırlanmıştır. Bu makale, geçici anayasa ile sonrasında kabul edilen 1996 nihai anayasasında yer alan federal prensiplerin gerek demokrasiye geçiş sürecinde gerekse müzakerelerin başarısında kilit öneme sahip olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Ancak yoğun müzakereler sonucunda oluşturulan Güney Afrika’nın (yarı) federal sisteminin federal devletlerin özerkliğinin giderek azaldığı merkezileşmiş bir sisteme doğru evrildiği görülmektedir. Bu makale, öncelikle federal ilkelerin nasıl anayasal müzakerelerin en belirleyici pazarlık aracı olduğuna dair bir analiz sunacak sonrasında da Güney Afrika siyasetinde federalizm konusunun önceliğinin kaybolmasının ardındaki temel nedenleri inceleyecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Güney Afrika,Güney Afrika Siyaseti,anayasal müzakereler,federalizm

South African Federalism: Constitution-Making Process and the Decline of the Federalism Debate

Öz

The 1990s heralded the beginning of a historical period in South African politics with the signing of the National Peace Accord, the unbanning of black opposition movements, the release of political prisoners and, most importantly, the end of the apartheid regime. Negotiations between major political groups of the country produced the Interim Constitution of 1993 approved by the Multi-Party Negotiating Council, which resulted in the country’s first democratic and multi-racial elections in 1994. The current 1996 constitution was prepared during the transition period in line with the Constitutional Principles of the Interim Constitution. This article argues that federal principles entrenched both in the Interim Constitution and Final Constitution played a key role in the transition to democracy and contributed to the success of negotiations. However, South Africa’s (quasi) federal system is now highly centralized with decreasing autonomy of its constituent units. This article will first provide an analysis on how federal principles became the major bargaining tool of the constitutional negotiations before proceeding with an examination of the very reasons behind the demise of the federalism debate in South African politics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• South Africa,South African politics,constitutional negotiations,federalism

Kaynakça

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