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Üst Düzey Yöneticilerin Liderlik Tarzlarının Sosyal Medya Üzerinden Analizi

Yıl 2021, , 639 - 658, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.871099

Öz

Günümüz yeni krizleri beklenmedik ölçüde büyük ölçekli, yeni ya da benzeri görülmemiş konularda, kendini belirli bir sektörle sınırlamayan, siyasi, doğal ya da teknolojik nedenlerden kaynaklanan, aynı anda bir toplumu ya da pek çok ülkeyi etkileyen ve nedenlerinin karmaşık ve tanımlanmasının çok zor olması gibi özellikler taşımaktadır. Yaşanan bu küresel sağlık krizi yeni kriz tanımının pek çok özelliğini bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. Bu ortamda liderliğin zorluğu bu ve benzeri riskleri önlemek ya da fırsata dönüştürebilmektir. Üst düzey liderler kriz öncesinde, kriz sırasında ve sonrasında anahtar faktördür. Çünkü liderin kalitesi ve liderlik tarzı krizin uzunluğunu, şiddetini ve nihai sonuçlarını etkilemektedir.
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Fortune 500 Türkiye Listesinde (2020) yer alan şirket üst düzey yöneticilerinin pandemi sürecinde sergiledikleri liderlik tarzlarının belirlenmesidir. Çalışmada işletmelerin kriz ya da belirsizlik durumundan çıkmasına yardımcı olabilecek liderlik tarzlarından dönüşümcü, etkileşimci, demokratik ve otoriter liderlik konu edilmiştir. Nitel araştırma yönteminin kullanıldığı araştırmada veriler, şirket üst düzey yöneticilerine ait kişisel Twitter paylaşımlarından sağlanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler kodlanarak sınıflandırılmış, temalar ve alt temalar elde edilmiştir. Veriler MAXQDA yazılımı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan analiz sonucunda üst düzey yöneticilerin dört liderlik tarzından otoriter liderlik dışındaki liderlik tarzlarına uygun söylemlerde bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Alkharabsheh, A., Ahmad, Z.A.& Kharabsheh, A. (2013). Characteristics of crisis and decision making styles: The mediating role of leadership styles. International Conference on Innovation, Management and Technology Research, Malaysia, 22 – 23 September.
  • APA (2020). How leaders can maximize trust and minimize stress during the Covıd-19 pandemic American. Psychological Association, www.apa.org
  • Arıkan, S. (2001). Otoriter ve demokratik liderlik tarzları acısından Atatürk'ün liderlik davranışlarının değerlendirilmesi. H.U. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19 (1): 231-257.
  • Arslan, A. (2009). Kriz yönetiminde liderlik, Akademik Bakış, Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler E-Dergisi, (18), Ekim – Kasım – Aralık, 1-12.
  • Asuncion, A., Giurintano, T., Hansen, S., Hopper, K. & Vobora, A. (2006). Leading through disasters and recovery. Leadership APTA – Class of 2006.
  • Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (1995). Multifactor leadership questionnaire. Mind Garden, 1–114.
  • Aydın, Ö. (2020). Liderlik kuramları açısından PKK terör örgütünde liderlik ve Abdullah Öcalan, Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Bakan İ. & Büyükbeşe T. (2010). Liderlik türleri ve güç kaynaklarına ilişkin mevcut-gelecek durum karşılaştırması: Eğitim kurumu yöneticilerinin algılarına dayalı bir alan araştırması. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(19): 73-84.
  • Bakan, İ. (2009). Liderlik tarzları ile örgüt kültürü türleri arasındaki ilişkiler: Bir alan çalışması. TİSK Akademi, 4(7): 138 – 172.
  • Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
  • Bass, B. M. (1995). Concepts of leadership: The beginnings. J. T. Wren içinde, The Leaders Companion Insights on Leadership Through the Ages (s. 73). New York: Free Press.
  • Bass, B. M. & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational Leadership, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers Mahwah, Second Edition New Jersey London.
  • Başaran, E. İ. (1998). Yönetimde insan ilişkileri, Gül Yayınevi: Ankara.
  • BBC. Türkiye'de sosyal medya ne kadar ve nasıl kullanılıyor? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-53259275#:~:text=Ocak%20ay%C4%B1%20verilerine%20g%C3%B6re%2C%20T%C3%BCrkiye'de%20ise%2054%20milyon%20sosyal,15'inci%20s%C4%B1rada%20yer%20al%C4%B1yor. (Erişim tarihi: 12.01. 2021)
  • Bird Jr., D. F.B. (2001). Quality air force in an emergency: Leadership principles and concepts for emergency response forces. Air War College Maxwell Paper No. 2, Air University, http,//www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/maxwell/mp02.pdf
  • Boin, A. (2009). The new world of crises and crisis management: Implications for policymaking and research, Review of Policy Research, 26 (4): 367-377.
  • Bryman, A. (1993). Charismatic leadership in business organizations: Some neglected issues. The Leadership Quarterly, 4: 289-304.
  • Burns, M. G. (1978). Leadership. Harper-Row, Newyork.
  • Celik, A., Akdemci, T. & Akya, T. E. (2016). A comparison between the styles of transformational leaders and authentic leaders in crisis management. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6 (2):183-196.
  • Chen, G.& Zhang, J. (2011). Analysis on transformational leadership in postcrisis era: Evidence from Jack Welch in GE, 2011 International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control (ICECC).
  • Cherry, K. & Susman, D. (2020). Autocratic leadership key characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of autocratic leadership. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-autocratic-leadership-2795314 (Erişim tarihi:16.01.2021)
  • Corbin, J. & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks: Sage
  • Daft, R. L. (1991). Management, The Dryden Press, Second Edition.
  • Desyatnikov, R. (2020). Management in crisis: the best leadership style to adopt in times of crisis, https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2020/07/17/management-in-crisis-the-best-leadership-style-to-adopt-in-times-of-crisis/?sh=22c5972c7cb4
  • Du, J., Li, N.N. & Luo, Y.J. (2020). Authoritarian leadership in organizational change and employees’ active reactions: Have-to and willing-to perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 3076: 1-8.
  • Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 12(4): 1143-1168.
  • Ermut, N. K. (2020). Zorlu zamanların etkili ilacı: Güçlü liderlik, https://hbrturkiye.com/blog/zorlu-zamanlarin-etkili-ilaci-guclu-liderlik (Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2021)
  • Fener, T. & Çevik, T. (2015). Leadership in crisis management: separation of leadership and executive concepts, 4th World Conference on Business, Economics and Management, WCBEM Procedia Economics and Finance 26: 695 – 701.
  • Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of Qualitative Research, 2(105): 163-194.
  • Hackman, M. Z., & Johnson, C. E. (1996). Leadership: A communication perspective (2nd ed.). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
  • Hall, J. (2020). Focus on Trust: Successful leadership in times of crisis, https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnhall/2020/03/22/focus-on-trust-successful-leadership-in-times-of-crisis/#5eafc73567b0 (Erişim tarihi: 19.01.2021)
  • Halverson, S.K., Murphy, S.E. & Riggio, R.E. (2004). Charismatic leadership in crisis situations a laboratory investigation of stress and crisis, Small Group Research, Vol. 35 No. 5, 495-514.
  • Hasan, A. & Rjoub, H. (2017). The role of effective leadership styles in crisis management: a study of Erbil, Iraq. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, United Kingdom, V (4): 108-121.
  • Hatch, J. A. (2002). Doing qualitative research in education settings. Suny Press.
  • Kelly, M. L. (2005). Academic adivisers as transformational leaders. The mentor: an academic advising journal. Retrieved from http://dus.psu.edu/mentor/old/articles/030101mk.htm.
  • Khan, Z. A., Nawaz, A. & Khan, I. (2016). Leadership theories and styles: A literature review, Journal of Resources Development and Management, 16: 1-7.
  • King, G. (2002). Crisis management & team effectiveness, a closer examination, Journal of Business Ethics, 41(3), December: 235- 249.
  • Klann, G. (2003). Crisis Leadership, Published by Ccl Press, Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, North Carolina.
  • Klenke, K. (2016). Qualitative research in the study of leadership. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Korkat, B. (2019). Liderlik tarzlarının örgüt kültürü ve yenilik performansı üzerine etkisi. Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Mayfield, A. (2008). What is social media?https://www.icrossing.com/uk/sites/default/files_uk/insight_pdf_files/What%20is%20Social%20Media_iCrossing_ebook.pdf , (Erişim Tarihi: 16. 01.2021)
  • Merriam, S. B. & Grenier, R. S. (2019). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
  • Morin, A. (2016). How the best leaders turn an organizational crisis into their company's finest hour, https://www.forbes.com/sites/amymorin/2016/04/06/how-the-best-leaders-turn-an-organizational-crisis-into-their-companys-finest-hour/#3cfcfa384c3b (Erişim tarihi: 11.12.2020)
  • Odumeru, J.A. & Ogbonna, I.G. (2013). Transformational vs. transactional leadership theories: Evidence in literature. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(2): 355-361.
  • Pasmore, W. & Mallis, E. (2020). Re-set your organization for the post covid future with creative leadership, Center for Creative Leadership, www.ccl.org
  • Pillai, R. (1996). Crisis and the emergence of charismatic leadership in groups, an experimental ınvestigation, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, (26)6: 543 – 562.
  • Ray, M. (2020). Transformational leadership: Intellectual stimulation, https://www.michelleray.com/transformational-leadership-intellectual-stimulation/ (Erişim tarihi: 15.01.2021)
  • Segel, L. H. (2020). Positive leadership in uncertain times, McKinsey https://www.mck_nsey.com/bus_ness-funct_ons/organ_zat_on/our-_ns_ghts/pos_t_ve-leadersh_p-_n-uncerta_n-t_mes (Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2021)
  • Shadraconis, S. (2013). Organizational leadership in times of uncertainty: Is transformational leadership the answer? LUX: A Journal of Transdisciplinary Writing and Research from Claremont Graduate University, 2(1), Article 28: 1-15.
  • Sharma, J. K. & Singh, S.K. (2013). A study on the democratic style of leadership. International Journal of Management & Information Technology, 3 (2):54-57.
  • Shrivastava, P. & Nachman, S. A. (1989). Strategic leadership partners. Strategic Management Journal Special Issue: Strategic Leaders and Leadership, 10, 51-66.
  • Sirmenis, D., O’Brien, W. (2019). How various leadership styles apply to corporate crisis management,https://translate.google.com.tr/?hl=tr&tab=rT&sl=en&tl=tr&text=By%20Devin%20Sirmenis%2C%20Witt%20O%E2%80%99Brien%E2%80%99s%3A&op=translate (Erişim tarihi: 04.01.2021)
  • Sommer, S. A., Howell, J. M. & Hadley, C. N. (2016). Keeping positive and building strength: The role of affect and team leadership in developing resilience during an organizational Crisis, Group & Organization Management, 41(2): 172–202.
  • Tuna, Ö. (2020). Covıd-19 and new busıness ecosystem. Bölüm Adı: The Effects of Covid-19 on Business (2020) Tuna Özlem, Gazi Kitapevi, Editör: Duygu Hıdırlıoğlu, Semih S. Aktuğ, Osman Yılmaz, ISBN: 978-625-7727-33-4, Sayfa Sayısı 448, İngilizce (Bilimsel Kitap)
  • Wach, E. (2013). Learning about qualitative document analysis. IDS Practice Paper In Brief 13.
  • Yeşil, A. (2016). Liderlik ve motivasyon teorilerine yönelik kavramsal bir inceleme. Uluslararası Akademik Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2 (3): 158-180.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2000). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Gözden geçirilmiş 2. Baskı. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Zhang, Z., Jiab, M. and Gu, L. (2012). Transformational leadership in crisis situations: evidence from the People’s Republic of China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(19): 4085–4109.

Analysis of Leadership Styles of Senior Managers via Social Media

Yıl 2021, , 639 - 658, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.871099

Öz

Today's new crises have characteristics such as being unexpectedly large-scale, being on new or unprecedented issues, being not limited to a particular sector, arising from political, natural or technological reasons, affecting a society or many countries at the same time, and the reasons are complex and being very difficult to define. This global health crisis experienced contains many features of the new crisis definition. The challenge of leadership in this environment is to prevent these and similar risks or to turn them into opportunities. Senior leaders are a key factor before, during and after the crisis. Because the leader's quality and leadership style affect the length, severity and final results of the crisis.
The main objective of this study is to determine the leadership styles of the company's top executives in the Pandemic Process, which are on the Fortune 500 Turkey List (2020). The study discussed transformative, interactive, democratic and authoritarian leadership from leadership styles that can help businesses get out of crisis or uncertainty. In the research using qualitative research method, data was obtained from personal Twitter posts of company senior executives. The resulting data were encoded and classified, and themes and sub-themes were obtained. The data was analyzed using MAXQDA software. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that senior executives made statements in accordance with leadership styles other than authoritarian leadership from four leadership styles. In addition, it has been observed that the posts of the managers concentrate on the characteristics of transformational leadership, such as future-oriented, benefiting the organization, society or group, motivating the audience, focusing on activities that create value and reinforcing success by rewarding.

Kaynakça

  • Alkharabsheh, A., Ahmad, Z.A.& Kharabsheh, A. (2013). Characteristics of crisis and decision making styles: The mediating role of leadership styles. International Conference on Innovation, Management and Technology Research, Malaysia, 22 – 23 September.
  • APA (2020). How leaders can maximize trust and minimize stress during the Covıd-19 pandemic American. Psychological Association, www.apa.org
  • Arıkan, S. (2001). Otoriter ve demokratik liderlik tarzları acısından Atatürk'ün liderlik davranışlarının değerlendirilmesi. H.U. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19 (1): 231-257.
  • Arslan, A. (2009). Kriz yönetiminde liderlik, Akademik Bakış, Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler E-Dergisi, (18), Ekim – Kasım – Aralık, 1-12.
  • Asuncion, A., Giurintano, T., Hansen, S., Hopper, K. & Vobora, A. (2006). Leading through disasters and recovery. Leadership APTA – Class of 2006.
  • Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (1995). Multifactor leadership questionnaire. Mind Garden, 1–114.
  • Aydın, Ö. (2020). Liderlik kuramları açısından PKK terör örgütünde liderlik ve Abdullah Öcalan, Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Bakan İ. & Büyükbeşe T. (2010). Liderlik türleri ve güç kaynaklarına ilişkin mevcut-gelecek durum karşılaştırması: Eğitim kurumu yöneticilerinin algılarına dayalı bir alan araştırması. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(19): 73-84.
  • Bakan, İ. (2009). Liderlik tarzları ile örgüt kültürü türleri arasındaki ilişkiler: Bir alan çalışması. TİSK Akademi, 4(7): 138 – 172.
  • Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
  • Bass, B. M. (1995). Concepts of leadership: The beginnings. J. T. Wren içinde, The Leaders Companion Insights on Leadership Through the Ages (s. 73). New York: Free Press.
  • Bass, B. M. & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational Leadership, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers Mahwah, Second Edition New Jersey London.
  • Başaran, E. İ. (1998). Yönetimde insan ilişkileri, Gül Yayınevi: Ankara.
  • BBC. Türkiye'de sosyal medya ne kadar ve nasıl kullanılıyor? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-53259275#:~:text=Ocak%20ay%C4%B1%20verilerine%20g%C3%B6re%2C%20T%C3%BCrkiye'de%20ise%2054%20milyon%20sosyal,15'inci%20s%C4%B1rada%20yer%20al%C4%B1yor. (Erişim tarihi: 12.01. 2021)
  • Bird Jr., D. F.B. (2001). Quality air force in an emergency: Leadership principles and concepts for emergency response forces. Air War College Maxwell Paper No. 2, Air University, http,//www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/maxwell/mp02.pdf
  • Boin, A. (2009). The new world of crises and crisis management: Implications for policymaking and research, Review of Policy Research, 26 (4): 367-377.
  • Bryman, A. (1993). Charismatic leadership in business organizations: Some neglected issues. The Leadership Quarterly, 4: 289-304.
  • Burns, M. G. (1978). Leadership. Harper-Row, Newyork.
  • Celik, A., Akdemci, T. & Akya, T. E. (2016). A comparison between the styles of transformational leaders and authentic leaders in crisis management. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6 (2):183-196.
  • Chen, G.& Zhang, J. (2011). Analysis on transformational leadership in postcrisis era: Evidence from Jack Welch in GE, 2011 International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control (ICECC).
  • Cherry, K. & Susman, D. (2020). Autocratic leadership key characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of autocratic leadership. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-autocratic-leadership-2795314 (Erişim tarihi:16.01.2021)
  • Corbin, J. & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks: Sage
  • Daft, R. L. (1991). Management, The Dryden Press, Second Edition.
  • Desyatnikov, R. (2020). Management in crisis: the best leadership style to adopt in times of crisis, https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2020/07/17/management-in-crisis-the-best-leadership-style-to-adopt-in-times-of-crisis/?sh=22c5972c7cb4
  • Du, J., Li, N.N. & Luo, Y.J. (2020). Authoritarian leadership in organizational change and employees’ active reactions: Have-to and willing-to perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 3076: 1-8.
  • Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 12(4): 1143-1168.
  • Ermut, N. K. (2020). Zorlu zamanların etkili ilacı: Güçlü liderlik, https://hbrturkiye.com/blog/zorlu-zamanlarin-etkili-ilaci-guclu-liderlik (Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2021)
  • Fener, T. & Çevik, T. (2015). Leadership in crisis management: separation of leadership and executive concepts, 4th World Conference on Business, Economics and Management, WCBEM Procedia Economics and Finance 26: 695 – 701.
  • Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of Qualitative Research, 2(105): 163-194.
  • Hackman, M. Z., & Johnson, C. E. (1996). Leadership: A communication perspective (2nd ed.). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
  • Hall, J. (2020). Focus on Trust: Successful leadership in times of crisis, https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnhall/2020/03/22/focus-on-trust-successful-leadership-in-times-of-crisis/#5eafc73567b0 (Erişim tarihi: 19.01.2021)
  • Halverson, S.K., Murphy, S.E. & Riggio, R.E. (2004). Charismatic leadership in crisis situations a laboratory investigation of stress and crisis, Small Group Research, Vol. 35 No. 5, 495-514.
  • Hasan, A. & Rjoub, H. (2017). The role of effective leadership styles in crisis management: a study of Erbil, Iraq. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, United Kingdom, V (4): 108-121.
  • Hatch, J. A. (2002). Doing qualitative research in education settings. Suny Press.
  • Kelly, M. L. (2005). Academic adivisers as transformational leaders. The mentor: an academic advising journal. Retrieved from http://dus.psu.edu/mentor/old/articles/030101mk.htm.
  • Khan, Z. A., Nawaz, A. & Khan, I. (2016). Leadership theories and styles: A literature review, Journal of Resources Development and Management, 16: 1-7.
  • King, G. (2002). Crisis management & team effectiveness, a closer examination, Journal of Business Ethics, 41(3), December: 235- 249.
  • Klann, G. (2003). Crisis Leadership, Published by Ccl Press, Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, North Carolina.
  • Klenke, K. (2016). Qualitative research in the study of leadership. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Korkat, B. (2019). Liderlik tarzlarının örgüt kültürü ve yenilik performansı üzerine etkisi. Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Mayfield, A. (2008). What is social media?https://www.icrossing.com/uk/sites/default/files_uk/insight_pdf_files/What%20is%20Social%20Media_iCrossing_ebook.pdf , (Erişim Tarihi: 16. 01.2021)
  • Merriam, S. B. & Grenier, R. S. (2019). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
  • Morin, A. (2016). How the best leaders turn an organizational crisis into their company's finest hour, https://www.forbes.com/sites/amymorin/2016/04/06/how-the-best-leaders-turn-an-organizational-crisis-into-their-companys-finest-hour/#3cfcfa384c3b (Erişim tarihi: 11.12.2020)
  • Odumeru, J.A. & Ogbonna, I.G. (2013). Transformational vs. transactional leadership theories: Evidence in literature. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(2): 355-361.
  • Pasmore, W. & Mallis, E. (2020). Re-set your organization for the post covid future with creative leadership, Center for Creative Leadership, www.ccl.org
  • Pillai, R. (1996). Crisis and the emergence of charismatic leadership in groups, an experimental ınvestigation, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, (26)6: 543 – 562.
  • Ray, M. (2020). Transformational leadership: Intellectual stimulation, https://www.michelleray.com/transformational-leadership-intellectual-stimulation/ (Erişim tarihi: 15.01.2021)
  • Segel, L. H. (2020). Positive leadership in uncertain times, McKinsey https://www.mck_nsey.com/bus_ness-funct_ons/organ_zat_on/our-_ns_ghts/pos_t_ve-leadersh_p-_n-uncerta_n-t_mes (Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2021)
  • Shadraconis, S. (2013). Organizational leadership in times of uncertainty: Is transformational leadership the answer? LUX: A Journal of Transdisciplinary Writing and Research from Claremont Graduate University, 2(1), Article 28: 1-15.
  • Sharma, J. K. & Singh, S.K. (2013). A study on the democratic style of leadership. International Journal of Management & Information Technology, 3 (2):54-57.
  • Shrivastava, P. & Nachman, S. A. (1989). Strategic leadership partners. Strategic Management Journal Special Issue: Strategic Leaders and Leadership, 10, 51-66.
  • Sirmenis, D., O’Brien, W. (2019). How various leadership styles apply to corporate crisis management,https://translate.google.com.tr/?hl=tr&tab=rT&sl=en&tl=tr&text=By%20Devin%20Sirmenis%2C%20Witt%20O%E2%80%99Brien%E2%80%99s%3A&op=translate (Erişim tarihi: 04.01.2021)
  • Sommer, S. A., Howell, J. M. & Hadley, C. N. (2016). Keeping positive and building strength: The role of affect and team leadership in developing resilience during an organizational Crisis, Group & Organization Management, 41(2): 172–202.
  • Tuna, Ö. (2020). Covıd-19 and new busıness ecosystem. Bölüm Adı: The Effects of Covid-19 on Business (2020) Tuna Özlem, Gazi Kitapevi, Editör: Duygu Hıdırlıoğlu, Semih S. Aktuğ, Osman Yılmaz, ISBN: 978-625-7727-33-4, Sayfa Sayısı 448, İngilizce (Bilimsel Kitap)
  • Wach, E. (2013). Learning about qualitative document analysis. IDS Practice Paper In Brief 13.
  • Yeşil, A. (2016). Liderlik ve motivasyon teorilerine yönelik kavramsal bir inceleme. Uluslararası Akademik Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2 (3): 158-180.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2000). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Gözden geçirilmiş 2. Baskı. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Zhang, Z., Jiab, M. and Gu, L. (2012). Transformational leadership in crisis situations: evidence from the People’s Republic of China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(19): 4085–4109.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Özlem Tuna 0000-0002-5842-7889

Mustafa Nuri Ural 0000-0001-7011-401X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Tuna, Ö., & Ural, M. N. (2021). Üst Düzey Yöneticilerin Liderlik Tarzlarının Sosyal Medya Üzerinden Analizi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 16(62), 639-658. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.871099
AMA Tuna Ö, Ural MN. Üst Düzey Yöneticilerin Liderlik Tarzlarının Sosyal Medya Üzerinden Analizi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. Nisan 2021;16(62):639-658. doi:10.19168/jyasar.871099
Chicago Tuna, Özlem, ve Mustafa Nuri Ural. “Üst Düzey Yöneticilerin Liderlik Tarzlarının Sosyal Medya Üzerinden Analizi”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 16, sy. 62 (Nisan 2021): 639-58. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.871099.
EndNote Tuna Ö, Ural MN (01 Nisan 2021) Üst Düzey Yöneticilerin Liderlik Tarzlarının Sosyal Medya Üzerinden Analizi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 16 62 639–658.
IEEE Ö. Tuna ve M. N. Ural, “Üst Düzey Yöneticilerin Liderlik Tarzlarının Sosyal Medya Üzerinden Analizi”, Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 16, sy. 62, ss. 639–658, 2021, doi: 10.19168/jyasar.871099.
ISNAD Tuna, Özlem - Ural, Mustafa Nuri. “Üst Düzey Yöneticilerin Liderlik Tarzlarının Sosyal Medya Üzerinden Analizi”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 16/62 (Nisan 2021), 639-658. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.871099.
JAMA Tuna Ö, Ural MN. Üst Düzey Yöneticilerin Liderlik Tarzlarının Sosyal Medya Üzerinden Analizi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2021;16:639–658.
MLA Tuna, Özlem ve Mustafa Nuri Ural. “Üst Düzey Yöneticilerin Liderlik Tarzlarının Sosyal Medya Üzerinden Analizi”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 16, sy. 62, 2021, ss. 639-58, doi:10.19168/jyasar.871099.
Vancouver Tuna Ö, Ural MN. Üst Düzey Yöneticilerin Liderlik Tarzlarının Sosyal Medya Üzerinden Analizi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2021;16(62):639-58.