İstihdam Edilebilirlik Algısı Yaşam Memnuniyetini Ne Ölçüde Etkiler? Munzur Üniversitesi Öğrencilerinden Bulgular

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de 2006 sonrasında kurulan üniversitelerden biri olan Munzur Üniversitesi’ndeki öğrencilerin genel yaşam memnuniyetlerine etki eden faktörleri analiz etmektedir. Bu amaçla, Munzur Üniversitesi’nde yapılan anket çalışmasının verileri kullanılarak, öğrencilerin üniversite-dışı (gelir, boş zaman kullanımı, sağlık ve aile ilişkileri) ve üniversite (akademik ve fiziki olanaklar, istihdam edilebilirlik algısı ve genel değerlendirme) alanlarına ilişkin memnuniyet değişkenlerini içeren bir hiyerarşik doğrusal regresyon modeli tahminlenmiştir. Bulgular üniversite-dışı alt alanlardan duyulan memnuniyetin genel yaşam memnuniyetini pozitif etkilediğini göstermektedir. Üniversite alanının da dahil edildiği geniş modelde en güçlü değişken istihdam edilebilirlik algısı olmuştur. Öğrencilerin genel yaşam memnuniyetlerinin en temel belirleyicisinin mezuniyet sonrasına yönelik istihdam beklentileri olduğu şeklindeki bu bulgu, Türkiye’de son dönemde artan üniversite mezunu işsizliği çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İstihdam edilebilirlik algısı
• Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşam memnuniyeti
• Akademik enflasyon
• Hiyerarşik doğrusal regresyon
• Munzur Üniversitesi

To What Extent Does Perceived Employability Affect Life Satisfaction? Findings from Munzur University Students

Öz

This study analyzes the factors affecting the general life satisfaction of students at Munzur University, one of the universities established after 2006 in Turkey. To that end, we use data from a questionnaire survey conducted at Munzur University. We then predict a hierarchical linear regression that includes university students’ satisfaction variables related to non-university domain (income, their use of leisure time, health and family relations) and university domain (academic and physical opportunities, perceived employability and overall evaluation). Our findings indicate that satisfaction derived from non-university sub-domains impact their general life satisfaction positively. Perceived employability has the most predictive power in the broad model that includes university domain. We discuss this finding regarding how students’ employment expectation in their post-graduation lives is the main determinant with respect to their general life satisfaction in the context of increasing graduate unemployment in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Perceived employability
• University students’ life satisfaction
• Academic inflation
• Hierarchical linear regression
• Munzur University

Kaynakça

1. Acun, S. (2020). Türkiye’de genç işsizliğin görünümü ve özellikleri üzerine inceleme. Emek Araştırma Dergisi, 11(17), 141-164.
2. Aldemir, C., & Gülcan, Y. (2004). Student satisfaction in higher education: A Turkish case. Higher education management and policy, 16(2), 109-122.
3. Allik, J., Mõttus, R., Realo, A., & Rozgonjuk, D. (2018). What Makes Young Russians Happy and Satisfied With Their Lives?. SAGE Open, 8(3), 1-11.
4. Alorani, O. I., & Alradaydeh, M. T. F. (2018). Spiritual well-being, perceived social support, and life satisfaction among university students. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 23(3), 291-298.
5. Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1978). Social indicators of well-being: Americans' perceptions of life quality. New York & London: Springer Science & Business Media.
6. Arslan, S., & Akkas, O. A. (2014). Quality of college life (QCL) of students in Turkey: Students’ life satisfaction and identification. Social Indicators Research, 115(2), 869-884.
7. Bini, M., & Masserini, L. (2016). Students’ satisfaction and teaching efficiency of university offer. Social Indicators Research, 129(2), 847-862.
8. Brannan, D., Biswas-Diener, R., Mohr, C. D., Mortazavi, S., & Stein, N. (2013). Friends and family: A cross-cultural investigation of social support and subjective well-being among college students. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(1), 65-75.

9. Brown, P. (2003). The opportunity trap: Education and employment in a global economy. European Educational Research Journal, 2(1), 141-179.
10. Brown, P., & Souto-Otero, M. (2020). The end of the credential society? An analysis of the relationship between education and the labour market using big data. Journal of Education Policy, 35(1), 95-118.
11. Caldwell, L. L., Smith, E. A., & Weissinger, E. (1992). The relationship of leisure activities and perceived health of college students. Loisir et société/Society and Leisure, 15(2), 545-556.
12. Campaña, J. C., Gimenez-Nadal, J. I., & Molina, J. A. (2016). The satisfaction of university students in Spain: Differences by field of study. Applied Economics Letters, 23(7), 506-509.
13. Chan, G., Miller, P. W., & Tcha, M. (2005). Happiness in university education. International Review of Economics Education, 4(1), 20-45.
14. CHE (Council of Higher Education), Higher Education Information Management System, https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/ 20.4.2020
15. Chow, H. P. (2005). Life satisfaction among university students in a Canadian prairie city: A multivariate analysis. Social indicators research, 70(2), 139-150.
16. Clark, A. E., & Oswald, A. J. (1994). Unhappiness and unemployment. The Economic Journal, 104(424), 648-659.
17. Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of personality assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
18. Douglas, J., Douglas, A., & Barnes, B. (2006). Measuring student satisfaction at a UK university. Quality assurance in education, 14(3), 251-267.
19. El Hassan, K. (2011). Quality of college life (QCL): Validation of a measure of student well-being in the Middle East. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 8(1), 12-22.
20. Ersoy-Kart, M., & Erdost, H. E. (2008). Unemployment worries among Turkish university students. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 36(2), 275-288.
21. Eurostat, Education and training database, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/education-and-training/data/database, 20.04.2020
22. Flynn, D. M., & MacLeod, S. (2015). Determinants of happiness in undergraduate university students. College Student Journal, 49(3), 452-460.
23. Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2002). Happiness and economics: How the economy and institutions affect human well-being. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
24. Grant, N., Wardle, J., & Steptoe, A. (2009). The relationship between life satisfaction and health behavior: a cross-cultural analysis of young adults. International journal of behavioral medicine, 16(3), 259-268.
25. Gündoğar, D., Gül, S. S., Uskun, E., Demirci, S., & Keçeci, D. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinde yaşam doyumunu yordayan etkenlerin incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri, 10(1), 14-27.
26. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis: Pearson new international edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
27. Hendershott, A. B., Wright, S. P., & Henderson, D. (1992). Quality of life correlates for university students. NASPA Journal, 30(1), 11-19.
28. Hesseln, H., & Jackson, D. (2000). Academic inflation: the devaluation of a universıty degree. In M. R. Ryan & W. B. Kurtz (Eds.), Proceedings of the third biennial conference on university education in natural resources (pp.112-127). Missouri: Curators of the University of Missouri
29. Inman, W. E., & Mayes, L. (1999). The importance of being first: Unique characteristics of first generation community college students. Community College Review, 26(4), 3-22.
30. Işık, E., Ulubey, E., & Kozan, S. (2018). An examination of the social cognitive model of well-being in Turkish college students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 106, 11-21.
31. Ito, E., Walker, G. J., Liu, H., & Mitas, O. (2017). A cross-cultural/national study of Canadian, Chinese, and Japanese university students' leisure satisfaction and subjective well-being. Leisure Sciences, 39(2), 186-204.
32. Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and psychological measurement, 20(1), 141-151.
33. Karadağ, E. & Yücel, C. (2019b). Öğrenci dostu üniversite şehirleri araştırması: 2019. Üniar Yayınları, doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21278.84806
34. Karadağ, E., & Yücel, C. (2019a). Türkiye üniversite memnuniyet araştırması. Üniar Yayınları, doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13111.11683
35. Karavdic, S., & Baumann, M. (2014). Positive career attitudes effect on happiness and life satisfaction by master students and graduates. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2, 15-23.
36. Kaynar, M., & Parlak, İ. (2005). Her “il”e bir üniversite. Ankara: Paragraf Yayınevi
37. Knabe, A., & Rätzel, S. (2011). Scarring or scaring? The psychological impact of past unemployment and future unemployment risk. Economica, 78(310), 283-293.
38. Kolenikov, S., & Angeles, G. (2004). The use of discrete data in PCA: theory, simulations, and applications to socioeconomic indices. Chapel Hill: Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, 20, 1-59.
39. Lee, D. J. (2008). A model of quality of college life (QCL) of students in Korea. Social Indicators Research, 87(2), 269-285.
40. Lee, D. S., & Padilla, A. M. (2016). Predicting South Korean university students’ happiness through social support and efficacy beliefs. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 38(1), 48-60.
41. Lehmann, W. (2009). University as vocational education: working‐class students’ expectations for university. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 30(2), 137-149.
42. Lent, R. W., Singley, D., Sheu, H. B., Gainor, K. A., Brenner, B. R., Treistman, D., et al. (2005). Social cognitive predictors of domain and life satisfaction: Exploring the theoretical precursors of subjective well-being. Journal of counseling psychology, 52(3), 429.
43. Lepp, A. (2018). Correlating leisure and happiness: the relationship between the leisure experience battery and the satisfaction with life scale. Annals of Leisure Research, 21(2), 246-252.
44. Lu, L., & Hu, C. H. (2005). Personality, leisure experiences and happiness. Journal of happiness studies, 6(3), 325-342.
45. Mai, L. W. (2005). A comparative study between UK and US: The student satisfaction in higher education and its influential factors. Journal of marketing management, 21(7-8), 859-878.
46. Mascherini, M., Ledermaier, S., Vacas-Soriano, C., & Jacobs, L. (2017). Long-term unemployed youth: Characteristics and policy responses. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
47. Michalos, A. C., & Orlando, J. A. (2006). A note on student quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 79(1), 51-59.
48. Mihanović, Z., Batinić, A. B., & Pavičić, J. (2016). The link between students' satisfaction with faculty, overall students' satisfaction with student life and student performances. Review of Innovation and Competitiveness: A Journal of Economic and Social Research, 2(1), 37-60.
49. Møller, V. (1996). Life satisfaction and expectations for the future in a sample of university students: A research note. South African Journal of Sociology, 27(1), 16-26.
50. Muhammad, S., Sapri, M., & Sipan, I. (2014). Academic buildings and their influence on students’ wellbeing in higher education institutions. Social indicators research, 115(3), 1159-1178.
51. OECD (2020), Education at a Glance 2020: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/69096873-en.
52. OECD, Education at a glance database, educational attainment and labour-force status, https://stats.oecd.org/#, 02.05.2020
53. OECD, Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC): Full selection of indicators, https://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/, 02.05.2020
54. Özdikmenli-Demir, G. (2010). The effects of economical cultural and social capitals on Turkish unıversity students well-being and academic achievement. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(3), 517-534.
55. Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2009). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. In E. Diener (Ed.), Assessing well-being (pp. 101-117). Springer, Dordrecht.
56. Pedišić, Ž., Greblo, Z., Phongsavan, P., Milton, K., & Bauman, A. E. (2015). Are total, intensity-and domain-specific physical activity levels associated with life satisfaction among university students?. PloS one, 10(2), e0118137.
57. Räty, H., Hytti, U., Kasanen, K., Komulainen, K., Siivonen, P., & Kozlinska, I. (2020). Perceived employability and ability self among Finnish university students. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 35, 975-993.
58. Rode, J. C., Arthaud-Day, M. L., Mooney, C. H., Near, J. P., Baldwin, T. T., Bommer, W. H., et al. (2005). Life satisfaction and student performance. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4(4), 421-433.
59. Sam, D. L. (2001). Satisfaction with life among international students: An exploratory study. Social indicators research, 53(3), 315-337.
60. Schnettler, B., Denegri, M., Miranda, H., Sepúlveda, J., Orellana, L., Paiva, G., & Grunert, K. G. (2015). Family support and subjective well-being: an exploratory study of university students in southern Chile. Social Indicators Research, 122(3), 833-864.
61. Sheu, H. B., Chong, S. S., Chen, H. F., & Lin, W. C. (2014). Well-being of Taiwanese and Singaporean college students: Cross-cultural validity of a modified social cognitive model. Journal of counseling psychology, 61(3), 447.
62. Shim, S., Xiao, J. J., Barber, B. L., & Lyons, A. C. (2009). Pathways to life success: A conceptual model of financial well-being for young adults. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(6), 708-723.
63. Shin, D. C., & Johnson, D. M. (1978). Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life. Social indicators research, 5(1-4), 475-492.
64. Sirgy, M. J. (2012). The psychology of quality of life: Hedonic well-being, life satisfaction, and eudaimonia (Vol. 50). Springer Science & Business Media.
65. Sirgy, M. J., Lee, D. J., Grzeskowiak, S., Grace, B. Y., Webb, D., El-Hasan, K., et al. (2010). Quality of college life (QCL) of students: Further validation of a measure of well-being. Social Indicators Research, 99(3), 375-390.
66. StataCorp. (2015). Stata statistical software: release 14. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
67. Turkstat, Address based population registration system, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=nufus-ve-demografi-109&dil=2, 10.06.2020
68. Turkstat, Education statistics, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=egitim-kultur-spor-ve-turizm-105&dil=2, 21.04.2020
69. Turkstat, Life satisfation survey 2013, https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=100&locale=tr, 15.06.2020
70. Turkstat, Regional accounts, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=ulusal-hesaplar-113&dil=2, 15.10.2019
71. Türkiye İşçi Sendikaları Konfederasyonu (Türk-iş), Haber Bülteni, http://www.turkis.org.tr/dosya/T5rI6MF3QLPH.pdf, 23.10.2019.
72. URAP (University ranking by academic performance ) research laboratory, https://www.urapcenter.org/, 23.04.2020
73. Vaez, M., Kristenson, M., & Laflamme, L. (2004). Perceived quality of life and self-rated health among first-year university students. Social indicators research, 68(2), 221-234.
74. Veenhoven, R. (1984). Conditions of happiness. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
75. Wiers-Jenssen, J., Stensaker, B. R., & Gr⊘ gaard, J. B. (2002). Student satisfaction: Towards an empirical deconstruction of the concept. Quality in higher education, 8(2), 183-195.
76. Winkelmann, L., & Winkelmann, R. (1998). Why are the unemployed so unhappy? Evidence from panel data. Economica, 65(257), 1-15.
77. Worldbank, Education statistics, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR?view=chart, 21.04.2020
78. Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The counseling psychologist, 34(6), 806-838.
79. Xiao, J. J., Tang, C., & Shim, S. (2009). Acting for happiness: Financial behavior and life satisfaction of college students. Social indicators research, 92(1), 53-68.
80. Yalçıntaş, A., & Akkaya, B. (2019). Türkiye’de akademik enflasyon:“Her ile bir üniversite politikası” sonrasında Türk yükseköğrenim sistemi. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 74(3), 789-810.
81. Yi, G., & McMurtrey, M. E. (2013). The impact of academic inflation on the labour market: if everyone has a PhD, who will be the custodian?. International Journal of Electronic Finance, 7(3-4), 250-262.
82. Yu, G., & Lee, D. J. (2008). A model of quality of college life (QCL) of students in Korea. Social Indicators Research, 87(2), 269-285.