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EVALUATION OF WORLD COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF TOURISM INDICATORS THROUGH MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS METHOD

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 33, 0 - , 01.06.2014
https://doi.org/10.19168/jyu.26264

Öz

In the studies that compare countries in terms of tourism indicators, countries are usually evaluated with reference to only one indicator. However, in this evaluation, two important factors such as their population and economic size are usually ignored. Moreover, a standardization which is comprised by different units of measurement (number, time, ratio, etc.) is not applied. This situation causes countries to be wrongly compared in terms of tourism statistics. In this study, it is aimed to rank and classify 47 countries that have examples from almost every region in the world in terms of 9 indicators containing the tourism data between 2004 and 2009 by using multivariate statistical methods. Principal component analysis has been used in order to create the tourism development index for ranking the countries, cluster analysis for classifying, and multidimensional scaling analysis for their place in two-dimensional space. The findings of both standardized and non-standardized data have been provided in order them to be compared. According to the “the tourism development index”, the first 3 countries for non-standardized data is USA, France and Spain; nevertheless, this ranking has changed as USA, Egypt and Jamaica for standardized data. On the other hand, it has been observed that the countries have clustered in the best two groups in terms of similarity and/or difference levels for both data sets.

Kaynakça

  • Alegre, J. & Llorenc, P. (2006). The Length of Stay in the Demand for Tourism, Tourism Management, (27), 1343-1355.
  • Ashley, C., De Brine, P., Lehr, A. & Wilde, H. (2007). The Role of the Tourism Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity, Economic Opportunity Series. Harvard University, Cambridge.
  • Belloumi, M. (2010). The Relationship between Tourism Receipts, Real Effective Exchange Rate and Economic Growth in Tunisia. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12, (5), 550-560.
  • Boch, B.W. & Huang, C. J. (1974). Multivariate Statistical Methods for Business and Economics. New York: Prentice Hall Inc.
  • Chang, Y., & Liao, M. (2010). A Seasonal ARIMA Model of Tourism Forecasting: The Case of Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 15(2), 215-221.
  • Chen, C. F., & Chiou-Wei, S. Z. (2009). Tourism Expansion, Tourism Uncertainty and Economic Growth: New Evidence from Taiwan and Korea, Tourism Management, 30, (6), 812-818.
  • Chen, M. H. (2010). The Economy Tourism Growth and Corporate Performance in the Taiwanese Hotel Industry, Tourism Management, (31), 665-675.
  • Chen, K., & Yang, H. (2010). Appraising the Economic Impact of the “Opening up to Mainland Chinese Tourist Arrivals” Policy on Taiwan with a Tourism-CGE Model. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 15(2), 155-175.
  • Dritsakis, N. (2004). Tourism as a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: An Empirical Investigation for Greece Using a Causality Analysis. Tourism Economics, 10, (3), 305-316.
  • Dwyer, L., & Forsyth, P. (1997). Measuring the Benefits and Yield from Foreign Tourism. International Journal of Social Economics, 24, (1-3), 223-236.
  • Erdmann, G. (1997). The Impact of Tourism on Coastal Areas. GeoJournal, 42, 1), 39-54.
  • Esther, M. G., & Josep, M. R. (2008). Length of Stay for Low-Cost Tourism. Tourism Management, 29, (6), 1064-1075.
  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Halseth, G., & Meiklejohn, C. (2009). Indicators of Small Town Tourism Development Potential: The Case of Fouriesburg, South Africa. Urban Forum, 20, (3), 293-317.
  • Hawkins, D. M., Muller, M. W. & Krooden, A. T. (1982). Topics in Applied. Multivariate Analysis. London: Cambridge Üniversity Press.
  • Hodur, N. M., & Leistritz, F. L. (2007). Estimating the Economic Impact of Event Tourism, Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 8, (4), 63-79.
  • İçöz, O., & Kozak, M. (2002), Turizm Ekonomisi, Turhan Kitabevi, 2.Baskı, Ankara.
  • Johnson, R. A., & Wichern, D. W. (2002). Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis. 5nd Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall International Inc.
  • Kar, M., Zorkirişçi, E. & Yıldırım, M. (2004). Turizmin Ekonomiye Katkısı Üzerine Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme. Akdeniz Üniversitesi, İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, (8), 87-112.
  • Kattiyapornpong, U., & Miller K. E. (2011). Social Structure and Psychographic Explanations of Destination Preference of Australians’Travel to South-East Asia. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(1), 39-56.
  • Kramer, C. Y. (1978). An Overview of Multivariate Analysis. Journal of Dairy Science, (61), 848-854. Krzanowski, W. J. & Lai, Y. T. (1988). A Criterion for Determining the Number of Groups in a Data Set Using Sum-of Squares Clustering. Biometrics, (14), 22-34.
  • Lee, C. C., & Chang, C. P. (2008), Tourism Development and Economic Growth: A Closer Look at Panels. Tourism Management, 29, (1), 180-192.
  • Manly, B. F. J. (1994), Multivariate Statistical Methods. New York: Chapman Hall.
  • Mardia, K. V., Kent, J. T. and Bibby, J. M. (1989). Multivariate Analysis. 7th Ed. London: Academic Press.
  • Olalı, H. (1990). Turizm Politikası ve Planlaması, İ.Ü. İşletme Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket Programlar ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi (Çok Değişkenli Analizler). Kaan Kitabevi, Eskişehir.
  • Raina, A. K., & Agarwal, S. K. (2004). The Esence of Tourism Development Dynamics, Philosophy and Strategies, Sarup & Suns, New Delhi, India.
  • Rızaoğlu, B. (2004). Turizmde Tanıtma, Detay Yayıncılık, 3.Baskı, Ankara.
  • Rosentraub, M. S., & Joo, M. (2009). Tourism and Economic Development: Which Investments Produce Gains for Regions. Tourism Management, 30, (5), 759-770.
  • Scheyvens, R., & Momsen, J. H. (2008). Tourism and Poverty Reduction: Issues for Small Island States, Tourism Geographies, 10, (1), 22-41.
  • Schubert, S. F., Brida J. G., & Risso W.A., (2011). The Impacts of International Tourism Demand on Economic Growth of Small Economies Dependent on Tourism. Tourism Management, 32, (2), 377-3
  • Sharpley, R. (2000). The Influence of the Accommodation Sector on Tourism Development: Lesson from Cyprus. Hospitality Management, (19), 275-293.
  • Torres, R. M., & Momsen, J. H. (2004). Challenges and Potential for Linking Tourism and Agriculture to Achieve Pro-Poor Tourism Objectives, Progress in Development Studies, (4), 294-318.
  • WTO (2001). UNWTO Tourism 2020 Vision, http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/ vision.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2010).
  • WTO (2009). Compendium of Tourism Statistics-Data 2003-2007, World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), Madrid.
  • WTO (2010). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. Interim Update April 2010, www.unwto.org (Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2010).
  • Yang, C. H., Lin, H.L., & Han, C. C. (2010). Analysis of International Tourist Arrivals in China: The Role of World Heritage Sites, Tourism Management, 31, (6), 827-837.

EVALUATION OF WORLD COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF TOURISM INDICATORS THROUGH MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS METHOD

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 33, 0 - , 01.06.2014
https://doi.org/10.19168/jyu.26264

Öz

Ülkelerin turizm göstergeleri bakımından karşılaştırılmasına yönelik yapılan çalışmalarda genellikle ülkelerin nüfus ve ekonomik büyüklüğü gibi önemli bir faktör göz ardı edilerek tek değişkene göre değerlendirme yapılmakta ve farklı ölçü birimlerinden (sayı, zaman, oran vb) oluşan değişkenler için standartlaştırma yapılmamaktadır. Bu durum, turizm istatistikleri açısından ülkelerin hatalı bir şekilde karşılaştırılmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, çok değişkenli istatistiksel yöntemler kullanılarak dünyanın hemen her bölgesinden örneklerin yer aldığı toplam 47 ülkenin, 2004-2009 yılları arasındaki turizm verilerini içeren dokuz gösterge bakımından sıralanması ve sınıflandırılması amaçlanmıştır. Ülkelerin sıralanmasına yönelik turizm gelişmişlik endeksinin oluşturulmasında temel bileşenler analizi kullanılmış olup, sınıflama yapmak için kümeleme analizi, iki boyutlu uzaydaki konumu için ise çok boyutlu ölçekleme analizi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada hem standartlaştırılmamış hem de standartlaştırılmış veriler için elde edilen bulgular karşılaştırma yapılabilmesi için birlikte sunulmuştur. “turizm gelişmişlik indeks”ine göre standartlaştırılmamış veriler için ilk 3 sırada Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Fransa ve İspanya yer alırken, standart veriler için bu sıralamanın Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Mısır ve Jamaika şeklinde değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Diğer taraftan, her iki veri seti için benzerlik ve/veya farklılık düzeylerine göre ülkelerin en iyi iki grupta toplandığı tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Alegre, J. & Llorenc, P. (2006). The Length of Stay in the Demand for Tourism, Tourism Management, (27), 1343-1355.
  • Ashley, C., De Brine, P., Lehr, A. & Wilde, H. (2007). The Role of the Tourism Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity, Economic Opportunity Series. Harvard University, Cambridge.
  • Belloumi, M. (2010). The Relationship between Tourism Receipts, Real Effective Exchange Rate and Economic Growth in Tunisia. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12, (5), 550-560.
  • Boch, B.W. & Huang, C. J. (1974). Multivariate Statistical Methods for Business and Economics. New York: Prentice Hall Inc.
  • Chang, Y., & Liao, M. (2010). A Seasonal ARIMA Model of Tourism Forecasting: The Case of Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 15(2), 215-221.
  • Chen, C. F., & Chiou-Wei, S. Z. (2009). Tourism Expansion, Tourism Uncertainty and Economic Growth: New Evidence from Taiwan and Korea, Tourism Management, 30, (6), 812-818.
  • Chen, M. H. (2010). The Economy Tourism Growth and Corporate Performance in the Taiwanese Hotel Industry, Tourism Management, (31), 665-675.
  • Chen, K., & Yang, H. (2010). Appraising the Economic Impact of the “Opening up to Mainland Chinese Tourist Arrivals” Policy on Taiwan with a Tourism-CGE Model. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 15(2), 155-175.
  • Dritsakis, N. (2004). Tourism as a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: An Empirical Investigation for Greece Using a Causality Analysis. Tourism Economics, 10, (3), 305-316.
  • Dwyer, L., & Forsyth, P. (1997). Measuring the Benefits and Yield from Foreign Tourism. International Journal of Social Economics, 24, (1-3), 223-236.
  • Erdmann, G. (1997). The Impact of Tourism on Coastal Areas. GeoJournal, 42, 1), 39-54.
  • Esther, M. G., & Josep, M. R. (2008). Length of Stay for Low-Cost Tourism. Tourism Management, 29, (6), 1064-1075.
  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Halseth, G., & Meiklejohn, C. (2009). Indicators of Small Town Tourism Development Potential: The Case of Fouriesburg, South Africa. Urban Forum, 20, (3), 293-317.
  • Hawkins, D. M., Muller, M. W. & Krooden, A. T. (1982). Topics in Applied. Multivariate Analysis. London: Cambridge Üniversity Press.
  • Hodur, N. M., & Leistritz, F. L. (2007). Estimating the Economic Impact of Event Tourism, Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 8, (4), 63-79.
  • İçöz, O., & Kozak, M. (2002), Turizm Ekonomisi, Turhan Kitabevi, 2.Baskı, Ankara.
  • Johnson, R. A., & Wichern, D. W. (2002). Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis. 5nd Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall International Inc.
  • Kar, M., Zorkirişçi, E. & Yıldırım, M. (2004). Turizmin Ekonomiye Katkısı Üzerine Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme. Akdeniz Üniversitesi, İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, (8), 87-112.
  • Kattiyapornpong, U., & Miller K. E. (2011). Social Structure and Psychographic Explanations of Destination Preference of Australians’Travel to South-East Asia. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(1), 39-56.
  • Kramer, C. Y. (1978). An Overview of Multivariate Analysis. Journal of Dairy Science, (61), 848-854. Krzanowski, W. J. & Lai, Y. T. (1988). A Criterion for Determining the Number of Groups in a Data Set Using Sum-of Squares Clustering. Biometrics, (14), 22-34.
  • Lee, C. C., & Chang, C. P. (2008), Tourism Development and Economic Growth: A Closer Look at Panels. Tourism Management, 29, (1), 180-192.
  • Manly, B. F. J. (1994), Multivariate Statistical Methods. New York: Chapman Hall.
  • Mardia, K. V., Kent, J. T. and Bibby, J. M. (1989). Multivariate Analysis. 7th Ed. London: Academic Press.
  • Olalı, H. (1990). Turizm Politikası ve Planlaması, İ.Ü. İşletme Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket Programlar ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi (Çok Değişkenli Analizler). Kaan Kitabevi, Eskişehir.
  • Raina, A. K., & Agarwal, S. K. (2004). The Esence of Tourism Development Dynamics, Philosophy and Strategies, Sarup & Suns, New Delhi, India.
  • Rızaoğlu, B. (2004). Turizmde Tanıtma, Detay Yayıncılık, 3.Baskı, Ankara.
  • Rosentraub, M. S., & Joo, M. (2009). Tourism and Economic Development: Which Investments Produce Gains for Regions. Tourism Management, 30, (5), 759-770.
  • Scheyvens, R., & Momsen, J. H. (2008). Tourism and Poverty Reduction: Issues for Small Island States, Tourism Geographies, 10, (1), 22-41.
  • Schubert, S. F., Brida J. G., & Risso W.A., (2011). The Impacts of International Tourism Demand on Economic Growth of Small Economies Dependent on Tourism. Tourism Management, 32, (2), 377-3
  • Sharpley, R. (2000). The Influence of the Accommodation Sector on Tourism Development: Lesson from Cyprus. Hospitality Management, (19), 275-293.
  • Torres, R. M., & Momsen, J. H. (2004). Challenges and Potential for Linking Tourism and Agriculture to Achieve Pro-Poor Tourism Objectives, Progress in Development Studies, (4), 294-318.
  • WTO (2001). UNWTO Tourism 2020 Vision, http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/ vision.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2010).
  • WTO (2009). Compendium of Tourism Statistics-Data 2003-2007, World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), Madrid.
  • WTO (2010). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. Interim Update April 2010, www.unwto.org (Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2010).
  • Yang, C. H., Lin, H.L., & Han, C. C. (2010). Analysis of International Tourist Arrivals in China: The Role of World Heritage Sites, Tourism Management, 31, (6), 827-837.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Oktay Emır Bu kişi benim

İbrahim Kılıc Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 33

Kaynak Göster

APA Emır, O., & Kılıc, İ. (2014). EVALUATION OF WORLD COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF TOURISM INDICATORS THROUGH MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS METHOD. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 9(33). https://doi.org/10.19168/jyu.26264
AMA Emır O, Kılıc İ. EVALUATION OF WORLD COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF TOURISM INDICATORS THROUGH MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS METHOD. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. Haziran 2014;9(33). doi:10.19168/jyu.26264
Chicago Emır, Oktay, ve İbrahim Kılıc. “EVALUATION OF WORLD COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF TOURISM INDICATORS THROUGH MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS METHOD”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 9, sy. 33 (Haziran 2014). https://doi.org/10.19168/jyu.26264.
EndNote Emır O, Kılıc İ (01 Haziran 2014) EVALUATION OF WORLD COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF TOURISM INDICATORS THROUGH MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS METHOD. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 9 33
IEEE O. Emır ve İ. Kılıc, “EVALUATION OF WORLD COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF TOURISM INDICATORS THROUGH MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS METHOD”, Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 33, 2014, doi: 10.19168/jyu.26264.
ISNAD Emır, Oktay - Kılıc, İbrahim. “EVALUATION OF WORLD COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF TOURISM INDICATORS THROUGH MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS METHOD”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 9/33 (Haziran 2014). https://doi.org/10.19168/jyu.26264.
JAMA Emır O, Kılıc İ. EVALUATION OF WORLD COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF TOURISM INDICATORS THROUGH MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS METHOD. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2014;9. doi:10.19168/jyu.26264.
MLA Emır, Oktay ve İbrahim Kılıc. “EVALUATION OF WORLD COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF TOURISM INDICATORS THROUGH MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS METHOD”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 33, 2014, doi:10.19168/jyu.26264.
Vancouver Emır O, Kılıc İ. EVALUATION OF WORLD COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF TOURISM INDICATORS THROUGH MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS METHOD. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2014;9(33).