Araştırma Makalesi
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Güney Afrika Federalizmi: Anayasa Yapım Süreci ve Federalizm Tartışmasının Güncelliğini Yitirmesi

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 50, 164 - 175, 30.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.370009

Öz

Ulusal
Barış Anlaşması’nın imzalandığı, siyasi yasakların kaldırıldığı, siyasi
suçluların serbest bırakıldığı ve hepsinden önemlisi, ırk ayrımına dayanan
rejimin (apartheid) ortadan kalktığı 1990’lı yıllar Güney Afrika siyasetinde
tarihi bir dönemi müjdelemekteydi. Ülkedeki başlıca siyasi gruplar arasında
gerçekleşen müzakereler sonucunda Çok-Partili Müzakere Konseyi tarafından 1993
geçici anayasası onaylanmış ve sonrasında da ülkenin ilk demokratik seçimleri
olan 1994 seçimleri gerçekleşmiştir. Takip eden geçiş döneminde ise geçici anayasada
belirtilen anayasal ilkeler çerçevesinde hala yürürlükte olan 1996 anayasası
hazırlanmıştır. Bu makale, geçici anayasa ile sonrasında kabul edilen 1996
nihai anayasasında yer alan federal prensiplerin gerek demokrasiye geçiş
sürecinde gerekse müzakerelerin başarısında kilit öneme sahip olduğunu iddia
etmektedir. Ancak yoğun müzakereler sonucunda oluşturulan Güney Afrika’nın
(yarı) federal sisteminin federal devletlerin özerkliğinin giderek azaldığı
merkezileşmiş bir sisteme doğru evrildiği görülmektedir. Bu makale, öncelikle
federal ilkelerin nasıl anayasal müzakerelerin en belirleyici pazarlık aracı
olduğuna dair bir analiz sunacak sonrasında da Güney Afrika siyasetinde
federalizm konusunun önceliğinin kaybolmasının ardındaki temel nedenleri
inceleyecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, Ehtisham and Giorgio Brosio. 2009. “Decentralization and Local Service Provision: What do we Know.” LSE Asia Research Center Working Paper, No. 27.
  • Bastian, Sunil and Robin Luckham. 2003. “Introduction: Can Democracy be Designed?” In Sunil Bastian and Robin Luckham (Eds.) Can Democracy be Designed?: The Politics of Institutional Choice in Conflict-torn Societies: 1-13. London: Zed Books.
  • Başaran, Ezgi. 2013. “IRA Sorununu Çözen Beyin Jonathan Powell’dan 10 Maddede Kalıcı Barış.” Radikal. April 10.
  • Blindenbacher, Raoul. and Watts, Ronald L. (2003). “Federalism in a Changing World – A Conceptual Framework for the Conference.” In Ed. Raoul Blindenbacher and Arnold Koller (Eds.) Federalism in a Changing World: Learning From Each Other. pp.7-25. Montreal& Kingston: Montreal:McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Botha, Pik. 2015. “Peace with neighbours led to unbanning.” Mail & Guardian. January 30-February 5: 37.
  • Brooke, Sam. 2005. “Constitution-Making and Immutable Principles.” Master tesis, Tufts University.
  • Brosio, Giorgio. 2000. “Decentralization in Africa.” http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.436.7648&rep=rep1&type=pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 18/12/2017).
  • Buthelezi, Mangosuthu Gatsha. 1985. Some Thoughts on South Africa’s Political Process and Federalism as a Possible Idiom of Consensus Politics. http://www.ifp.org.za/Archive/MGButhelezi/DOC0042.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10/07/2012).
  • Buthelezi, Mangosuthu Gatsha. 1990. “Inkatha Freedom Party.” Journal of Democracy 1(4):25-28.
  • Buthelezi, Mangosuthu Gatsha. 2015. “Inkatha, too, paved the way to peaceful liberation.” Mail & Guardian. January 30-February 5: 37.
  • City Press. 2012. “Number of SA provinces to be reduced.” June 29. http://www.citypress.co.za/news/sas-provinces-to-be-reduced-20120629/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01/01/2015).
  • Collins, Robert O. and James M. Burns. 2007. A History of Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Constitutional Court of South Africa. 1996. “Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.” Case CCT 23/96.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 1: 13 February 1995.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 2: 8-28 March 1996.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 3: 10 February 1995.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 3. 18 May 1996.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 4: 17 September 1996.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 8: 9 June 1995-29 June 1995.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 8: 29 June 1995.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 10: 11 August- 1995-25 August 1995.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 12: 8 September 1995- 21 September 1995.
  • Crawford, Neta C. 1999. “Oil Sanctions against Apartheid.” In Neta C. Crawford and Audie Klotz (Eds.) How Sanctions Work: Lessons from South Africa: 103-126. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Democratic Alliance. 2009. “Promoting Open, Opportunity Governance.” https://www.da.org.za/archive/promoting-open-opportunity-governance/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03/07/2017).
  • De Visser, J. 2010. “Cities in Federal and Decentralized Systems in Africa.” Paper presented at conference, Case Study Summaries: The Fifth International Conference on Federalism, Addis Ababa, 14-16 December.
  • Dickovick, J. Taylor. 2014. “Federalism in Africa: Origins, Operation and (In)Significance.” Regional & Federal Studies 24(5): 553-570.
  • Du Preez, Max. 2015. “FW de Klerk’s ‘quantum leap’: Did he jump or was he pushed?” Mail & Guardian. January 30-February 5: 35-36.
  • Ebrahim, Ahmed Gora. 1990. “Pan-Africanist Congress.” Journal of Democracy 1(4): 28-31.
  • Egan, Anthony and Taylor, Rupert 2003. “South Africa: The Failure of Ethnoterritorial Politics.” In John Coakley (Ed.) The Territorial Management of Ethnic Conflict: 95-113. London and Portland, Or: Frank Cass.
  • Elazar, Daniel Judah. 1991. Exploring Federalism. Tuscaloosa and London: University of Alabama Press.
  • Elazar, Daniel Judah. 1993. “International and Comparative Federalism.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 26(2):190-195.
  • Fessha, Yonatan and Coel Kirkby. 2008. “A Critical Survey of Subnational Autonomy in African States.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 38(2): 248-271.
  • Fleiner, Thomas, Walter Kälin, Wolf Linder and Cherly Saunders. 2003. “Federalism, Decentralization and Conflict Management in Multicultural Societies.” Politorbis 32(1): 39-57.
  • Giliomee, Hermann. 1995. “Democratization in South Africa.” Political Science Quarterly 110(1): 83-104.
  • Hamill, James. 2003. “A disguised surrender? South Africa’s negotiated settlement and the politics of conflict resolution.” Diplomacy & Statecraft 14(3): 1-30.
  • Haysom, Nicholas R. L. 2003. “Constitution Making and Nation Building.” In Raoul Blindenbacher and Arnold Koller (Eds.) Federalism in a Changing World: Learning from Each Other: 216-239. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Henrard, Kristin and Stefaan Smis. 2000. “Recent Experiences in South Africa and Ethiopia to Accommodate Cultural Diversity: A Regained Interest in the Right of Self-Determination.” Journal of African Law 44(1): 17-51.
  • Henrard, Kristin. 2002a. Minority Protection in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Human Rights, Minority Rights, and Self-Determination. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Press.
  • Henrard, Kristin. 2002b. “Post Apartheid South Africa’s Democratic Transition Process: Redress of the Past, Reconciliation and ‘Unity in Diversity.” The Global Review of Ethnopolitics 1(3): 18-38.
  • Hopper, Robert. 2008. “Post-Apartheid South-Africa: Evaluating South Africa’s Institutional Design.” Opticon 5:1-9.
  • Hueglin, Thomas O. and Alan Fenna. 2006. Comparative Federalism: A Systematic Inquiry. Canada: Broadview Press Ltd.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. IFP Webpage. http://www.ifp.org.za/
  • Inman, Robert P. and Daniel L. Rubinfeld. 2005. “Federalism and the Democratic Transition: Lessons from South Africa.” The American Economic Review 95(2):39-43.
  • Interview with Bantu Holomisa, the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, 12/03/2015.
  • Interview with James Selfe, the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, 27/02//2015.
  • Jung, Courtney. 1996. “Understanding Zulu Identity.” Indicator South Africa 1(2): 47-54.
  • Keller, Edmond J. 2007. “Politico-Administrative Reform and Political Transition in Nigeria, Ethiopia, and South Africa.” The International Journal of African Studies 6(1): 3-35.
  • Klotz, Audie. 1999. “Diplomatic Isolation.” In Neta C. Crawford and Audie Klotz (Eds.) How Sanctions Work: Lessons from South Africa: 195-212. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Koelble, Thomas A. and Andrew Siddle. 2014. “Decentralization in PostApartheid South Africa.” Regional & Federal Studies 24(5): 607-623.
  • Lake, David A. and Donald Rothchild. 2005. “Territorial Decentralization and Civil War Settlements.” In Philip G. Roeder and Donald Rothchild (Eds.) Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy after Civil Wars: 109-132. USA: Cornell University.
  • Levy, Philip I. 1999. “Sanctions on South Africa: What Did They Do?” The American Economic Review 89(2): 415-420.
  • Local Government Action. “IOL NEWS: More municipalities to merge.” http://www.localgovernmentaction.org/st/node/825 (Erişim Tarihi: 17/12/2017).
  • Lowe, Chris. 1990. “Buthelezi, Inkatha, and the Problem of Ethnic Nationalism in South Africa.” Radical History Review 46(7): 397-406.
  • Maharaj, Mac. 2008. “The ANC and South Africa’s Negotiated Transition to Democracy and Peace.” Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berghof Transition Series, No. 2.
  • Mangaliso, Mzamo P. (1999). “Disinvestment by Multinational Corporations.” In Neta C. Crawford and Audie Klotz (Eds.) How Sanctions Work: Lessons from South Africa: 145-158. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Manor, J. 2001. “Local Government in South Africa: Potential Disaster despite Genuine Promise.” SLSA Working Paper, No. 8.
  • Marasinghe, Lakshman. 1993. “Constitutional Reform in South Africa.” The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 42(4): 827-854.
  • Phandle, Gugu. 2015. “Big plan to expand BCM boundaries.” DispatchLive. January 30.
  • http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/big-plan-to-expand-bcm-boundaries/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18/12/2017).
  • Murray, Christina. 2006. “South Africa: Provincial Implementation of National Policies.” In Raoul Blindenbacher and Abigail Ostien (Eds.) Dialogues on Legislative and Executive Governance in Federal Countries: 29-31. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Murray, Christina and Richard Simeon. 2011. “Promises Unmet - Multilevel Government in South Africa.” In Rekha Saxena (Ed.) Varieties of Federal Governance: Major Contemporary Models: 232-260. Foundation Books.
  • Ndenze, Babalo. 2012. “Reducing provinces hotly debated.” Iol News. June 30. http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/reducing-provinces-hotly-debated-1.1331379#.VNT-WGisXa4 (Erişim Tarihi: 18/12/2017).
  • News24. 2012. “Review number of provinces – ANC.” June 29. http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Review-number-of-provinces-ANC-20120629 (Erişim Tarihi: 17/12/2017).
  • Parliament of the Republic of South Africa. “State of Parties in the NA.” http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/content.php?Category_ID=148 (Erişim Tarihi: 10/12/2014).
  • Piper, Laurence. 2002. “Nationalism without a nation: the rise and fall of Zulu nationalism in South Africa’s transition to democracy, 1975–99.” Nations and Nationalism 8(1): 73-94.
  • Reddy, Purshottama and Brij Maharaj. 2008. “Democratic Decentralization in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” In Fumihiko Saito (Ed.) Foundations for Local Governance: Decentralization in Comaparative Perspective: 185-211. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag.
  • Republic of South Africa Constitution Act 110 of 1983. https://media.law.wisc.edu/s/c_8/d9zgq/cbsa2.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 18/12/2017).
  • Republic of South Africa, Department of Public Service and Administration. 1997. “White Paper on Transforming Public Service Delivery.” http://www.polity.org.za/polity/govdocs/white_papers/transform.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17/12/2017).
  • Republic of South Africa, Cooperative Governance & Traditional Affairs. 2009. “Local Government Turnaround Strategy.” Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa, Government Communication and Information System. 2009. “Media briefing by Minister Chabane on the macro structure of government.” http://www.gcis.gov.za/content/newsroom/media-releases/media-briefings/transcript-macro-structure-government (Erişim Tarihi: 18/12/2017).
  • Shapiro, Ian. 1997. “Group Aspirations and Democratic Politics.” Constellations 3(3): 315-325.
  • Simeon, Richard. 1998. “Considerations on the Design of Federations: The South African Constitution in Comparative Context.” Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen’s University, Working Paper, No. 2.
  • South African Government. “The 1993 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 200 (Interim Constitution).” http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/93cons.htm#SCHEDUL4 (Erişim Tarihi: 09/12/2012).
  • South African Government. “The 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.” http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/a108-96.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 09/12/2012).
  • Spear, Mary and Jon Keller. 1996. “Conflict Resolution in Africa: Insights from UN Representatives and U.S. Government Officials.” Africa Today 43(2): 121-138.
  • Spears, Ian S. 2002. “Africa: The Limits of Power-Sharing.” Journal of Democracy 13(3): 123-136.
  • Steytler, Nico. 2005. “South Africa’s Negotiated Compromise.” In Raoul Blindenbacher and Abigail Ostien (Eds.) Dialogues on Legislative and Executive Governance in Federal Countries: 36-38. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Steytler, Nico and Johann Mettler. 2001. “Federal Arrangements as a Peacemaking Device during South Africa’s Transition to Democracy.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 31(4): 93-106.
  • Temkin, Ben. 2003. Buthelezi: A Biography. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
  • The Star. 2014. “No Merger between IFP and EFF.” January 30.
  • Van der Merwe, Jacobus Hercules. 1990. “Conservative Party.” Journal of Democracy 1(4): 38-41.
  • Viljoen, Gerrit. 1990. “National Party.” Journal of Democracy 1(4): 41-45.
  • Watts, Ronald L. 2003. “Intergovernmental Councils in Federations.” Constructive and Cooperative Federalism? A Series of Commentaries on the Council of the Federation 2:1-9.
  • Worrall, Denis. 1990. “Democratic Party.” Journal of Democracy 1(4): 45-48.

South African Federalism: Constitution-Making Process and the Decline of the Federalism Debate

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 50, 164 - 175, 30.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.370009

Öz

The 1990s heralded the
beginning of a historical period in South African politics with the signing of
the National Peace Accord, the unbanning of black opposition movements, the
release of political prisoners and, most importantly, the end of the apartheid
regime
. Negotiations between major political
groups of the country produced the Interim Constitution of 1993 approved by the
Multi-Party Negotiating Council, which resulted in the country’s first
democratic and multi-racial elections in 1994. The current 1996 constitution
was prepared during the transition period in line with the Constitutional
Principles of the Interim Constitution. This article argues that federal principles
entrenched both in the Interim Constitution and Final Constitution played a key
role in the transition to democracy and contributed to the success of
negotiations. However, South Africa’s (quasi) federal system is now highly
centralized with decreasing autonomy of its constituent units. This article
will first provide an analysis on
how federal principles became the major bargaining
tool of the constitutional negotiations
before proceeding with an examination of
the very reasons behind the demise of the federalism debate in South African
politics.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, Ehtisham and Giorgio Brosio. 2009. “Decentralization and Local Service Provision: What do we Know.” LSE Asia Research Center Working Paper, No. 27.
  • Bastian, Sunil and Robin Luckham. 2003. “Introduction: Can Democracy be Designed?” In Sunil Bastian and Robin Luckham (Eds.) Can Democracy be Designed?: The Politics of Institutional Choice in Conflict-torn Societies: 1-13. London: Zed Books.
  • Başaran, Ezgi. 2013. “IRA Sorununu Çözen Beyin Jonathan Powell’dan 10 Maddede Kalıcı Barış.” Radikal. April 10.
  • Blindenbacher, Raoul. and Watts, Ronald L. (2003). “Federalism in a Changing World – A Conceptual Framework for the Conference.” In Ed. Raoul Blindenbacher and Arnold Koller (Eds.) Federalism in a Changing World: Learning From Each Other. pp.7-25. Montreal& Kingston: Montreal:McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Botha, Pik. 2015. “Peace with neighbours led to unbanning.” Mail & Guardian. January 30-February 5: 37.
  • Brooke, Sam. 2005. “Constitution-Making and Immutable Principles.” Master tesis, Tufts University.
  • Brosio, Giorgio. 2000. “Decentralization in Africa.” http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.436.7648&rep=rep1&type=pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 18/12/2017).
  • Buthelezi, Mangosuthu Gatsha. 1985. Some Thoughts on South Africa’s Political Process and Federalism as a Possible Idiom of Consensus Politics. http://www.ifp.org.za/Archive/MGButhelezi/DOC0042.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10/07/2012).
  • Buthelezi, Mangosuthu Gatsha. 1990. “Inkatha Freedom Party.” Journal of Democracy 1(4):25-28.
  • Buthelezi, Mangosuthu Gatsha. 2015. “Inkatha, too, paved the way to peaceful liberation.” Mail & Guardian. January 30-February 5: 37.
  • City Press. 2012. “Number of SA provinces to be reduced.” June 29. http://www.citypress.co.za/news/sas-provinces-to-be-reduced-20120629/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01/01/2015).
  • Collins, Robert O. and James M. Burns. 2007. A History of Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Constitutional Court of South Africa. 1996. “Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.” Case CCT 23/96.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 1: 13 February 1995.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 2: 8-28 March 1996.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 3: 10 February 1995.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 3. 18 May 1996.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 4: 17 September 1996.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 8: 9 June 1995-29 June 1995.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 8: 29 June 1995.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 10: 11 August- 1995-25 August 1995.
  • Constitutional Talk Number 12: 8 September 1995- 21 September 1995.
  • Crawford, Neta C. 1999. “Oil Sanctions against Apartheid.” In Neta C. Crawford and Audie Klotz (Eds.) How Sanctions Work: Lessons from South Africa: 103-126. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Democratic Alliance. 2009. “Promoting Open, Opportunity Governance.” https://www.da.org.za/archive/promoting-open-opportunity-governance/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03/07/2017).
  • De Visser, J. 2010. “Cities in Federal and Decentralized Systems in Africa.” Paper presented at conference, Case Study Summaries: The Fifth International Conference on Federalism, Addis Ababa, 14-16 December.
  • Dickovick, J. Taylor. 2014. “Federalism in Africa: Origins, Operation and (In)Significance.” Regional & Federal Studies 24(5): 553-570.
  • Du Preez, Max. 2015. “FW de Klerk’s ‘quantum leap’: Did he jump or was he pushed?” Mail & Guardian. January 30-February 5: 35-36.
  • Ebrahim, Ahmed Gora. 1990. “Pan-Africanist Congress.” Journal of Democracy 1(4): 28-31.
  • Egan, Anthony and Taylor, Rupert 2003. “South Africa: The Failure of Ethnoterritorial Politics.” In John Coakley (Ed.) The Territorial Management of Ethnic Conflict: 95-113. London and Portland, Or: Frank Cass.
  • Elazar, Daniel Judah. 1991. Exploring Federalism. Tuscaloosa and London: University of Alabama Press.
  • Elazar, Daniel Judah. 1993. “International and Comparative Federalism.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 26(2):190-195.
  • Fessha, Yonatan and Coel Kirkby. 2008. “A Critical Survey of Subnational Autonomy in African States.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 38(2): 248-271.
  • Fleiner, Thomas, Walter Kälin, Wolf Linder and Cherly Saunders. 2003. “Federalism, Decentralization and Conflict Management in Multicultural Societies.” Politorbis 32(1): 39-57.
  • Giliomee, Hermann. 1995. “Democratization in South Africa.” Political Science Quarterly 110(1): 83-104.
  • Hamill, James. 2003. “A disguised surrender? South Africa’s negotiated settlement and the politics of conflict resolution.” Diplomacy & Statecraft 14(3): 1-30.
  • Haysom, Nicholas R. L. 2003. “Constitution Making and Nation Building.” In Raoul Blindenbacher and Arnold Koller (Eds.) Federalism in a Changing World: Learning from Each Other: 216-239. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Henrard, Kristin and Stefaan Smis. 2000. “Recent Experiences in South Africa and Ethiopia to Accommodate Cultural Diversity: A Regained Interest in the Right of Self-Determination.” Journal of African Law 44(1): 17-51.
  • Henrard, Kristin. 2002a. Minority Protection in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Human Rights, Minority Rights, and Self-Determination. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Press.
  • Henrard, Kristin. 2002b. “Post Apartheid South Africa’s Democratic Transition Process: Redress of the Past, Reconciliation and ‘Unity in Diversity.” The Global Review of Ethnopolitics 1(3): 18-38.
  • Hopper, Robert. 2008. “Post-Apartheid South-Africa: Evaluating South Africa’s Institutional Design.” Opticon 5:1-9.
  • Hueglin, Thomas O. and Alan Fenna. 2006. Comparative Federalism: A Systematic Inquiry. Canada: Broadview Press Ltd.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. IFP Webpage. http://www.ifp.org.za/
  • Inman, Robert P. and Daniel L. Rubinfeld. 2005. “Federalism and the Democratic Transition: Lessons from South Africa.” The American Economic Review 95(2):39-43.
  • Interview with Bantu Holomisa, the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, 12/03/2015.
  • Interview with James Selfe, the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, 27/02//2015.
  • Jung, Courtney. 1996. “Understanding Zulu Identity.” Indicator South Africa 1(2): 47-54.
  • Keller, Edmond J. 2007. “Politico-Administrative Reform and Political Transition in Nigeria, Ethiopia, and South Africa.” The International Journal of African Studies 6(1): 3-35.
  • Klotz, Audie. 1999. “Diplomatic Isolation.” In Neta C. Crawford and Audie Klotz (Eds.) How Sanctions Work: Lessons from South Africa: 195-212. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Koelble, Thomas A. and Andrew Siddle. 2014. “Decentralization in PostApartheid South Africa.” Regional & Federal Studies 24(5): 607-623.
  • Lake, David A. and Donald Rothchild. 2005. “Territorial Decentralization and Civil War Settlements.” In Philip G. Roeder and Donald Rothchild (Eds.) Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy after Civil Wars: 109-132. USA: Cornell University.
  • Levy, Philip I. 1999. “Sanctions on South Africa: What Did They Do?” The American Economic Review 89(2): 415-420.
  • Local Government Action. “IOL NEWS: More municipalities to merge.” http://www.localgovernmentaction.org/st/node/825 (Erişim Tarihi: 17/12/2017).
  • Lowe, Chris. 1990. “Buthelezi, Inkatha, and the Problem of Ethnic Nationalism in South Africa.” Radical History Review 46(7): 397-406.
  • Maharaj, Mac. 2008. “The ANC and South Africa’s Negotiated Transition to Democracy and Peace.” Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berghof Transition Series, No. 2.
  • Mangaliso, Mzamo P. (1999). “Disinvestment by Multinational Corporations.” In Neta C. Crawford and Audie Klotz (Eds.) How Sanctions Work: Lessons from South Africa: 145-158. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Manor, J. 2001. “Local Government in South Africa: Potential Disaster despite Genuine Promise.” SLSA Working Paper, No. 8.
  • Marasinghe, Lakshman. 1993. “Constitutional Reform in South Africa.” The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 42(4): 827-854.
  • Phandle, Gugu. 2015. “Big plan to expand BCM boundaries.” DispatchLive. January 30.
  • http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/big-plan-to-expand-bcm-boundaries/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18/12/2017).
  • Murray, Christina. 2006. “South Africa: Provincial Implementation of National Policies.” In Raoul Blindenbacher and Abigail Ostien (Eds.) Dialogues on Legislative and Executive Governance in Federal Countries: 29-31. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Murray, Christina and Richard Simeon. 2011. “Promises Unmet - Multilevel Government in South Africa.” In Rekha Saxena (Ed.) Varieties of Federal Governance: Major Contemporary Models: 232-260. Foundation Books.
  • Ndenze, Babalo. 2012. “Reducing provinces hotly debated.” Iol News. June 30. http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/reducing-provinces-hotly-debated-1.1331379#.VNT-WGisXa4 (Erişim Tarihi: 18/12/2017).
  • News24. 2012. “Review number of provinces – ANC.” June 29. http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Review-number-of-provinces-ANC-20120629 (Erişim Tarihi: 17/12/2017).
  • Parliament of the Republic of South Africa. “State of Parties in the NA.” http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/content.php?Category_ID=148 (Erişim Tarihi: 10/12/2014).
  • Piper, Laurence. 2002. “Nationalism without a nation: the rise and fall of Zulu nationalism in South Africa’s transition to democracy, 1975–99.” Nations and Nationalism 8(1): 73-94.
  • Reddy, Purshottama and Brij Maharaj. 2008. “Democratic Decentralization in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” In Fumihiko Saito (Ed.) Foundations for Local Governance: Decentralization in Comaparative Perspective: 185-211. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag.
  • Republic of South Africa Constitution Act 110 of 1983. https://media.law.wisc.edu/s/c_8/d9zgq/cbsa2.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 18/12/2017).
  • Republic of South Africa, Department of Public Service and Administration. 1997. “White Paper on Transforming Public Service Delivery.” http://www.polity.org.za/polity/govdocs/white_papers/transform.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17/12/2017).
  • Republic of South Africa, Cooperative Governance & Traditional Affairs. 2009. “Local Government Turnaround Strategy.” Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa, Government Communication and Information System. 2009. “Media briefing by Minister Chabane on the macro structure of government.” http://www.gcis.gov.za/content/newsroom/media-releases/media-briefings/transcript-macro-structure-government (Erişim Tarihi: 18/12/2017).
  • Shapiro, Ian. 1997. “Group Aspirations and Democratic Politics.” Constellations 3(3): 315-325.
  • Simeon, Richard. 1998. “Considerations on the Design of Federations: The South African Constitution in Comparative Context.” Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen’s University, Working Paper, No. 2.
  • South African Government. “The 1993 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 200 (Interim Constitution).” http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/93cons.htm#SCHEDUL4 (Erişim Tarihi: 09/12/2012).
  • South African Government. “The 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.” http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/a108-96.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 09/12/2012).
  • Spear, Mary and Jon Keller. 1996. “Conflict Resolution in Africa: Insights from UN Representatives and U.S. Government Officials.” Africa Today 43(2): 121-138.
  • Spears, Ian S. 2002. “Africa: The Limits of Power-Sharing.” Journal of Democracy 13(3): 123-136.
  • Steytler, Nico. 2005. “South Africa’s Negotiated Compromise.” In Raoul Blindenbacher and Abigail Ostien (Eds.) Dialogues on Legislative and Executive Governance in Federal Countries: 36-38. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Steytler, Nico and Johann Mettler. 2001. “Federal Arrangements as a Peacemaking Device during South Africa’s Transition to Democracy.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 31(4): 93-106.
  • Temkin, Ben. 2003. Buthelezi: A Biography. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
  • The Star. 2014. “No Merger between IFP and EFF.” January 30.
  • Van der Merwe, Jacobus Hercules. 1990. “Conservative Party.” Journal of Democracy 1(4): 38-41.
  • Viljoen, Gerrit. 1990. “National Party.” Journal of Democracy 1(4): 41-45.
  • Watts, Ronald L. 2003. “Intergovernmental Councils in Federations.” Constructive and Cooperative Federalism? A Series of Commentaries on the Council of the Federation 2:1-9.
  • Worrall, Denis. 1990. “Democratic Party.” Journal of Democracy 1(4): 45-48.
Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Elem Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 50

Kaynak Göster

APA Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu, E. (2018). South African Federalism: Constitution-Making Process and the Decline of the Federalism Debate. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 13(50), 164-175. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.370009
AMA Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu E. South African Federalism: Constitution-Making Process and the Decline of the Federalism Debate. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. Nisan 2018;13(50):164-175. doi:10.19168/jyasar.370009
Chicago Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu, Elem. “South African Federalism: Constitution-Making Process and the Decline of the Federalism Debate”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 13, sy. 50 (Nisan 2018): 164-75. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.370009.
EndNote Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu E (01 Nisan 2018) South African Federalism: Constitution-Making Process and the Decline of the Federalism Debate. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 13 50 164–175.
IEEE E. Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu, “South African Federalism: Constitution-Making Process and the Decline of the Federalism Debate”, Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 50, ss. 164–175, 2018, doi: 10.19168/jyasar.370009.
ISNAD Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu, Elem. “South African Federalism: Constitution-Making Process and the Decline of the Federalism Debate”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 13/50 (Nisan 2018), 164-175. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.370009.
JAMA Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu E. South African Federalism: Constitution-Making Process and the Decline of the Federalism Debate. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2018;13:164–175.
MLA Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu, Elem. “South African Federalism: Constitution-Making Process and the Decline of the Federalism Debate”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 50, 2018, ss. 164-75, doi:10.19168/jyasar.370009.
Vancouver Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu E. South African Federalism: Constitution-Making Process and the Decline of the Federalism Debate. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2018;13(50):164-75.