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High Technology Policy In The European Union

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 65, 209 - 235, 31.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.1007988

Öz

Technological progress and digital transformation have created new competitive conditions for the global economy. This development process, which is named as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, provides important opportunities for humanity and causes the change of all balances and the reshaping of competition conditions at the level of countries. European Union countries aimed to establish a common market for the community, develop economic activities within the community, strengthen stability and improve the standard of living. The European Union follows common policies in many areas such as agriculture, industry, competition and foreign trade. Against the new world order emerging with the rapidly developing technology, the European Union has started to need to strengthen its economic and social structure and increase its competitiveness. In this study, the current high technology policy of the European Union is tried to be examined in outline. In the first section, it deals with the concept of high technology. In the second section, high technology investments in the European Union are evaluated. In the third section, the goals of the high technology policy of the European Union and the tools used to achieve these goals are discussed. In this context, Lisbon strategy, R&D policies, Europe 2020 strategy as well as Framework Programs are evaluated. In addition, entrepreneurship policy and, in this context, policies applied to improve the environment for small and medium enterprises in the high technology of the European Union are discussed.

Kaynakça

  • ANG James B., MADSEN Jakob B. and ROBERTSON Peter E. (2015). Export Performance of the Asian Miracle Economies: The Role of Innovation and Product Variety, Canadian Journal of Economics, Vol. 48, No. 1.
  • AJAGBE Akintunde M., LONG Choi Sang, ASLAN Senim Amat and ISMAIL Kamariah (2012). Investment in Technology Based Small and Medium Sized Firms in Malaysia: Roles for Commercial Banks. IRACST- International Journal of Research in Management & Technology (IJRMT), Vol. 2, No. 2. pp. 147-153.
  • BAHRKE Johannes and GRAMMENOU (2020). Commission Welcomes Political Agreement on Horizon Europe. Press Corner. European Commission. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_2345
  • BANDA Enric (2002). Implementing the European Research Area, Science, Vol. 295, No. 5554.
  • COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (1986). “Guidelines for a new Community Framework Programme of technological Research and Development 1987-1991”, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. URL: http://aei.pitt.edu/8848/1/8848.pdf
  • COPELAND Paul and PAPADIMITRIOU Dimitris (2012). The EU’s Lisbon Strategy: Evaluating Success, Understanding Failure, New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • DEDRICK Jason, GURBAXANI Vijay and KRAEMER Kenneth L. (2003). Information Technology and Economic Performance: A Critical Review of the Empirical Evidence, ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 35, No. 1.
  • DURMAZ Atakan and YILDIZ Ümit (2020). The Impact of Innovation in The Process of High Technology Exports: An Analysis on BRICS Countries. International Journal of Economic and Administrative Studies, Vol. 28, pp. 193-202. Editorial Board (1997). “Fifth Framework Programme: European Commission Announces R&D Priorities”. Europhysics News, No: 28, pp.100-101. URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00770-997-0100-y
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2010a). Lisbon Strategy Evaluation Document. Commission Staff Working Document. Brussels, 2.2.2010 SEC (2010) 114 final. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/2/2010/EN/SEC-2010-114-F1-EN-MAIN-PART-1.PDF
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2010b). Europe 2020. A Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth. Brussels, 3.3.2010 COM (2010) 2020. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/eu2020/pdf/COMPLET%20EN%20BARROSO%20%20%20007%20-%20Europe%202020%20-%20EN%20version.pdf
  • EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT (2000). Lisbon European Council 23 and 24 March 2000. Presidency Conclusions. Official Document. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/lis1_en.htm
  • EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT (2014). Hearing on “Lisbon Strategy: Budget Implementation and Results”. 7 April 2014. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201404/20140402ATT82188/20140402ATT82188EN.pdf
  • FALK Martin (2009). High-Tech Exports and Economic Growth in Industrialized Countries, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 16, No. 10., https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850701222228
  • GARDNER David M., JOHNSON Frank, LEE Moonkyu and WILKINSON Ian (2000). A Contingency Approach to Marketing High Technology Products, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 34, No. 9/10, pp.1053-1077.
  • GIMMON Eli and LEVIE Jonathan (2010). Founder’s Human Capital, External Investment, and the Survival of New High-Technology Ventures, Research Policy, Vol. 39, No. 9. pp. 1214-1226.
  • GRUNENWALD Joseph P. and VERNON Thomas T. (1988). Pricing Decision Making for High-Technology Products and Services, Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 61-70, http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb006052
  • HATZICHRONOGLOU Thomas (1997). Revision of the High-Technology Sector and Product Classification, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 1997/02. https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/134337307632
  • HELMERS Christian and ROGERS Mark (2011). Does Patenting Help High-Tech Start-Ups? Research Policy, Vol. 40, No. 7. pp. 1016-1027.
  • JAMALI Khurram, WANDSCHNEIDER Kirsten and WUNNAVA Phanindra V. (2011). The Effect of Political Regimes and Technology on Economic Growth, Applied Economics, Vol. 39, No. 11.
  • KIM Junic and YOO Jaewook (2019). Science and Technology Policy Research in the EU: From Framework Programme to HORIZON 2020. Social Sciences. No.:8 (5). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8050153
  • KOK Wim (2004). Facing the Challenge: The Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Employment. Report from the High Level Group. November. URL: https://repositorioinstitucional.ceu.es/bitstream/10637/2481/1/Kok_W.pdf
  • LAWN Martin (2002). A European Research Area? European Educational Research Journal, Vol.1, No. 1.
  • LUNDVALL Bengt-Ake and BORRAS Susana (2005). “Science, Technology and Innovation Policy”, eds., Fagerberg, Jan, Mowery, David C. and Nelson, Richard R.: Innovation Handbook. (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Chapter 22. Pages 599-631.
  • LUNDVALL Bengt-Ake and LORENZ Edward (2012). “From the Lisbon Strategy to EUROPE 2020”, eds.: Nathalie Morel, Bruno Palier and Loakim Palme. Towards a Social Investment Welfare State? Ideas, Policies and Challenges. Chicago: The Policy Press.
  • MANSFIELD Edwin (1995). Intellectual Property Protection, Direct Investment, and Technology Transfer: Germany, Japan and the United States. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-3442-5
  • MELDRUM M.J. (1995). Marketing High-Tech Products: The Emerging Themes, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 29, No. 10, pp.45-58.
  • NAUJOKAITYTE Goda (2020). “Horizon Europe: Year in the Making, the Programme is Now Set to Start (Almost) on Time”, Science Business. 22 December. URL: https://sciencebusiness.net/framework-programmes/news/horizon-europe-years-making-programme-now-set-start-almost-time
  • OLIVER Treidler (2011). Evaluating the Lisbon Strategy. Working Paper. Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Beiträge, No. 115, Bayerische Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Lehrstuhl für Volkswirtschaftslehre, insbes. Wirtschaftsordnung und Sozialpolitik, Würzburg. URL: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/54991/1/684357070.pdf
  • REDDY Mohan N. (1987). Voluntary Product Standards: Linking Technical Criteria to Marketing Decisions, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp.236-243.
  • REILLON Vincent (2017). EU Framework Programmes for Research and Innovation: Evolution and Key Data from FP1 to Horizon 2020 in view of FP9. European Parliamentary Research Service. URL: https://dc5k4hhhkzdqp.cloudfront.net/media/EU_framework_programmes.pdf
  • RIGGS Henry E. (1983). Managing High Technology Companies, Lifetime Learning Publications.
  • RODRIGUES Maria Loao (2003). The European Agenda for Economic and Social Development. An Overview of the Lisbon Strategy. Background Paper 2003.12.18. URL: https://mariajoaorodrigues.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/European_Agenda_for_Economic_and_Social_Development-2.pdf
  • RODRIGUEZ Ricardo, WARMERDAM John and TRIOMPHE Claude Emmanuel (2010). The Lisbon Strategy 2000-2010. An Analysis and Evaluation of the Methods Used and Results Achieved. Study for the European Parliament. Publisher: European Parliament/Directorate General for Internal Policies.
  • ROSENBERG Charles E. (1971). Science, Technology, and Economic Growth: The Case of the Agricultural Experiment Station Scientist, 1975-1914, Agricultural History Society, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 1-20.
  • ROTH Felix and THUM Anna-Elisabeth (2010). The Key Role of Education in the Europe 2020 Strategy. CEPS Working Document No. 338/October 2010. Centre for European Policy Studies. URL: http://aei.pitt.edu/15058/1/WD338_Roth_and_Thum_on_Education.pdf
  • SELECTUSA (2017). High-Tech Industries: The Role of FDI in Driving Innovation and Growth, U.S. Department of Commerce.
  • SHANKLIN William and RYANS John Charles (1998). Essentials of Marketing High Technology, Lexington Books. Single European Act (1987), OJ L 169, 29.6.1987, p. 1–28, URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A11986U%2FTXT
  • SPAR Debora (1998). Attracting High Technology Investment: Intel’s Costa Rican Plant. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4218-5
  • TOMELLINI Renzo and FAURE Uta (2003). Research on Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies Within the European Union’s 6th Framework Proframme, Reviews on Advanced Materials Science. No. 5.
  • TONKOVA Evgeniya, PETROV Dancho and HRISTOVA Sevdalina (2019). Investment in High Technologies and Its Role for Enhancing the Competitiveness of the National Economy, New Challenges of Economic and Business Development-2019: Incentives for Sustainable Economic Growth Conference Proceedings. 16-18 May 2019, Riga
  • World Bank (2020). High-technology exports. Accessed date: 27.12.2020. URL: https://tcdata360.worldbank.org/indicators/TX.VAL.TECH.MF.ZS?country=BRA&indicator=2010&viz=line_chart&years=2007,2018

Avrupa Birliğinde Yüksek Teknoloji Politikası

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 65, 209 - 235, 31.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.1007988

Öz

Teknolojik ilerleme ve dijital dönüşüm, küresel ekonomi için yeni rekabet koşulları yaratmıştır. Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi olarak adlandırılan bu gelişme süreci, insanlık için önemli fırsatlar sunmakta ve ülkeler düzeyinde tüm dengelerin değişmesine ve rekabet koşullarının yeniden şekillenmesine neden olmaktadır. Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri, toplum için ortak bir pazar kurmayı, topluluk içinde ekonomik faaliyetleri geliştirmeyi, istikrarı güçlendirmeyi ve yaşam standardını iyileştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Avrupa Birliği tarım, sanayi, rekabet ve dış ticaret gibi birçok alanda ortak politikalar izlemektedir. Hızla gelişen teknoloji ile ortaya çıkan yeni dünya düzenine karşı Avrupa Birliği, ekonomik ve sosyal yapısını güçlendirmeye ve rekabet gücünü artırmaya ihtiyaç duymaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada Avrupa Birliği'nin mevcut yüksek teknoloji politikası ana hatlarıyla incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Birinci bölümde yüksek teknoloji kavramı ele alınmaktadır. İkinci bölümde Avrupa Birliği'ndeki yüksek teknoloji yatırımları değerlendirilmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde, Avrupa Birliği'nin yüksek teknoloji politikasının hedefleri ve bu hedeflere ulaşmak için kullanılan araçlar tartışılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda Lizbon stratejisi, Ar-Ge politikaları, Avrupa 2020 stratejisi ve Çerçeve Programları değerlendirilmektedir. Ayrıca girişimcilik politikası ve bu bağlamda Avrupa Birliği'nin yüksek teknolojisinde küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmeler için çevreyi iyileştirmek için uygulanan politikalar tartışılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • ANG James B., MADSEN Jakob B. and ROBERTSON Peter E. (2015). Export Performance of the Asian Miracle Economies: The Role of Innovation and Product Variety, Canadian Journal of Economics, Vol. 48, No. 1.
  • AJAGBE Akintunde M., LONG Choi Sang, ASLAN Senim Amat and ISMAIL Kamariah (2012). Investment in Technology Based Small and Medium Sized Firms in Malaysia: Roles for Commercial Banks. IRACST- International Journal of Research in Management & Technology (IJRMT), Vol. 2, No. 2. pp. 147-153.
  • BAHRKE Johannes and GRAMMENOU (2020). Commission Welcomes Political Agreement on Horizon Europe. Press Corner. European Commission. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_2345
  • BANDA Enric (2002). Implementing the European Research Area, Science, Vol. 295, No. 5554.
  • COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (1986). “Guidelines for a new Community Framework Programme of technological Research and Development 1987-1991”, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. URL: http://aei.pitt.edu/8848/1/8848.pdf
  • COPELAND Paul and PAPADIMITRIOU Dimitris (2012). The EU’s Lisbon Strategy: Evaluating Success, Understanding Failure, New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • DEDRICK Jason, GURBAXANI Vijay and KRAEMER Kenneth L. (2003). Information Technology and Economic Performance: A Critical Review of the Empirical Evidence, ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 35, No. 1.
  • DURMAZ Atakan and YILDIZ Ümit (2020). The Impact of Innovation in The Process of High Technology Exports: An Analysis on BRICS Countries. International Journal of Economic and Administrative Studies, Vol. 28, pp. 193-202. Editorial Board (1997). “Fifth Framework Programme: European Commission Announces R&D Priorities”. Europhysics News, No: 28, pp.100-101. URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00770-997-0100-y
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2010a). Lisbon Strategy Evaluation Document. Commission Staff Working Document. Brussels, 2.2.2010 SEC (2010) 114 final. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/2/2010/EN/SEC-2010-114-F1-EN-MAIN-PART-1.PDF
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2010b). Europe 2020. A Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth. Brussels, 3.3.2010 COM (2010) 2020. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/eu2020/pdf/COMPLET%20EN%20BARROSO%20%20%20007%20-%20Europe%202020%20-%20EN%20version.pdf
  • EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT (2000). Lisbon European Council 23 and 24 March 2000. Presidency Conclusions. Official Document. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/lis1_en.htm
  • EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT (2014). Hearing on “Lisbon Strategy: Budget Implementation and Results”. 7 April 2014. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201404/20140402ATT82188/20140402ATT82188EN.pdf
  • FALK Martin (2009). High-Tech Exports and Economic Growth in Industrialized Countries, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 16, No. 10., https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850701222228
  • GARDNER David M., JOHNSON Frank, LEE Moonkyu and WILKINSON Ian (2000). A Contingency Approach to Marketing High Technology Products, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 34, No. 9/10, pp.1053-1077.
  • GIMMON Eli and LEVIE Jonathan (2010). Founder’s Human Capital, External Investment, and the Survival of New High-Technology Ventures, Research Policy, Vol. 39, No. 9. pp. 1214-1226.
  • GRUNENWALD Joseph P. and VERNON Thomas T. (1988). Pricing Decision Making for High-Technology Products and Services, Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 61-70, http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb006052
  • HATZICHRONOGLOU Thomas (1997). Revision of the High-Technology Sector and Product Classification, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 1997/02. https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/134337307632
  • HELMERS Christian and ROGERS Mark (2011). Does Patenting Help High-Tech Start-Ups? Research Policy, Vol. 40, No. 7. pp. 1016-1027.
  • JAMALI Khurram, WANDSCHNEIDER Kirsten and WUNNAVA Phanindra V. (2011). The Effect of Political Regimes and Technology on Economic Growth, Applied Economics, Vol. 39, No. 11.
  • KIM Junic and YOO Jaewook (2019). Science and Technology Policy Research in the EU: From Framework Programme to HORIZON 2020. Social Sciences. No.:8 (5). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8050153
  • KOK Wim (2004). Facing the Challenge: The Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Employment. Report from the High Level Group. November. URL: https://repositorioinstitucional.ceu.es/bitstream/10637/2481/1/Kok_W.pdf
  • LAWN Martin (2002). A European Research Area? European Educational Research Journal, Vol.1, No. 1.
  • LUNDVALL Bengt-Ake and BORRAS Susana (2005). “Science, Technology and Innovation Policy”, eds., Fagerberg, Jan, Mowery, David C. and Nelson, Richard R.: Innovation Handbook. (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Chapter 22. Pages 599-631.
  • LUNDVALL Bengt-Ake and LORENZ Edward (2012). “From the Lisbon Strategy to EUROPE 2020”, eds.: Nathalie Morel, Bruno Palier and Loakim Palme. Towards a Social Investment Welfare State? Ideas, Policies and Challenges. Chicago: The Policy Press.
  • MANSFIELD Edwin (1995). Intellectual Property Protection, Direct Investment, and Technology Transfer: Germany, Japan and the United States. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-3442-5
  • MELDRUM M.J. (1995). Marketing High-Tech Products: The Emerging Themes, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 29, No. 10, pp.45-58.
  • NAUJOKAITYTE Goda (2020). “Horizon Europe: Year in the Making, the Programme is Now Set to Start (Almost) on Time”, Science Business. 22 December. URL: https://sciencebusiness.net/framework-programmes/news/horizon-europe-years-making-programme-now-set-start-almost-time
  • OLIVER Treidler (2011). Evaluating the Lisbon Strategy. Working Paper. Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Beiträge, No. 115, Bayerische Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Lehrstuhl für Volkswirtschaftslehre, insbes. Wirtschaftsordnung und Sozialpolitik, Würzburg. URL: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/54991/1/684357070.pdf
  • REDDY Mohan N. (1987). Voluntary Product Standards: Linking Technical Criteria to Marketing Decisions, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp.236-243.
  • REILLON Vincent (2017). EU Framework Programmes for Research and Innovation: Evolution and Key Data from FP1 to Horizon 2020 in view of FP9. European Parliamentary Research Service. URL: https://dc5k4hhhkzdqp.cloudfront.net/media/EU_framework_programmes.pdf
  • RIGGS Henry E. (1983). Managing High Technology Companies, Lifetime Learning Publications.
  • RODRIGUES Maria Loao (2003). The European Agenda for Economic and Social Development. An Overview of the Lisbon Strategy. Background Paper 2003.12.18. URL: https://mariajoaorodrigues.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/European_Agenda_for_Economic_and_Social_Development-2.pdf
  • RODRIGUEZ Ricardo, WARMERDAM John and TRIOMPHE Claude Emmanuel (2010). The Lisbon Strategy 2000-2010. An Analysis and Evaluation of the Methods Used and Results Achieved. Study for the European Parliament. Publisher: European Parliament/Directorate General for Internal Policies.
  • ROSENBERG Charles E. (1971). Science, Technology, and Economic Growth: The Case of the Agricultural Experiment Station Scientist, 1975-1914, Agricultural History Society, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 1-20.
  • ROTH Felix and THUM Anna-Elisabeth (2010). The Key Role of Education in the Europe 2020 Strategy. CEPS Working Document No. 338/October 2010. Centre for European Policy Studies. URL: http://aei.pitt.edu/15058/1/WD338_Roth_and_Thum_on_Education.pdf
  • SELECTUSA (2017). High-Tech Industries: The Role of FDI in Driving Innovation and Growth, U.S. Department of Commerce.
  • SHANKLIN William and RYANS John Charles (1998). Essentials of Marketing High Technology, Lexington Books. Single European Act (1987), OJ L 169, 29.6.1987, p. 1–28, URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A11986U%2FTXT
  • SPAR Debora (1998). Attracting High Technology Investment: Intel’s Costa Rican Plant. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4218-5
  • TOMELLINI Renzo and FAURE Uta (2003). Research on Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies Within the European Union’s 6th Framework Proframme, Reviews on Advanced Materials Science. No. 5.
  • TONKOVA Evgeniya, PETROV Dancho and HRISTOVA Sevdalina (2019). Investment in High Technologies and Its Role for Enhancing the Competitiveness of the National Economy, New Challenges of Economic and Business Development-2019: Incentives for Sustainable Economic Growth Conference Proceedings. 16-18 May 2019, Riga
  • World Bank (2020). High-technology exports. Accessed date: 27.12.2020. URL: https://tcdata360.worldbank.org/indicators/TX.VAL.TECH.MF.ZS?country=BRA&indicator=2010&viz=line_chart&years=2007,2018
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Khairulla Massadikov 0000-0002-0877-8859

Mahir Özhan 0000-0002-5274-6600

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Nisan 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 65

Kaynak Göster

APA Massadikov, K., & Özhan, M. (2022). High Technology Policy In The European Union. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 17(65), 209-235. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.1007988
AMA Massadikov K, Özhan M. High Technology Policy In The European Union. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. Ocak 2022;17(65):209-235. doi:10.19168/jyasar.1007988
Chicago Massadikov, Khairulla, ve Mahir Özhan. “High Technology Policy In The European Union”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 17, sy. 65 (Ocak 2022): 209-35. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.1007988.
EndNote Massadikov K, Özhan M (01 Ocak 2022) High Technology Policy In The European Union. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 17 65 209–235.
IEEE K. Massadikov ve M. Özhan, “High Technology Policy In The European Union”, Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 17, sy. 65, ss. 209–235, 2022, doi: 10.19168/jyasar.1007988.
ISNAD Massadikov, Khairulla - Özhan, Mahir. “High Technology Policy In The European Union”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 17/65 (Ocak 2022), 209-235. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.1007988.
JAMA Massadikov K, Özhan M. High Technology Policy In The European Union. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2022;17:209–235.
MLA Massadikov, Khairulla ve Mahir Özhan. “High Technology Policy In The European Union”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 17, sy. 65, 2022, ss. 209-35, doi:10.19168/jyasar.1007988.
Vancouver Massadikov K, Özhan M. High Technology Policy In The European Union. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2022;17(65):209-35.